Q&A Hero

Q: A person who obeys the rules because of a sense of social obligation is functioning at which level of moral development? A. principled B. conventional C. postconventional D. preconventional

Q: Research suggests that the majority of adolescents probably function at which of the following moral reasoning levels? A. principled B. conventional C. postconventional D. preconventional

Q: Advanced levels of moral reasoning are indicative of which parenting style? A. authoritarian B. permissive C. neglectful D. authoritative

Q: Critics of Kohlberg's theory have asserted that reasoning morally is not the same as behaving morally. Research addressing these concerns has found that: A. these critics are correct in noting that there is little relationship between moral reasoning and moral behavior. B. people reason about life-and-death dilemmas in ways that parallel their reasoning about moral dilemmas they encounter in their daily lives. C. people who reason at higher stages of moral thought are more tolerant of others' misbehavior. D. there is little difference for adolescents between issues defined as personal choices and those defined as ethical dilemmas.

Q: Mark complains to his mother that there is nothing wrong with drinking a little beer because, "Everyone my age does it once in a while." Mark's level of moral development would be described as: A. preconventional stage. B. conventional stage. C. postconventional stage. D. anticonventional stage.

Q: According to the textbook, which of the following statements about moral reasoning and moral behavior is not true: A. in tests measuring moral reasoning, assessments are made in a social vacuum, but such vacuums don't exist in the real world B. moral behavior and moral reasoning always go hand in hand C. situational factors influence moral choices D. all of the above are true

Q: Individuals are more likely to engage in risky behavior when they see the behavior as: A. a personal choice rather than an ethical dilemma B. an ethical dilemma rather than a personal choice C. a private issue rather than a personal choice D. something they are entitled to, rather than an ethical issue

Q: Adam is known for scoring high on moral disengagement assessments. Which of the following is probably true? A. Adam is likely to engage in delinquency and aggression B. Adam is likely to engage in prosocial behavior C. Adam is likely to have authoritative parents D. Adam is likely to abuse substances

Q: Researchers have found that prosocial moral reasoning: A. correlates positively with prosocial behavior, but not with attitudes toward helping others. B. correlates positively with attitudes toward helping others, but not with actual prosocial behavior. C. correlates positively with both sympathy and empathy, but not with actual prosocial behavior. D. correlates positively with both prosocial behavior and attitudes toward helping others.

Q: Which of the following is an example of cognitive autonomy? A. establishing more adultlike relationships with family members B. relying less on your parents for emotional support C. refusing to cheat on an exam even when the teacher is not in the room D. seeking the advice of others when faced with a serious question

Q: The dominant perspective of moral development is grounded in _____ theory. A. Piaget's cognitive B. Watson's behavioral C. Bronfenbrenner's ecological D. Freud's psychoanalytic

Q: As a child, Joe doesn't understand that he simply cannot take the things he wants. As he gets older, he comes to understand about the concept of ownership. This change is an example of: A. moral development. B. peer pressure. C. self-reliance. D. detachment.

Q: According to Kohlberg, reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called: A. principled. B. conventional. C. postconventional. D. preconventional.

Q: According to research cited in the textbook, susceptibility to antisocial peer pressure is _____ among relatively _____ acculturated Latino adolescents than their _____ acculturated peers. A. higher; more; less B. higher; less; more C. lower; more; less D. none of the above options are true

Q: Which of the following adolescents (all are the same age) would be most susceptible to peer pressure? A. Steven, a male adolescent B. Paul, a black adolescent C. Annie, an adolescent from a single-parent family D. All of these youths are likely to appear relatively more susceptible to peer pressure.

Q: During late adolescence, the susceptibility to peer pressure _________ and the strength of peer pressure _________. A. increases; increases B. increases; decreases C. decreases; decreases D. decreases; increases

Q: Craig is always the first to go along with the deviant activities his friends suggest. With which style of parenting was Craig probably raised? A. authoritarian B. permissive C. authoritative D. autocratic

Q: Feldman and her colleagues have found evidence for variations in autonomy expectations as a function of: A. gender. B. birth order. C. ethnicity. D. all of the above.

Q: Which adolescent female is least likely to seek autonomy from her parents? A. Kim, an Asian living in the United States B. Mikayla, an Anglo living in the United States C. Felicia, an Anglo living in Australia D. Karen, an Anglo living in Hong Kong

Q: All of the following are characteristics of the development of cognitive autonomy, except: A. increasingly abstract ways to think about moral, political, ideological, and religious issues. B. increasing emotional distance from parents. C. beliefs that are increasingly rooted in general principles that have an ideological basis. D. beliefs that are increasingly founded in the individual's own values.

