Q&A Hero

Q: Bobby's parents expect him to tell them everything. However, now that he's 13 years old, he feels entitled to keep secrets from them. What has this discrepancy been referred to as? A. violation of expectations B. sibling deidentification C. nonshared environmental effects D. indulgent parenting

Q: Which of the following statements about the way in which teenagers relate to mothers and fathers is false: A. adolescents tend to be closer to their mother B. fathers are more likely to be perceived as distant authority figures C. adolescents fight more often with their mothers than their fathers D. adolescents perceive fathers as more controlling than their mothers

Q: The identity crisis of adolescence may interact with the ________ in increasing family conflict. A. hormonal surges of puberty B. stage theorists' description of cognitive development C. intergenerational conflict with parents D. midlife crisis of adults

Q: Concerns of adolescents and their parents are often complementary. All of the following issues concern both adolescents and their parents, except: A. the future. B. sexual appeal. C. money. D. adult roles.

Q: Adults tend to be ______ when their children are adolescents than the past generation. A. younger B. less busy C. more conservative D. older

Q: Which of the following is not one of the three major factors that influence the transformation in family relationships that takes places during early adolescence? A. puberty B. changes in the balance of power C. gender of the adolescent D. violations of expectations

Q: Changes requiring considerable adjustment for families with adolescents typically include all of the following, except: A. financial demands resulting from parents being part of the "sandwich generation." B. being the central setting for their adolescent's narrow social world. C. differing expectations about family obligations. D. adolescents' increasing assertiveness and influence in the family.

Q: Which child would be expected to have the most conflict with his parents? A. Lee, an 8-year-old B. Robert, a 13-year-old C. Anthony, a 16-year-old D. Edward, an 18-year-old

Q: Mark is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Mark most likely to side with his friends and against his parents? A. on how to wear his hair B. on the issue of capital punishment C. on the choice of religious preference D. on the value of a college education

Q: Over the period of adolescence, individuals' perspectives change. Research indicates that one manifestation of this change in perspective is a(an) _____ in adolescents' willingness to lie to their parents. A. increase B. decrease C. an initial increase but then a strong decrease D. increase, but only for girls

Q: According to Smetana, adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean and style of dress as _____, whereas parents tend to judge these issues as _____. A. personal; conventional B. personal; moral C. conventional; personal D. moral; personal

Q: Professor Ngo is studying family transitions. According to family systems theory, he is most likely to see dramatic changes in family relationships during all of the following events, except when: A. individual family members are changing, such as during adolescence. B. a family's circumstances are changing, such as with divorce or a change in economic status. C. the family equilibrium changes, such as when a family member develops a chronic illness. D. lack of change creates a sturdy, yet boring, family pattern.

Q: Which of the following research findings best describes the phenomenon known as generational dissonance: A. Recent studies of Mexican-American families have found that stress and conflict are higher in Latino families in which adolescents are relatively more acculturated than parents. B. One recent study of Black families found that teenagers rated their mother's behavior far more negatively than did either the mother or the researcher. C. Several researchers have demonstrated that family relationships change during puberty, with bickering between adolescents and their parents increasing and closeness between adolescents and their parents diminishing. D. Research suggests that the distancing that takes place between parents and teenagers in early and middle adolescence is temporary.

Q: According to the textbook, one recent study of Mexican-American families found __________ rates of parent-adolescent cohesion during mid-adolescence among __________ families. A. lower; more highly acculturated families B. higher; more highly acculturated C. lower; wealthier D. higher; wealthier

Q: Luis and Carla Hernandez are getting a divorce. It is likely that the family will go through a period of _________ before it can adjust to this challenge. A. disequilibrium B. equilibrium C. disinhibition D. guilt

Q: One reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that parents: A. are frequently becoming more involved in building their own careers. B. seem to be pushing children toward financial independence at increasingly earlier ages. C. are often home too often and don't give their children adequate freedom. D. may also be experiencing identity crises of their own.

Q: After midlife, parents are more likely to think about the future in terms of: A. how much time they have been alive. B. how much time their children have been alive. C. how much time until their children die. D. how much time they have left to live themselves.

Q: One reason for imbalance or disequilibrium in the family during the adolescent years is that parents: A. are too involved in their own careers to notice their children. B. may be experiencing their own type of "identity crisis." C. may be pushing their child toward financial independence too early. D. are too restrictive of their adolescents' finances.

