Q&A Hero

Q: During preadolescence, _____ is the single most important determinant of friendship. A. sex B. ethnicity C. socioeconomic status D. neighborhood

Q: In contrast to Sullivan's claims about adolescent friendships, more current research has found: A. cross-sex intimacy replaces intimacy with same-sex peers. B. as the number of same-sex peers increases, the number of cross-sex peers decreases. C. as the number of cross-sex peers increases, the number of same-sex peers either stays the same or increases. D. although cross-sex interactions increase, there is little cross-sex intimacy.

Q: Who is most likely to have close opposite-sex friends? A. Ben, who is socially competent, popular, and has many same-sex friends B. Brian, who is socially incompetent and unpopular with his same-sex peers C. both Ben and Brian D. neither Ben nor Brian

Q: Dating among adolescents today is largely a: A. recreational activity. B. part of the courtship process. C. part of mating selection. D. meaningless activity.

Q: Statistics on the age at which young people marry indicate that: A. it is approximately the same for males and females. B. girls marry younger today than in their mothers' generation. C. both males and females tend to be older at first marriage than in the 1950s. D. more males than females marry before they are 20.

Q: Research suggests that with regard to the link between adolescents' relationships with their peers and their families: A. close family relationships do not necessarily reflect close peer relationships. B. close peer relationships do not necessarily reflect close family relationships. C. peer and family relationships suggest little support for attachment theory. D. improving the quality of relationships at home can help adolescents improve their peer relationships.

Q: Which of the following statements about adolescents' level of interaction with parents is true? A. Adolescents interact more with their mother. B. Adolescents interact more with their father. C. There is no difference in adolescents' level of interaction between mothers and fathers. D. Sons interact more with fathers and daughters interact more with mothers.

Q: Allison says that Susan is her friend because she can tell Susan secrets and Susan won't tell anyone else. Allison's definition of friendship is based on: A. play. B. prosocial behavior. C. intimacy and trust. D. association.

Q: Self-disclosure and loyalty become important dimensions of friendship in: A. childhood. B. preadolescence. C. early adolescence. D. middle adolescence.

Q: Which aspects of friendship are common at all ages? A. prosocial behavior and common activities B. intimacy and trust C. loyalty and openness D. self-disclosure and similar friends

Q: Friendships based on which of the following criteria are more likely to be found among adolescents than younger children? A. play B. association C. prosocial behavior D. loyalty

Q: Which of the following friendship qualities would be most important to 14-year-old Sarah? A. self-disclosure B. loyalty C. honesty D. openness

Q: Fourteen-year-old Fatimah is most likely to be upset with her best friend if the friend: A. criticizes Fatimah's clothes. B. spends more time with a new friend she has made. C. cannot come shopping with Fatimah because she has to babysit her sister. D. disagrees with Fatimah about the boys each girl is dating.

Q: All of the following are examples of the ways adolescents display intimacy with their friends, except: A. they know what their friends worry about. B. their behaviors and emotional states are frequently synchronized. C. they respond sensitively to their friends' feelings. D. they are more likely to negotiate than to disengage when resolving their disagreements.

Q: Girls are more likely than boys to express intimacy with their friends by doing all of the following, except: A. having intimate knowledge about their friends. B. expressing empathy when comforting their friends. C. displaying a great deal of interest in close friendships. D. being concerned about a friend's faithfulness and experiencing a high degree of anxiety over rejection.

Q: Girls are more likely than boys to settle disagreements with friends by: A. letting things slide. B. engaging in physical aggression. C. engaging in verbal aggression. D. apologizing.

Q: The likelihood that an individual will turn to a peer during a time of trouble _____ in adolescence and the likelihood of turning to a parent _____. A. increases; increases B. decreases; decreases C. decreases; remains stable D. increases; remains stable

Q: Carol, an eighth grader, is facing a big dilemma and she needs advice. To whom is Carol likely to turn for this support? A. her friends B. her parents C. an adult expert outside the family D. it depends on the specific issue at hand

Q: During Mischa's AAI, he appears uninfluenced by his childhood experiences. For example, even though his mother wasn't around much during his childhood, instead of being upset, Mischa replies, "No big deal, I didn't need her anyway." Based on the classifications, Mischa would be categorized as: A. secure. B. avoidant. C. dismissing. D. preoccupied.