Q: Susceptibility to social pressure: A. is most often seen in the antisocial behavior of girls during early and middle adolescence. B. is higher among less acculturated Latino adolescents than among their more acculturated peers. C. is likely to result in false confessions by adolescents if confronted with fake "evidence." D. occurs early in adolescence because pressure by the peer group is strong enough to make even the most autonomous adolescent comply.

Q: During childhood, boys and girls are: A. highly oriented toward their parents and far less oriented toward their peers B. less oriented toward their parents and far more oriented toward their peers C. highly oriented toward their peers and far less oriented toward their teachers D. highly oriented toward their peers and far less oriented toward their parents

Q: As children approach adolescence, children become somewhat _____ oriented toward their parents; and _____ oriented toward their peers, and peer pressure begins to _____. A. more; less; subside B. less; more; escalate C. more; more; decline D. less; less; decrease

Q: Typically, adolescents who rebel against their parents or authorities do so because: A. they are asserting their independence from their parents. B. they are asserting their personal individuality. C. they are conforming to their peers. D. they are more emotionally mature than their nonrebellious counterparts.

Q: When asked what a guilty person should do when being interrogated by police, younger adolescents are more likely than older adolescents to say: A. the person should remain silent. B. the person should give the police misleading information. C. the person should confess. D. the person should blame someone else.

Q: The sexual behavior of adolescents who have talked about sex with their parents is ________ compared to the sexual behavior of adolescents who have not talked to their parents about sex: A. more influenced by peer pressure B. less influenced by peer pressure C. more influenced by drug use D. less influenced by drug use

Q: Adolescents who have less positive relationships with their parents are more likely to do all but which of the following: A. spend time with friends in unsupervised settings. B. hang out with negative peers. C. be highly peer-oriented. D. be influenced by friends who perform well in school.

Q: Over the course of adolescence, individuals come to _____ prosocial acts that are done for _____ reasons. A. respect; self-serving B. seek out; non-biased C. devalue; self-serving D. devalue; humanitarian

Q: Research suggests that adolescents _________ are the most likely to be susceptible to peer pressure. A. from families in which parents are strict and make decisions for their adolescents B. whose parents encourage autonomy C. who have positive regard for their parents D. from authoritative homes that encourage independent decision making

Q: At which of the following ages would you expect susceptibility to peer pressure to be the greatest? A. 8 years B. 11 years C. 14 years D. 19 years

Q: Parents who use a lot of psychological control are best characterized as being: A. emotionally close and permissive. B. overprotective and intrusive. C. emotionally distant and critical. D. intrusive and emotionally distant.

Q: Youth advocates argue that adolescents over age 16 should have the right to seek health care services without parental knowledge or consent because these adolescents: A. reason in ways that are significantly more sophisticated than younger adolescents. B. have more rights than younger adolescents. C. are at an age where they could legally become emancipated. D. are more sexually active than younger adolescents.

Q: Individuals who oppose trying juvenile offenders as adults often base their arguments on findings that: A. the legal age of majority is 18. B. generally speaking, adolescents do not have the same decision-making competence as adults. C. no juvenile can think as maturely as an adult. D. there is consensus that juveniles do not have sufficiently good decision-making skills to understand right from wrong.

Q: Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of: A. work. B. education. C. personal taste. D. admired personal qualities.

Q: Carrie's parents have repeatedly told her not to pierce her belly button despite her argument that all of her friends are getting their belly buttons pierced. Carrie's urge to pierce her navel probably stems from: A. her desire to rebel against her parents. B. her need to express her true identity. C. her desire to be a true individual. D. her desire to conform to her peers.

Q: Albert always follows the clothing trends his friends start at school. Carl ignores the trends at school and strictly adheres to his parents' guidelines for dressing. Which adolescent is genuinely autonomous? A. Albert B. Carl C. neither Albert nor Carl D. both Albert and Carl

Q: If an adolescent is making a decision regarding long-term occupational plans, he or she is likely to go to ___________ for advice. A. his or her parents B. a friend C. an acquaintance D. no one

Q: For which of the following questions is an adolescent most likely to turn to outside experts for advice? A. What steps do I need to take to get admitted to college? B. Does this outfit look nice? C. Are my friends really nerds? D. Is the University of Michigan a fun place to go to college?

Q: In early and middle adolescence, adolescents become more _____ with respect to parents, and more _____ with respect to peers. A. autonomous; conformist B. conformist; autonomous C. autonomous; autonomous D. conformist; conformist

Q: Which statement about conformity to peers is most true? A. Conformity is higher during later adolescence. B. Conformity is low when the behavior in question is antisocial. C. Conformity is higher during early and middle adolescence than later adolescence, especially when the behavior in question is antisocial. D. Conformity to peers is low during early and middle adolescence.

Q: When Lenny gets frustrated or upset, he turns to his peers rather than his parents for support. As a matter of fact, Lenny relies on his peers more than his parents for most things. Lenny is probably from: A. a permissive home. B. an authoritarian home. C. an authoritative home. D. an autocratic home.

