Q&A Hero

Q: Generalizing from the text, the children who are most likely to think of themselves as being "off schedule" with respect to their physical development are girls who mature _____ and boys who mature _____. A. late; early B. early; late C. late; late D. early; early

Q: Follow-up studies of Swedish women who had been early maturers found that as adults they were: A. unable to develop coping skills. B. less likely to continue their education beyond high school. C. more likely to continue their education beyond high school. D. indistinguishable from those who had been late maturers.

Q: The _____ is the minimal amount of energy one uses when resting. A. basal metabolism rate B. delayed phase preference C. secular trend D. feedback loop

Q: Early-maturing boys are: A. likely to have low self-esteem. B. often expected to be more mature than they are. C. better prepared to deal with changes of adolescence. D. more childish than their later-maturing peers.

Q: Avram is considered a late-maturing boy. A year after pubertal onset, we would expect Avram to show all of the following advantages over his early maturing peers, except: A. greater popularity. B. more intellectual curiosity. C. greater exploratory behavior. D. higher levels of social initiative.

Q: Follow-up studies of men who had been late maturers as adolescents revealed that as adults they are: A. more conforming. B. less creative and insightful. C. more conventional. D. more insightful and inventive.

Q: Which of the following characteristics is not typically associated with being an early-maturing girl? A. feelings of awkwardness and self-consciousness B. being less popular, especially with boys C. being more likely to become involved in juvenile delinquency D. being less likely to pursue advanced education and a demanding career

Q: In America, early-maturing girls are more likely than their late-maturing peers to: A. be unpopular. B. have a lower self-image. C. succeed in school. D. perceive themselves as attractive.

Q: Which of the following is not an explanation for the sex differences in the impact of early and late maturation for boys and girls? A. the cultural desirability of thin body types B. the developmental readiness hypothesis C. the maturational deviance hypothesis D. boys' greater involvement in delinquency

Q: Nadia is a student at a high school that is considered to be extremely cliquish. She tends to be shy and introverted, has low self-esteem, and feels unhappy about her menstrual periods. According to the text, Nadia is probably: A. sexually active. B. underweight. C. an early-maturing girl. D. a late-maturing girl.

Q: Which of the following statements about puberty's impact on family relationships is true? A. Puberty appears to increase distance between parents and children. B. Other species do not experience distance during the pubertal transition. C. Being an early maturing adolescent has more impact on family tension than being a late maturing adolescent. D. Puberty does not interfere with family relations.

Q: When compared with their less mature peers, adolescents who are physically mature are: A. less likely to name other adolescents and more likely to name adults as people who are important to them. B. more likely to be involved in cross-sex activities such as going out on dates. C. less likely to experience family conflict. D. less likely to be depressed.

Q: Which of the following girls will experience the greatest menstrual discomfort? A. Sarita, who is prepared for the physical changes B. Alison, who is a late maturer C. Loryn, who has a negative attitude toward menarche D. Janet, who is unpopular among her classmates

Q: Studies have shown that prepubertal girls who expect menstruation to be uncomfortable report: A. milder menstrual symptoms than their peers. B. more severe menstrual symptoms than their peers. C. about the same level of menstrual symptoms as their peers. D. experiencing menarche sooner than their peers.

Q: Which of the following conditions is most likely to produce the most favorable and easiest adjustment to menarche? A. when the girl's mother prepares her by describing the unpleasant aspects of menarche B. when the girl reaches menarche early C. when menarche occurs before the girl has been told about the physical changes which will occur D. when the girl knows the facts about the physical changes her body will undergo

Q: When adolescents in the United States begin to experience specific pubertal events, which of the following is most likely to occur? A. A girl's mother will be the first person the girl tells that she has begun to menstruate. B. A girl's best friend will be the first person the girl tells that she has begun to menstruate. C. A girl is likely not to tell anyone that she is menstruating for the first several months after she begins. D. A boy will tell his friends about his first ejaculation soon after it occurs.

Q: Suzanne and Greg are the first members of their class to begin the pubertal transition. Based on what you know about early maturing adolescents, Suzanne and Greg are more likely to: A. become involved in deviant activities. B. do better in school. C. be ostracized by their classmates. D. get along with their parents.

Q: Which of the following characteristics is not associated with being an early-maturing boy? A. fewer problem behaviors B. greater popularity C. a more positive self-concept D. greater confidence in one's self

Q: Mike, an early maturer, is more likely to __________ than Bob, a late maturer. A. experience pseudomaturity B. suffer greater consequences if bullied by peers C. fall in love D. All of the above

Q: Researchers have found that, with regard to adolescent sleep patterns: A. adolescents today are getting more sleep than adolescents 30 years ago. B. the reason that high schools begin classes earlier than middle schools or junior high schools is that adolescents are more alert during the morning hours than later in the day. C. getting fewer than 8 hours of sleep a night is associated with poorer mental health and lower grades for adolescents. D. although most adolescents do not get sufficient sleep during the week, they are able to make up for the deficit by sleeping later on weekends.

