Q&A Hero

Q: Interventions designed to help unpopular adolescents improve their social skills have employed which of the following techniques? A. explaining to adolescents that they need to develop a thicker psychological skin in order to make friends B. having adolescents wait patiently until another person engages them in conversation C. teaching social skills like self-expression and leadership techniques D. teaching joke-telling skills to improve their likeability among other adolescents

Q: In contrast to the role of the peer group in adolescent development, the family is best suited for helping the adolescent with regard to: A. intimacy. B. responsibility. C. social interactions. D. leisure.

Q: Karen, a 9th grader, was mad at Cheryl for spilling juice on Karen's shirt. Karen spread a rumor that Cheryl had gossiped about her friends. Karen is using _____ to express her aggression toward Cheryl. A. relational aggression B. hostile attributional bias C. aggressive-withdrawal D. bullying

Q: Esther has been rejected by her peers because she is withdrawn and reclusive. Esther is most likely to be at risk for: A. conduct problems. B. diminished social competence. C. aggressive behavior in adulthood. D. drug and alcohol abuse.

Q: Who is at the greatest risk of developing psychological problems as a result of peer rejection? A. an aggressive child B. a withdrawn child C. an aggressive-withdrawn child D. a reclusive child

Q: Hostile attributional bias: A. plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents. B. plays a small role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents. C. helps rejected adolescents gain acceptance. D. is the only factor in determining the behavior of rejected adolescents.

Q: Dan planned a party and invited his whole English class by passing out personal invitations. Dan accidentally forgot to make an invitation for Sam. Sam assumed he intentionally wasn't invited and became irate at Dan for excluding him. This is an example of: A. relational aggression. B. hostile attributional bias. C. aggressive-withdrawal. D. bullying.

Q: Which of the following is a common finding of recent cyberbullying studies? A. adolescents who engage in traditional bullying often also engage in cyberbullying. B. victims of physical or verbal harassment are usually very different than victims of cyberbullying. C. as internet use has increased, cyberbullying has become statistically more common than physical and verbal harassment among the adolescent population. D. more than 80 percent of adolescents have engaged in some form of cyberbullying.

Q: According to the textbook, victims of cyberbullying often report all of the following adjustment problems except: A. low self-esteem. B. academic difficulties. C. parent-child conflict. D. depression.

Q: Which of the following statements regarding internet harassment is false? A. perpetrators of internet harassment are likely to show problems in social skills. B. perpetrators of internet harassment also engage in typical bullying. C. many of the same adolescents who report having been victimized also report bullying others and these adolescents have the greatest adjustment problems. D. most cyberbullying is conducted anonymously.

Q: Pepler, Jiang, Craig, & Connolly (2008) studied a sample of 10 to 17 year old Toronto youths and found that: A. about 40% of adolescents have never bullied anyone. B. nearly all adolescents surveyed had engaged in bullying of some form. C. a correlation exists between bully victimization and drug abuse. D. victims of harassment are less likely to engage in bullying of others.

Q: The following is often a trademark of persistent bullies: A. more troubled family relationships. B. more troubled peer relationships. C. greater difficulty controlling aggression. D. all of the above.

Q: Which of the following statements about cliques is false? A. Cliques are typically more emotionally salient for adolescents involved in antisocial behavior. B. Cliques are typically composed of adolescents from the same socioeconomic background. C. Cliques are typically composed of friends with similar interests and attitudes. D. Cliques rarely have members who differ in age.

Q: The chief determinant of popularity in high school is: A. physical attractiveness. B. academic achievement. C. being good at sports. D. social competence.

Q: All of the following are classifications for unpopular or disliked adolescents, except: A. aggressive. B. withdrawn. C. aggressive-withdrawn. D. offensive-reclusive.

Q: Which adolescent is most likely to be rejected as a result of aggressive behavior? A. Darlene, who is highly relationally aggressive B. Robert, who is highly relationally aggressive C. Donald, who is highly physically aggressive D. Ronald, who is moderately physically aggressive

Q: Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships? A. Audrey, who attends a large multiethnic school B. Brandy, who attends a school where one ethnic group predominates C. Candice, who is involved in athletics D. Deborah, who is home-schooled

Q: By middle to late adolescence, cliques are often segregated by race. All of the following are possible explanations for this phenomenon, except: A. differential abilities in athletics. B. socioeconomic influences. C. differential levels of academic achievement. D. attitudes toward other races.