Q: Although conflict between adolescents and parents over mundane matters (e.g., curfews, clothing) is generally _____ frequent in ethnic minority than in White families, the topics of disagreement are _____ across ethnic groups. A. more; similar B. more; completely different C. less; completely different D. less; similar

Q: The tensions that are often assumed to be inherent in the relations between adolescents and adults are referred to as the: A. parent-child rift. B. generation gap. C. empty nest syndrome. D. midlife crisis.

Q: As Alex enters adolescence, he and his parents are experiencing severe relationship problems. These difficulties suggest that: A. G. Stanley Hall was correct in stating that adolescence is a period of "storm and stress." B. the generation gap is a major issue for parents and their adolescents. C. their problematic relationship has existed since Alex's childhood. D. Alex has been negatively affected by his entrance into the high school system.

Q: Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of: A. occupational ambitions. B. educational goals. C. patterns of leisure activity. D. values.

Q: When it comes to basic, core values (e.g., religion, work, education) diversity _________ is much more striking than are differences _________. A. within the adolescent population; between the generations B. between the generations; within the adolescent population C. within families; within the adolescent population D. between families; within individuals

Q: The popular notion of a generation gap has only been supported in differences between parents and children with regard to: A. values and attitudes. B. personal taste. C. mother-daughter relationships. D. father-son relationships.

Q: Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that: A. most adolescents experience considerable storm and stress in relationships with parents. B. most adolescents resent their parents and rebel against their restrictions. C. most adolescents appear to maintain positive, supportive, and mutually respective relationships with parents. D. most adolescents become even closer to parents, and report almost no disruptions in their relationships with them.

Q: Jim and Stacey are the parents of two preteen girls. Throughout the girls' childhood, the family has enjoyed fairly harmonious relationships. The likelihood that they will experience serious problems as the girls go through adolescence is: A. highly likely. B. average. C. not likely. D. not easily predicted.

Q: When it comes to matters like religion, adolescents are more likely to be influenced by _____ over _____. A. friends; parents B. media; friends C. media; parents D. parents; friends

Q: Which statement concerning parent-adolescent conflict is false? A. Morals and values are shaped over a long period of time and therefore are less likely to be subject to disagreement between parents and their adolescents. B. Personal tastes in music and clothing shift quickly and are likely to be influenced by peers rather than parents. C. Ethnic minority adolescents are more likely than nonminority adolescents to experience conflict with their parents. D. The generation gap between parents and adolescents is more likely to be noticed in such domains as music, clothing, and leisure activity than in matters such as ethics and morality.

Q: For Sally's 13th birthday, her mother has agreed to let her get her ears pierced. In traditional societies, this type of body ritual may be equated to: A. epiphysis. B. extrusion. C. voodoo. D. scarification.

Q: All of the following are aspects of social redefinition described in the text except: A. the passing on of information from the older generation B. the accentuation of differences between males and females C. the real or symbolic separation from parents D. the completion of formal schooling

Q: The messages that society sends adolescents are: A. full of sexual innuendos. B. unclear and inconsistent. C. outdated. D. inappropriate for young people.

Q: In Marley's society adolescents are expected to attain adult roles, however, they are provided with little training for such responsibilities. Additionally, adolescents tend to be segregated from the workforce and receive little training in school for the types of jobs they will hold as adults. What type of society does Marley most likely belong to? A. traditional B. contemporary C. child protectionist D. non-industrialized

Q: Charles feels older than most of the other kids in his grade. He is more likely to engage in all of the following activities except: A. spending more time with opposite-sex peers. B. greater achievement in school. C. feel more autonomous. D. engage in problem behavior.

Q: Initiation ceremonies for young women in traditional societies most often coincide with: A. marriage. B. menarche. C. extrusion. D. the completion of formal schooling.

Q: The accentuation of differences between sexes during the social redefinition of adolescence occurs partly because of: A. the physical changes of puberty B. adult work roles are highly sex-differentiated C. adult family roles are highly sex-differentiated D. all of the above

Q: According to the textbook, in non-Western cultures, there is huge discrepancy in the extension of privileges to males and females. In general, girls' behavior is more _____, whereas boys are given more ____. A. subject to the control of adults; responsibilities. B. subject to the control of adults; freedom and autonomy. C. likely to be regulated by community standards; family-level rules. D. likely to be watched and scrutinized; privacy.