Q: The biological changes that take place during puberty can cause changes in adolescents' behavior in all of the following ways, except: A. directly. B. by affecting the adolescent's self-image. C. by affecting the reactions of others to the adolescent. D. All of these are ways in which biological changes occurring in puberty can cause changes in adolescents' behavior.

Q: Dr. Davis is interested in how puberty affects adjustment. He studies a group of 100 junior high school students over the course of three years. He is conducting what kind of study? A. longitudinal B. cross-sectional C. cross-sequential D. secular

Q: A research design in which subjects of different ages are assessed simultaneously is called a: A. longitudinal study. B. cross-sectional study. C. cross-sequential study. D. correlational study.

Q: Which of the following statements about adolescent mood swings is false? A. The effect of hormones on adolescent mood swings is strongest early in puberty. B. Adolescents' moods fluctuate during the course of the day more than the moods of adults. C. Adolescent mood swings parallel their changes in activities. D. Hormones play a greater role in the development of depression than do stressful life events.

Q: Which of the following plays the greatest role in the development of depression? A. rapid increases in hormones B. early maturation C. stressful life events D. the delayed phase preference

Q: Studies show that adolescent mood swings parallel their changes in: A. hormone levels. B. family relationships. C. nutrition. D. activities.

Q: Joe is extremely moody. His mother attributes his mood swings to being an adolescent. Based on your understanding of adolescent mood swings, what would you tell Joe's mom? A. Joe is a victim of raging hormones. B. Moodiness is a genetic trait that Joe inherited from his parents. C. Joe's moods are most likely linked to his daily activities. D. Moodiness during adolescence is rare and Joe should seek psychiatric help.

Q: Given a choice, Mike would rather stay up until 1:00 a.m. and sleep until 10:00 a.m. This pattern is called the: A. secular trend. B. delayed phase preference. C. longitudinal design. D. adolescent growth spurt.

Q: Which of the following does not contribute to changes in sleep patterns during adolescence? A. later secretion of melatonin B. mood fluctuations throughout the day C. television, computers, and artificial light sources D. early school starting times

Q: The delayed phase preference suggests that: A. adolescents should not be taught sex education until high school. B. school should be held year-round. C. school should begin later in the morning. D. school should begin earlier in the morning.

Q: Which of the following factors have not been found to influence the onset of maturation? A. father absence B. good nutrition C. family conflict D. peer pressure

Q: According to the textbook, Julie, a seventeen-year-old living in a college dormitory, has noticed that her menstrual periods have begun to synchronize with _____, which is compelling evidence that social relationships can affect biological functioning. A. the time her female roommate menstruates B. her most stressful days of the month C. days she feels most sexually aroused D. her biological sister living in a different city

Q: Over the past century, the onset of puberty has been coming at an earlier age. This has been referred to as the: A. cross-sectional trend. B. endocrine trend. C. menarche trend. D. secular trend.

Q: Puberty began for Nancy when she was 9 years old. Her mother began puberty at 11 years. For her grandmother, the onset was at 13 years of age. These changes in the age of onset of puberty over time are referred to as: A. cross-sectional trend. B. secular trend. C. longitudinal trend. D. physiologic trend.

Q: Professor Kendall has been researching adolescent maturation around the world. She is likely to find that all of the following contribute to the secular trend, except: A. nutrition. B. sanitation. C. infectious diseases. D. genetics.

Q: Which of the following statements about the timing and tempo of sexual maturation is true? A. In the United States, and in all other countries, menarche typically occurs around age 12. B. The duration of puberty varies widely - from 1.5 to 6 years in girls and 2 to 5 years in boys. C. Adolescents who begin puberty early are also those who complete it early. D. Adolescents who begin puberty earlier usually grow to be taller adults.

Q: Sarah is a junior high student anticipating and preparing for puberty. She wants to know when puberty will start and how long it will take until she looks and is considered an adult. What would you tell her? A. The timing of puberty, as well as the rate with which it occurs, is highly variable and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. B. The timing of puberty, as well as the rate with which it occurs, is highly predictive. She will begin the puberty process around 12.5 years of age and it will take exactly four years until it is completed. C. The timing of puberty, as well as the rate with which it occurs, is highly controllable. D. The timing of puberty, as well as the rate with which it occurs, is predetermined by your DNA.