Q: Similarity in ________ is most likely to serve as a basis for cross-ethnic group friendships. A. attitudes toward school achievement B. musical taste C. patterns of substance use D. sports ability

Q: Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are likely to have: A. been coerced by their peers to join. B. had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood. C. been involved in drugs and alcohol. D. reported high levels of sensation-seeking behavior.

Q: Felicia has a problematic relationship with her parents. All of the following negative effects are likely to occur for Felicia, except: A. development of an antisocial disposition. B. active school involvement. C. school failure. D. rejection by classmates.

Q: The Anytown town council developed a program to curb delinquent behavior among the town's adolescents. The program had an iatrogenic effect, meaning: A. the program was successful and delinquent behavior was reduced. B. the program backfired and delinquent behavior increased. C. there were no effects on delinquent behavior, either positive or negative. D. some problem behaviors increased and others decreased.

Q: According to the textbook and in regard to gangs, all of the following are true except: A. gangs members tend to have more emotional and behavioral problems than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members. B. gangs are usually identified by name and common symbols. C. gang members tend to be more isolated from their families. D. gang members have better self-conceptions than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members.

Q: Dawn has always enjoyed school and excelled in her classes. In middle school, she has connected with a group of friends who also enjoy school and her grades have continued to improve. They often spend time studying together. This is an example of: A. selection. B. socialization. C. Both a and b. D. None of the above.

Q: A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called: A. a clique. B. a reference group. C. a crowd. D. a youth culture.

Q: Greg is the star quarterback of the football team and hangs out with Larry, who is the star pitcher of the baseball team. Ben also hangs out with Larry and Greg. When classmates refer to Ben, they call him a member of the "jocks." The crowd with which Ben associates serves as: A. a reference group. B. a clique. C. a youth culture. D. a fraternity.

Q: Compared to jocks, adolescents from which of the following crowds experience more peer pressure to misbehave? A. "nerds" B. "populars" C. "druggies" D. "normals"

Q: Self-esteem is _____ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school. A. lower. B. the same. C. higher. D. Self-esteem varies from person to person.

Q: Chuck is part of the "jock" crowd at his school. Greg is part of the "toughs." Which adolescent probably has high self-esteem? A. Chuck. B. Greg. C. Both, because they belong to a cohesive group. D. It depends on their position within the groups.

Q: Professor McGonagall has been watching the students at Hogwarts for several years as they move through adolescence. Which groups are most likely to exhibit favorable patterns of achievement over time? A. jocks and brains B. jocks and populars C. brains and populars D. populars and normals

Q: Eleanor Maccoby states all of the following reasons that adolescents separate themselves into same-sex cliques, except: A. cliques are formed on the basis of shared activities and interests. B. adolescents' increasing concerns about sex roles. C. adolescents' concerns about being ostracized by their friends for engaging in cross-sex activities. D. parents' fears that cross-sex cliques will lead to early sexual activity.

Q: According to Hollingshead, adolescents associate with peers based chiefly on: A. common interests. B. gender. C. religion. D. social class.

Q: Shaquille is a jock. Consequently, we would expect him to be involved in: A. his peer culture and in institutions valued by adults. B. institutions valued by adults, but not involved in his peer culture. C. his peer culture, but not involved in institutions valued by adults. D. neither his peer culture nor institutions valued by adults.

Q: Tommy values education and works hard in school but also enjoys hanging out with his friends on the weekend. Which peer crowd is Tommy most likely to belong to? A. "nerds" B. "populars" C. "partyers" D. "toughs"

Q: Tony belongs to a peer culture called "the toughs." We would expect that Tony is: A. involved with sports. B. well liked by most of his peers. C. respected as someone who looks out for others. D. possibly a gang member.

Q: A research technique in which the researcher "infiltrates" a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships is called: A. naturalistic observation. B. a longitudinal approach. C. a demographic approach. D. participant observation.

Q: Dr. Whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents' peer groups. She pretended to be a newcomer to the community and attended the local high school. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group. This type of observation is called: A. naturalistic observation. B. an ethnographic approach. C. a demographic approach. D. participant observation.