Q: Jennifer has been diagnosed with an eating disorder. Based on research from the textbook, Jennifer would probably fall under which of the following attachment classifications? A. anxious B. dismissing C. avoidant D. secure

Q: Which of the following explanations of friendship would probably be associated with the oldest child? A. "He always wants to play with me." B. "He will stick up for me when a bully picks on me." C. "He helps me figure out how to build things." D. "He likes to go to the park with me."

Q: Studies that compare adolescents' working models of their relationships: A. show that emotional attachments in adolescence were influenced by attachments formed in infancy. B. suggest that an individual's beliefs and expectations about relationships are similar across different interpersonal domains. C. demonstrate different beliefs and expectations for different interpersonal domains. D. show that early life attachments may not be relevant to relationships developed during adolescence.

Q: During infancy, Julia formed a secure attachment with her parents. This attachment has formed the basis for all her future approaches to interpersonal relationships. According to attachment theorists, Julia is employing: A. a Q-sort technique. B. an intimate ideology. C. an internal working model. D. a social support theory.

Q: Research assessing the link between infant attachment and the quality of interpersonal relationships in adolescence and young adulthood finds: A. a consistent link between infant attachment and healthy adolescent relationships. B. little continuity between infant attachment and adolescent relationships. C. stability of attachment over time that withstands the pressures of major life events. D. early relationships have some effect on later interpersonal relationships.

Q: The structured interview used to assess an individual's past attachment history and internal working model of relationships is called the: A. Adult Attachment Interview. B. Q-sort. C. Intimacy Measure. D. Adolescent Security Scale.

Q: Dr. Diamond conducts an interview with a patient in order to assess the history of the patient's attachment relationships. What method would Dr. Diamond use? A. the Adult Attachment Interview B. the Q-sort C. the Longitudinal Attachment Measure D. the Adolescent Security Scale

Q: Rejection sensitivity is a term that psychologists use to describe: A. an oversensitivity to romantic rejection in adulthood that is related to an insecure attachment in infancy and early childhood. B. the development of a working model of relationships in which parental and peer relationships are similar. C. the development of a working model of relationships in which romantic partners and parents are less important than peers. D. an oversensitivity to peer rejection in childhood that leads to an oversensitivity to rejection in the adult workplace.

Q: Being securely attached in adolescence is associated with all of the following outcomes, except: A. coping better with basic military training. B. better academic success. C. rejection sensitivity in adulthood. D. better social competence.

Q: Which of the following is not one of the adolescent classifications in the Adult Attachment Interviews? A. secure B. avoidant C. dismissing D. preoccupied

Q: Optimal social development during adolescence may require healthy relationships with: A. parents B. peers C. important non-parental adults D. both A and B are correct

Q: Which of the following statements about sibling relationships is not true: A. Intimacy in sibling relationships is a complicated matter, often including a mix of feelings of affection and rivalry B. Generally, adolescents say they are less intimate with siblings than with parents or friends C. Adolescents fight less with brothers and sisters than they do with close friends D. Arguments with siblings tend to be resolved more through the intervention of parents than by letting things slide

Q: Over the course of adolescence, conflict between siblings ________, but this may be due to the fact that siblings spend _____ time together in adolescence than they did in childhood. A. decreases; less B. decreases; more C. increases; less D. increases; more

Q: Which developmental period appears to be when warmth and closeness decline for siblings? A. late childhood B. early adolescence C. middle adolescence D. late adolescence

Q: The close, significant emotional bond between parent and infant is called: A. attachment. B. goodness-of-fit. C. symbiosis. D. the secure base.