Q: Based on research addressing ethnic differences in the timing and rate of pubertal maturation, which girl would be expected to be the earliest to mature? A. Anslyene, a middle-income African American B. Miranda, a middle-income Hispanic American C. Emily, a low-income Anglo American D. Kimberly, a middle-income Anglo American

Q: Which of the following can delay the onset of puberty? A. stress B. nutritional deficiencies C. excessive exercise D. All of the above

Q: Differences in the timing and rate of puberty among individuals growing up in the same general environment are largely caused by: A. hormonal factors. B. genetic factors. C. environmental factors. D. None of the above

Q: Which of the following girls would probably be least susceptible to feelings of body dissatisfaction due to the rapid increase in body fat in early adolescence? A. Suzy, an early maturer B. Lilly, someone who began dating early C. Diane, someone from a relatively affluent family D. Beth, a Black adolescent girl

Q: The rapid increase in body fat that adolescent girls experience: A. leads to a majority of adolescent girls dieting unnecessarily. B. leads to an increase in healthy eating patterns among adolescent girls. C. increases vulnerability to feelings of body dissatisfaction for African-American adolescent girls. D. is seen by the Centers for Disease Control as a major risk factor for obesity among adolescent girls.

Q: According to the textbook, the sex difference in athletic performance during early adolescence results from all of the following except: A. self confidence B. body fat C. hormones D. diet and exercise

Q: All of the following are reasons that males have greater gains in strength than females during early adolescence, except: A. increased production of androgens. B. strong societal pressures on girls to decrease their physical activity in preadolescence. C. inadequate nutrition among adolescent girls. D. adolescent girls' increase in body fat.

Q: Which of the following sex characteristics is the first to develop in boys? A. production of sperm B. appearance of facial hair C. growth of testes and scrotum D. growth of penis

Q: Which of the following is probably true for Ashley, an early-maturing girl who was short and stocky as a child? A. After puberty, she will be shorter and heavier than her late-maturing peers. B. After puberty, she will be shorter and thinner than her late-maturing peers. C. After puberty, she will be taller and heavier than her late-maturing peers. D. After puberty, she will be taller and thinner than her late-maturing peers.

Q: The first ejaculation of seminal fluid that occurs is: A. biologically predetermined. B. genetically inherited. C. often determined culturally. D. a major embarrassment for most boys.

Q: The first sign of puberty in girls is generally: A. budding of the breasts. B. underarm hair. C. menarche. D. acne.

Q: Molly's breasts are beginning to develop, she is beginning to grow pubic hair, and her body is growing rapidly. This change is brought about by the secretion of _____ by the _____. A. estrogen; testes B. androgens; ovaries C. estrogen; ovaries D. androgens; testes

Q: Which of the following female sex characteristics is usually the last to develop? A. menarche B. regular ovulation C. development of the nipples of the breasts D. growth of pubic hair

Q: Which of the following statements about puberty in girls is false? A. Regular ovulation and the ability to carry a baby to term usually follow menarche by several years. B. The development of the areola and nipple are far better indicators of sexual maturation than is breast size. C. Menarche occurs very early in the process of sexual development. D. The changes in the nipple and areola occur regardless of the size to which the breast finally develops.

Q: Ten-year-old Luna's budding feelings of sexual attraction are most likely explained: A. by maturation of the adrenal glands through the process called adrenarche. B. by maturation of the gonads through a process called menarche. C. as rising levels of leptin instruct her hypothalamus to set the hormonal changes of puberty in motion. D. as increases in sex hormones activate her HPG axis.

Q: The hormonally induced increase in the rate of growth in height and weight is referred to as: A. the adolescent growth spurt. B. epiphyses. C. secular trend. D. delayed phase preference.

Q: The simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and _________ stimulates rapid acceleration in height and weight during puberty. A. pituitary glands B. estrogens C. androgens D. thyroid glands

Q: At the time of peak height velocity, adolescents grow at about the same rate as: A. newborns. B. infants. C. toddlers. D. elementary school children.

Q: The adolescent growth spurt: A. generally begins two years earlier for girls than for boys. B. generally begins two years earlier for boys than for girls. C. is slower in the early adolescent years, then speeds up around age 15 for boys and girls. D. proceeds along a smooth and rapid course over the teen years.

Q: Which of the following is not characteristic of changes in skeletal structure during puberty? A. One marker that indicates the termination in growth in height is epiphysis. B. Bones become more porous and more likely to break. C. Height gains are attributable more to increases in torso length than leg length. D. The growth sequence generally begins with the extremities, then proceeds to the arms and legs, then to the torso and shoulders.