Q: All of the following changes typically occur during adolescence, except: A. peer groups disintegrate. B. pairs of dating adolescents split off from the larger group. C. larger groups are replaced by smaller cliques. D. couples become the focus of social activity.

Q: In early adolescence, _____ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence, _____ friendships are common. A. same sex; opposite sex B. same sex; same sex C. opposite sex; same sex D. opposite sex; opposite sex

Q: A(an) _____ is an individual that has few or no links to others in the social network and a(an) _____ is an individual who interacts with two or more adolescents who are members of cliques, but who themselves are not part of a clique. A. liaison; isolate B. hopper; loner C. isolate; liaison D. isolate; mixer

Q: Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during: A. childhood. B. preadolescence. C. middle adolescence. D. late adolescence.

Q: According to Kinney's research, youngsters who were "nerds" in middle school: A. were automatically labeled "dweebs" in high school. B. were the "popular" group in high school. C. could never become part of another crowd. D. had opportunities to shift status in high school.

Q: According to the research, conformity to peer pressure: A. peaks in adolescence and remains high into adulthood. B. peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood. C. shows a linear increase from childhood into adulthood. D. shows a linear decrease from childhood into adulthood.

Q: Over the course of adolescence, which of the following is not true of changes that take place in crowds? A. their structure becomes less hierarchical B. their structure becomes more permeable C. their descriptions become more concrete (e.g., the "preppy" group becomes "the Playstation crowd") D. their structure becomes more differentiated

Q: By the end of high school, crowds: A. have become a defining influence in the adolescent's life. B. increasingly gain in importance for an adolescent's identity. C. become less important to adolescents. D. peak in their importance to adolescents.

Q: In middle school, Carlos was involved in many school plays and musicals. Being part of the drama crowd was important for Carlos in what way? A. identity development B. dating opportunities C. occupied his free time D. improved relationships with parents

Q: Adolescent peer groups fall along two dimensions: A. intelligence level; sociability B. adult orientation; peer orientation C. maturity; identity D. demandingness; responsiveness

Q: Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense of identity in a ________. A. crowd; crowd B. crowd; clique C. clique; crowd D. clique; clique

Q: Professor Gates is studying large groups of adolescents to learn about their particular mini-cultures. Professor Gates is studying: A. peer collectives. B. cliques. C. crowds. D. subcultures.

Q: Understanding social relations that lead adolescents to gather in crowds is an example of which form of transition that occurs during adolescence? A. biological B. cognitive C. social D. All of the above

Q: Research studying adolescent friendship networks has found all of the following, except: A. more than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques. B. girls are more likely than boys to be members of cliques. C. boys are more likely than girls to be considered "isolates." D. adolescents' positions in their schools' social network are relatively stable over time.

Q: Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys is called: A. a crowd. B. a clique. C. a reference group. D. a youth culture.

Q: _____ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas _____ are based on reputation, rather than on actual social interaction. A. Cliques; crowds B. Crowds; reference groups C. Reference groups; cliques D. Crowds; cliques

Q: "Druggies," "jocks," and "nerds" are examples of: A. crowds. B. cliques. C. youth cultures. D. gangs.

Q: Mitch organizes a party for about 20 of his classmates who are all interested in theater, and they all watch a tape of the musical The Phantom of the Opera. This group of teenagers, who don't always hang out together, but share common interests, would most appropriately be labeled: A. a gang. B. a reference group. C. a crowd. D. a clique.

Q: In contrast to crowds, cliques: A. are settings for adolescents' intimate interactions. B. help adolescents locate themselves within the social structure of their school. C. channel adolescents into associations with some peers and away from others. D. provide contexts that reward certain lifestyles and disparage others.

Q: Which type of crowd would probably not be found in European schools? A. populars B. druggies C. metalheads D. jocks

Q: All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except: A. an increase in the amount of time adolescents spend with their friends. B. a decrease in the amount of adult supervision. C. an increase in contacts with opposite sex friends. D. a decrease in the size of their peer groups.