Q: The Bas Mitzvah, the confirmation, and the quinceaera are all examples of: A. extrusion. B. inventionism. C. initiation ceremonies. D. universal rights of passage.

Q: Which of the following is not an example of the contemporary version of scarification? A. brushing teeth B. using makeup C. shaving face or legs D. ear piercing

Q: The Bar Mitzvah and Bas Mitzvah are contemporary examples of traditional society's practice of: A. extrusion. B. the accentuation of male and female differences. C. cohorts. D. counterculture.

Q: Societies in which hunting, fishing, and farming are the primary work activities tend to exhibit a more _____ transition between adolescence and adulthood. A. continuous B. discontinuous C. exaggerated D. protracted

Q: A double shift in social status takes place during adolescence with an increase in both _________ and ___________. A. privileges; expectations B. school work; discipline C. discipline; restrictions D. restrictions; expectations

Q: Recent research on psychological well-being in emerging adulthood suggests: A. it is a time of positive and improving mental health for most people. B. it is a time of increasing stress caused by financial instability. C. it is a time of decreasing mental health for most people. D. no research has yet examined this question with emerging adults.

Q: Jennifer, who is 16, ran away with her friend Tonya, who is 18. The police, however, only arrested Jennifer for running away because for a minor, running away is considered: A. the age of majority. B. extrusion. C. a status offense. D. juvenile truancy.

Q: Adolescents who are convicted of crimes become part of the _________ justice system, whereas adults convicted of the same crimes are part of the ________ justice system. A. child; adult B. status; majority C. criminal; adult D. juvenile; criminal

Q: Legal decisions have tended to support adolescent autonomy when the behavior at issue is: A. viewed as potentially dangerous. B. supported by the adolescents' parents. C. also legal for adults. D. viewed as having potential benefit.

Q: Which of the following would not be considered an initiation ceremony? A. graduating from high school B. a quinceaera C. a Bas Mitzvah D. obtaining a driver's license

Q: The phenomenon of extrusion is the practice in which children are: A. punished for failing to obey their elders. B. prematurely forced into adult roles. C. separated from members of the opposite sex. D. expected to sleep in other households.

Q: In contemporary society, many young people are sent off to summer camps, boarding schools, or colleges. An analogous practice in traditional societies is known as: A. extrusion. B. initiation. C. avoidance. D. socialization.

Q: Typically, the social redefinition of young people occurs in groups of peers who are approximately the same age, known as: A. cohorts. B. age groups. C. longitudinal groups. D. quinceaera groups.

Q: Which of the following themes is generally not a universal element in the process of social redefinition? A. the accentuation of physical and social differences between males and females B. the real or symbolic separation of the adolescent from his or her parents C. the separation of adolescents experiencing menarche from elder members of the community D. the passing on of cultural, historical, and practical information

Q: Research described in the text indicates all of the following except: A. juveniles are less likely than adults to understand their rights when being questioned by the police B. juvenile are more likely than adults to confess to a crime than remain silent C. juveniles are less likely than adults to discuss disagreements with their attorneys D. nearly all juveniles under 15 years old are competent to stand trial in a criminal proceeding

Q: Today, adolescence has been redefined as a time of _____, rather than _____. A. participation; preparation B. preparation; participation C. working; schooling D. apprenticeship; autonomy

Q: The Boy Scouts is an example of an organization that grew out of the _____ school of thought. A. extrusionist B. Piagetian C. child protectionist D. inventionist

Q: During the industrial revolution, child protectionists argued that: A. a separate justice system must exist for juveniles. B. adolescents needed parental permission to marry. C. young people needed to be kept away from the labor force for their own good. D. adolescent music was too controversial and needed to be censored.

Q: Contemporary adolescents spend _____ time working with their parents and _____ with their peers preparing for the future. A. less, more B. less; less C. more; less D. more; more

Q: Popularized about 50 years ago, this expression refers to young people in a more frivolous and lighthearted manner than the term adolescent. A. youngster B. youth C. teenager D. punk

Q: Which of the following statements is true about Arnett's concept of emerging adulthood? A. it is seen more commonly among politically conservative youth B. not all people in their mid-20s fit the profile C. it is positively associated with economic pressures to support a family D. sit exists in all cultures

Q: Which of the following was not a result of industrialization? A. new patterns of work B. less time in school C. increased school preparation D. less time working with family members

Q: Which of the following did not contribute to the redefinition of the term "youth"? A. increased materialism among college students B. a growing college population C. a rise in student activism D. changes in attitudes and values among college students

Q: Which of the following terms is often used to describe individuals who are in many ways more mature than adolescents, but not as mature as adults? A. teenager B. youth C. 20-something D. emancipated minor

Q: All of the following are true regarding the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood except: A. the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood is very clear and consistent B. there are many inconsistencies in the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood C. once an adolescent is designated as an adult, she or he is also subject to a new set of laws and will be treated differently D. in some instances, attaining adult status brings with it more lenient treatment under the law, whereas in others, it may be associated with harsher treatment.