Q: Michelle's parents believe in relaxed rules and guidelines. They believe that rules and regulations will inhibit Michelle's discovery of herself as a person. In what way is this parental philosophy not likely to affect Michelle? A. Michelle will be emotionally detached from her parents. B. Michelle will be genuinely autonomous. C. Michelle will be psychosocially dependent on her friends. D. Michelle's social life will be important to her.

Q: Which of the following types of households creates adolescents who do not develop healthy autonomy, have difficulty complying with rules, and are usually dependent on their friends? A. authoritarian B. autocratic C. authoritative D. permissive

Q: Before Shirley fills out her course registration for fall semester, she asks her parents which courses they think she should take. Shirley also consults the guidance counselor at school as well as some of her close friends. She weighs their suggestions, then enrolls in the courses that seem best suited to her educational goals. Which type of autonomy is Shirley expressing? A. cognitive autonomy B. behavioral autonomy C. emotional autonomy D. psychosocial autonomy

Q: With age, adolescents become more likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with the decisions they make and more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices. According to the textbook, these improvements seem to be due to all of the following except: A. the decline in the extent to which decisions are influenced by their potential to produce an immediate reward B. the ways in which rewards and costs influence decisions change over the course of adolescence C. the increase in the ability to control their impulses D. the increase in the probability that decision-making is influenced by emotions

Q: When Ramon expresses a view that differs from his father's, Ramon's father asks his son to clarify the statement and he probes his son's logic. Ramon's father is: A. enabling his son's autonomy. B. constraining his son's autonomy. C. inhibiting his son's individuation. D. creating distance between himself and his son.

Q: Mrs. Smith is unable to accept her son's long hair and loud music. She responds to his individuality by devaluing and judging rather than questioning and probing. What type of behavior is Mrs. Smith demonstrating? A. enabling B. autonomous C. constraining D. distracting

Q: Seth and his father are discussing politics. Seth says that the government is a corrupt institution and should be overthrown. His father responds, "That's the dumbest thing I've ever heard! What are you, some kind of moron?" This type of interaction can be characterized as: A. coercive behavior. B. constraining behavior. C. repressive behavior. D. judgmental behavior.

Q: Which adolescent is most likely to feel anxious and depressed? A. Javier, whose family lacks closeness B. Enrique, whose father often probes his son's logic C. Humberto, whose family discourages his individuation D. Augusto, whose parents are intrusive

Q: Which of the following types of parenting promotes healthy emotional autonomy in adolescents? A. authoritarian B. autocratic C. authoritative D. permissive

Q: Kristie believes that her parents are too strict and has decided not to abide by their rules. She refuses to do her chores around the house and breaks curfew every night. Kristie is probably from: A. a permissive home. B. an authoritarian home. C. an authoritative home. D. an autocratic home.

Q: Which statement concerning adolescents' ability to see their parents as people is false? A. This aspect of emotional autonomy may not develop until early adulthood. B. This aspect of emotional autonomy develops later in adolescents' relations with their mothers than with their fathers. C. During high school, adolescents have difficulty seeing their parents as individual beyond their role as parents. D. Fifteen-year-olds are not much better than 10-year-olds at seeing their parents as people.

Q: Research suggests that which aspect of emotional autonomy does not increase over the period of adolescence? A. individuation B. deidealization of parents C. seeing parents as people D. nondependence

Q: As individuals transition from adolescence into adulthood and progress through the process of individuation, they increasingly: A. view lying to their parents as unacceptable. B. improve their techniques for lying to parents without being detected. C. view lying to their parents as desirable. D. become worse liars.

Q: Recent research indicates that _______ has negative effects on adolescents' mental health, whereas _________ has positive ones. A. detachment; nondependency B. detachment; individuation C. individuation; nondependency D. individuation; detachment

Q: According to the text, who is more likely to begin the process of individuation first: Jeanne, whose parents have been divorced for 5 years, or Paul, whose parents are married? A. Jeanne B. Paul C. both Jeanne and Paul will begin the process at the same time D. unable to determine

Q: Which of the following events have researchers suggested is one of the most important triggers of the individuation process? A. puberty B. identity development C. detaching from parents D. seeing parents as people

Q: During late adolescence and the college years, students who live away from home report all but which of the following? A. better communication with their parents B. more strained family relationships C. higher levels of satisfaction with their family relationship D. more affection for parents

Q: Emotional autonomy develops best when parents encourage _______ and _______. A. individuation; emotional closeness B. individuation; emotional distance C. detachment; emotional distance D. independence; interdependence

Q: Healthy individuation and positive mental health are fostered by _____ family relationships. A. constraining B. authoritarian C. close D. distant

Q: According to the textbook, parents who exhibit _____ behavior facilitate more healthy autonomous development, whereas parents who exhibit _____ behavior have difficulty accepting their child's individuality. A. constraining; enabling B. constraining; repressive C. enabling; constraining D. repressive; enabling

Q: Tyler's parents comment that his 1st year in college has been very good for him because he has learned to accept responsibility for his actions. Tyler's parents are describing: A. individuation. B. crystallization. C. specification. D. psychosocial moratorium.