Q: Which adolescent is most likely to have a decrease in time spent with parents and a dramatic increase in the amount of time spent with peers? A. Maya, a white female B. Rosalia, a Hispanic-American female C. Hillary, an African-American female D. Mike, an Asian-American male

Q: Marilyn, a typical high school freshman, has been asked to list the people in her life who are most important to her. Nearly half the list consists of: A. teachers. B. relatives. C. mixed-age peers. D. same-age peers.

Q: Eric, a 4th grader, spends a lot of time with his peers and is more likely to engage in which of the following activities: A. Little League baseball B. going to the mall with his friends C. hanging out at his friend's house unsupervised D. girl-watching

Q: Jordan is a preadolescent. Her friendship circle is largely comprised of other young girls. What has Jordan's social life been influenced by? A. age-grading B. sex cleavage C. cliques D. the baby boom

Q: Which of the following is most characteristic of childhood peer groups? A. mixed-sex groups B. less adult supervision C. sex cleavage D. the emergence of peer "crowds"

Q: During childhood, boys typically associate with boys, while girls primarily associate with other girls. This separation of boys and girls has been referred to as: A. brother-sister avoidance. B. sex cleavage. C. youth culture. D. sex grading.

Q: Contemporary societies are more ________, whereas societies from the past were more ________ A. particularistic; universalistic B. universalistic; idealistic C. universalistic; particularistic D. idealistic; particularistic

Q: In terms of time spent with peers, recent research has categorized adolescents into four different groups based on their social self-perceptions. Of these four groups, which two spend the most time with peers? A. anxious and desperate adolescents B. desperate and confident adolescents C. unconcerned and confident adolescents D. unconcerned and anxious adolescents

Q: Research on the structure of cliques during high school has suggested that adolescents can fall into any of the following categories, except: A. liaisons. B. isolates. C. clique members. D. clique avoiders.

Q: According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do not fit clearly into any crowd? A. one-sixth B. one-half C. two-thirds D. one-third

Q: According to the textbook, most teenagers feel that their friends are likely to pressure them to: A. use marijuana. B. engage in sexual activity. C. drink alcohol. D. use cocaine.

Q: Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ________ than adolescents in previous times. A. are more susceptible to the influences of their peers B. are at higher risk for problem behaviors because of peer influence C. spend more time in peer groups D. report more positive experiences from their involvement in peer groups

Q: In a particular tribe, relatives of the chief are allowed to choose their own mates, whereas others must abide by arranged marriages. This is an example of a: A. particularistic norm. B. universalistic norm. C. hierarchy norm. D. age separation.

Q: The world is arguably a more stressful place to grow up in now than it was in the past for all of the following reasons, except: A. divorce is more commonplace. B. families move residences every few years. C. adolescents experience pressure from the mass media. D. adolescents are now more susceptible to their peers than were other generations.

Q: In the United States, all citizens over the age of 18 are allowed to vote. This is an example of: A. particularistic norm. B. universalistic norm. C. age separation. D. age grading.

Q: Age segregation in schools is the most efficient way to educate children in societies that are: A. particularistic. B. universalistic. C. ethnographic. D. sociometric.

Q: In societies in which norms are particularistic versus universalistic, age grouping of adolescents is ________ for the particularistic normed societies and ________ for the universalistic normed societies. A. not effective; effective B. effective; not effective C. effective; effective D. not effective; not effective

Q: All of the following are examples of universalistic norms in American society, except: A. taking piano lessons. B. being allowed to vote upon turning 18. C. stopping at traffic lights when driving. D. being required to file taxes annually.

Q: Which of the following writers has been the most vocal proponent of the idea that there is a separate and troublesome "youth culture"? A. Margaret Mead B. Eleanor Maccoby C. Brad Brown D. James Coleman

Q: In The Adolescent Society, Coleman expressed concern over the finding that adolescents: A. showed high rates of drug and alcohol abuse. B. reported frequent periods of loneliness. C. placed less emphasis on academic success than their parents. D. spent more time with their parents than with their peers.

Q: A separate youth culture is said to promote all of the following, except: A. academics. B. sports. C. dating. D. partying.

Q: A reason stated in the text to explain why today's youth do not place the same value on education as their parents is that American adolescents: A. have become alienated from and unfamiliar with the values of adults. B. have developed a great deal of anger toward adults. C. look at their country's leaders and see what a low standard has been set in terms of education, so they follow these role models. D. are not challenged by today's educational curriculum.