Q: One finding that emerged from the competence to stand trial research described in the text was that: A. about 1/5 of 14 and 15 year olds are not competent to stand trial B. about 1/10 of 14 and 15 year olds are not competent to stand trial C. almost all youths are competent to stand trial D. nearly 75% of youths under 15 are competent to stand trial

Q: Which of the following was not an outcome of the Industrial Revolution? A. a shortage of job opportunities B. the lengthening of schooling for adolescents C. an increase in crime D. increased opportunities for adolescents in the workplace

Q: The status of adolescents as full-time students arose as a result of. A. the Industrial Revolution. B. increases in scientific knowledge. C. political changes resulting from the Civil War. D. the advent of technical careers.

Q: Before industrialization, the term "youth" referred to: A. all children. B. ages 12-24. C. ages 10-18. D. ages 3-12.

Q: Which of the following contributed to the invention of the "teenager"? A. industrialization B. economic freedom C. higher education D. student activism

Q: Psychologist Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18 - to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in "emerging adulthood," which is characterized by all but which of the following? A. functioning as an independent person B. exploring possible identities before making permanent choices C. the subjective feeling of emotional immaturity D. the subjective feeling that life is full of possibilities

Q: Jacob is looking forward to the upcoming presidential election because he is now able to cast his vote. Based on your knowledge of the social redefinition of adolescence, what has Jacob attained? A. emerging adulthood B. juvenile attainment C. quinceaera D. the age of majority

Q: Dr. Jones argues that adolescence is primarily a social invention rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. Her view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the: A. Piagetian perspective. B. psychometric perspective. C. inventionist perspective. D. contextual perspective.

Q: Which of the following statements about the inventionist perspective is true? A. Adolescence is a separate period that has been largely determined by the broader social environment. B. Adolescence is driven by the physiological changes of puberty. C. The cognitive advances of adolescence are what make this period distinct from all others. D. Adolescence is not a distinct period in the life cycle and should not be regarded as such.

Q: Among those who study adolescence, an inventionist is one who: A. develops new products aimed predominantly at the adolescent population. B. argues that adolescence as a period in the life cycle is mainly a social invention. C. believes that many of the problems in adolescence are merely invented by the popular press. D. believes that adolescents need to be kept away from the labor force for their own safety.

Q: Before the Industrial Revolution, the term "child" referred to: A. ages 3-12. B. ages 5-10. C. anyone under age 18 or 21. D. ages 3-25.

Q: Adolescence was not considered a distinct transitional period until: A. the publication of Seventeen magazine. B. the creation of child labor laws. C. the industrial revolution. D. It has always been recognized as a distinct part of development.

Q: In the 19th century, what distinguished children from adults? A. what job they performed B. whether they owned property C. marital status D. religious confirmation

Q: The term "adolescent" became widely used at what time? A. since the 15th century B. since the 18th century C. since the 19th century D. during the 20th century

Q: Kaji, a 16-year-old male, has gone through the rite of passage and is now considered a warrior by his tribesmen. This change in Kaji's role and status may be referred to as: A. extrusion. B. scarification. C. social redefinition. D. inventionist.

Q: The universal process through which an individual's position or status is changed by society is called: A. extrusion. B. social redefinition. C. social specification. D. self-image stability.

Q: Today, people go through ______ earlier than 100 years ago, but tend to stay in ______ longer. A. puberty; school B. marriage; school C. school; puberty D. school; marriage

Q: In contemporary America, the process of social definition, which typically begins at age 15 or 16, is something that occurs over: A. a relatively long period of time. B. a few days. C. a few days for males and a relatively longer time for females. D. a relatively short period of time.

Q: Compared to 100 years ago, the adolescent period has been _____ and the transition into adulthood _____. A. shortened; abbreviated B. lengthened; prolonged C. shortened; more continuous D. lengthened; abbreviated