Q: Who is at the greatest risk of developing body dissatisfaction? A. Callie, an early-maturing, affluent Caucasian girl who compares herself to her friends B. Miranda, a late-maturing African-American girl C. John, an early-maturing African-American male who compares himself to his friends D. Mike, a late-maturing Caucasian male who feels he is not muscular enough

Q: One reason for the difference in the body shapes of the sexes is: A. the timing of the growth spurt. B. that females tend to be more "left-brained" and males more "right-brained." C. differences in the size of the hypothalamus. D. the difference in the amount and distribution of body fat.

Q: Although both sexes experience changes in muscle tissue and body fat, the ratio of muscle to body fat is: A. greater in boys than girls. B. greater in girls than boys. C. about the same in both genders. D. greater in early maturing girls than in late-maturing boys.

Q: When levels of _____ & _____ fall below the set points, the _____ stops inhibiting the pituitary gland, thus permitting it to stimulate the release of sex hormones by the gonads. A. leptin & thyroid hormones; hypothalamus B. androgens & estrogen; adrenal gland C. androgens & estrogens; hypothalamus D. leptin & thyroid hormones; adrenal gland

Q: The presence or absence of certain hormones early in life may "program" the brain and the nervous system to develop in certain ways later on. These hormones are considered: A. androgens. B. estrogens. C. organizational. D. activational.

Q: Hormones play two very different roles in adolescence. _______ hormones program the brain to behave in certain ways, whereas _______ hormones are thought to stimulate development of the secondary sex characteristics. A. Activational; organizational B. Organizational; activational C. Testosterone; endocrine D. Endocrine; testosterone

Q: Which of the following statements about prenatal development is not true: A. Up until about eight weeks after conception, all human brains are feminine. B. Puberty is part of a gradual process that begins at conception. C. All hormones necessary for puberty are present before birth. D. The amount of cortisol exposed to the fetus is directly linked to the timing and tempo of puberty.

Q: Which of the following is not thought to contribute to the onset of puberty? A. the presence of sexually mature partners in the environment B. whether the individual is healthy enough to begin reproduction C. the development of primary sex characteristics D. whether there are nutritional resources available to support a pregnancy

Q: Which of the following observations suggests that rising levels of the protein leptin is the most important signal that the body is ready for puberty? A. Production of pubic hair relates to increased sex drive. B. Excessive thinness can delay onset of puberty. C. Puberty tends to occur earlier among boys who are obese. D. Excessive exercise promotes early physical development.

Q: Which of the following is not part of the feedback loop in the endocrine system? A. gonads B. hypothalamus C. pituitary gland D. thyroid hormones

Q: According to the text, puberty involves all of the following except A. development of the primary sex characteristics. B. changes in distribution of fat and muscle in the body. C. development of secondary sex characteristics. D. increases in intellectual functioning.

Q: Professor Radon is studying the _________ system, which produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body. A. adrenal B. circulatory C. respiratory D. endocrine

Q: Which of the following statements about the production of hormones at puberty is false? A. The body begins to produce several hormones that have not been present in the body up until this time. B. There is an increase in the production of certain hormones. C. Boys' bodies produce more androgens and girls' bodies produce more estrogens. D. The feedback loop regulating the endocrine system's set point for each hormone becomes increasingly important.

Q: Of all the developments that take place during the second decade of life, the only one that is truly inevitable is: A. physical maturation. B. an identity crisis. C. rebellion against one's parents. D. the first experience of romantic love.

Q: The average girl in the United States reaches _________, the time of her first menstrual period, sometime between the ages of 12 and 13. A. spermarche B. menarche C. puberty D. adrenarche

Q: The physical transformation from child to adult is called: A. puberty. B. early adolescence. C. middle adolescence. D. late adolescence.

Q: The term puberty refers to the period during which: A. an individual is between the ages of 12 and 15. B. an individual's endocrine system creates new hormones. C. an individual becomes capable of sexual reproduction. D. an individual stops growing.

Q: Differentiate between implicit and explicit forms of forgiveness. What role can gestures play in forgiveness?

Q: Identify the four eddies a person can be stuck in when she or he feels wronged. What advice can you give to a person stuck in any of these four?

Q: Your book states that forgiving yourself can be harder than obtaining forgiveness from the person you hurt. Do you agree or disagree? Explain.

Q: Why is receiving forgiveness sometimes difficult? Provide an example for this.

Q: Which of the following dimensions of interpersonal conflict is most relevant to the discussion of offering and accepting forgiveness? a. Expressed struggle b. Interdependence c. Incompatible goals d. Scarce resources e. Interference from the other in achieving goals

Q: What are the elements that make up the definition of forgiveness?