Q: Viggo says to his friends, "You know, sometimes my Dad is wrong and I tell him so and I give him my opinion. I didn't use to do that when I was youngerI used to think that everything he said was right." Viggo is demonstrating: A. individuation. B. deidealization of parents. C. seeing parents as people. D. nondependence.

Q: Which of the following aspects of autonomy involves the capacity to make independent decisions and follow through with them? A. behavioral autonomy B. psychosocial autonomy C. emotional autonomy D. cognitive autonomy

Q: Jane has decided not to go along with her friends and drink after school. She realizes that this is wrong, and decides not to give in to the peer pressure. What type of autonomy is Jane exhibiting? A. behavioral B. emotional C. cognitive D. none of the above

Q: As Barbara moves into adolescence, her relationship with her mother and father changes. She is becoming less dependent on them and more dependent on herself. She also realizes that her parents are not always right. Which type of autonomy is Barbara expressing? A. behavioral autonomy B. psychosocial autonomy C. emotional autonomy D. cognitive autonomy

Q: Which of the following type of autonomy refers to that aspect of independence related to changes in an individual's close relationships? A. behavioral autonomy B. psychosocial autonomy C. emotional autonomy D. cognitive autonomy

Q: Karen's parents have noticed that throughout Karen's adolescent years, their relationship has transformed. What type of autonomy is Karen expressing? A. emotional B. cognitive C. behavioral D. none of the above

Q: Which of the following behaviors is characteristic of increased emotional autonomy among adolescents? A. Adolescents are eager to get their parents help and advice with problems. B. Adolescents feel their parents are all-knowing and all-powerful. C. Adolescents are able to see their parents as people. D. Adolescents have difficulty sympathizing with their parents' problems.

Q: In classical psychoanalytic theories, the process of separation that occurs during early adolescence is referred to as: A. detachment. B. separation anxiety. C. distinction. D. individuation.

Q: Which of the following statements about autonomy is false? A. Adolescents are less emotionally dependent on their parents than they were as children. B. Children are closer to their parents than adolescents. C. An absence of conflict between an adolescent and his or her parents indicates a delay in autonomy development. D. In general, adolescents get along very well with their parents.

Q: Who would argue that the physical changes of puberty cause substantial disruption and conflict inside the family system? A. Anna Freud B. Erik Erikson C. Laurence Steinberg D. Susan Harter

Q: Which statement regarding autonomy development would not fit with Anna Freud's theory? A. The physical changes of puberty cause substantial disruption in the family system. B. Detachment in adolescence is a result of tensions between family members. C. Emotional autonomy during adolescence involves a transformation of family relationships. D. Intrapsychic conflicts that have been repressed since early childhood are reawakened at early adolescence by the resurgence of sexual impulses.

Q: In contrast to the psychoanalytic perspective, many researchers today assert that a late adolescent who is gradually and progressively sharpening his/her sense of self as autonomous, competent, and separate from one's parents is developing a sense of: A. autonomy. B. individuation. C. self-evaluation. D. morality.

Q: Issues of autonomy: A. are typically resolved during toddlerhood. B. are typically resolved during adolescence. C. are typically resolved in early adulthood. D. recur throughout the life span.

Q: All of the following are reasons stated in the text to explain why adolescent autonomy has attracted the attention of developmental psychologists, except: A. the physical changes of early adolescence trigger changes in the adolescent's emotional relationships at home. B. puberty sets up a situation of the adolescent's increasing emotional dependence on the family. C. the cognitive changes of adolescence provide the foundation for changes in the adolescent's thinking about social, moral, and ethical problems. D. changes in social roles raise concerns about independence relating to increased responsibility and self-reliance.

Q: Peter is noticing changes in the expression of affection and distribution of power in his relationships with his parents. He is less likely to rush to them with a problem, and is spending more time with his friends. What type of autonomy is developing with Peter? A. behavioral B. emotional C. cognitive D. none of the above

Q: Jane, the adolescent daughter of the local police chief, has recently been hanging out with a rowdy group of youth who have vandalized a number of public buildings. Jane has most likely adopted a: A. false-self behavior. B. negative peer culture. C. negative identity. D. all of the above

Q: Whose research supports Erikson's theory on identity development? A. Phinney B. Harter C. Marcia D. Gilligan

Q: According to Marcia's research, which identity status is associated with healthy development? A. achievement B. foreclosure C. moratorium D. diffusion