Q: An infant who is indifferent to his/her caregiver would have what type of attachment? A. secure B. anxious-avoidant C. anxious-resistant D. anxious-secure

Q: Maria is the mother of a 6-month-old baby girl, Antonia. Antonia does not seem to have a close, trusting bond with Maria. Instead, their relationship is characterized by ambivalence. What type of attachment best describes Antonia's relationship with Maria? A. secure attachment B. anxious-resistant attachment C. anxious-avoidant attachment D. indifferent attachment

Q: Which of the following patterns of attachment is positively correlated with high sociability in childhood? A. anxious-resistant B. secure C. anxious-avoidant D. dependent

Q: Adolescents' close friendships are distinguished from their casual friendships in the types of conflicts they have. Although conflicts between adolescents and their close friends are _______ frequent than they are between adolescents and other peers, arguments between close friends are ________ emotional. A. less; more B. more; less C. slightly more; less D. more; never

Q: Whereas there are _________ differences among ethnic groups within the United States with respect to parental discipline and ethnic socialization, differences between ethnic groups in the expression of intimacy between adolescents and parents are _______. A. substantial; modest B. modest; substantial C. negligible; substantial D. modest; negligible

Q: Research studying the relation between identity and intimacy has provided support for the idea that: A. intimacy must develop first. B. identity must develop first. C. individuals follow different developmental paths. D. identity and intimacy development are uncorrelated.

Q: Which child is probably experiencing for the first time the need to be intimate with a friend of the same age? A. Carlo, who is 7 B. Dierdre, who is 9 C. Randy, who is 11 D. Connie, who is 16

Q: Sullivan believed that important interpersonal transitions are more likely to be negotiated successfully if: A. they have a solid foundation of security in past relationships. B. an individual develops appropriate cognitive skills. C. an individual had many playmates in childhood. D. they have a solid basis in social cognition.

Q: Sullivan emphasized the social aspects of growth, suggesting that psychological development can be best understood when looked at in: A. societal terms. B. interpersonal terms. C. identity terms. D. medical terms.

Q: According to Sullivan, where does the capacity for intimacy first develop? A. early adolescent, same-sex relationships B. early adolescent, opposite-sex relationships C. middle adolescent, opposite-sex relationships D. preadolescent, same-sex relationships

Q: Based on Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development, intimacy is first expressed in: A. sexual relationships. B. opposite-sex friendships. C. mixed-sex relationships. D. same-sex relationships.

Q: Sullivan believed a precondition to forming close relationships as an adolescent is: A. being able to take someone else's perspective. B. forming intimate friendships during preadolescence. C. having secure interpersonal relationships since childhood. D. overcoming the frustration and anxiety associated with making friends in childhood.

Q: In Sullivan's view, the shift in the "targets" of intimacy during early adolescence from same-sex to opposite-sex relationships is primarily motivated by: A. the need to transition from nonromantic to romantic relationships. B. the emergence of sexuality and a biologically based sex drive. C. resolving the homophobic conflict of childhood. D. the need to appear popular by surrounding one's self with as many peers as possible.

Q: According to Sullivan, if the interpersonal tasks of adolescence are negotiated successfully, the young adolescent enters late adolescence able to: A. be intimate. B. enjoy sex. C. experience intimacy and sex in the same relationship. D. All of the above.

Q: Sullivan believed the crisis of adolescence is _____. Erikson believed it is _____. A. identity; intimacy B. autonomy; intimacy C. intimacy; identity D. intimacy; autonomy

Q: During __________ concerns about loyalty and anxieties over rejection become more pronounced and may temporarily overshadow concerns about intimate self-disclosure, particularly among girls. A. middle adolescence B. late adolescence C. early adolescence D. late childhood

Q: Which of the following statements about intimate friendships for youth adolescent girls is not true? A. they have a confidante with whom they can easily talk about their problems B. their friendships are fragile C. their friendships are more easily disrupted by feelings of betrayal D. their friendships, on average, last longer than boys' do.

Q: According to Sullivan, development can be best understood by examining transformations in: A. psychosexual needs. B. sexual drive. C. interpersonal needs. D. self-conceptions.

Q: According to Sullivan, the need for intimacy develops during: A. childhood. B. preadolescence. C. early adolescence. D. late adolescence.

Q: As used in the study of adolescence, the term "intimacy" refers to an emotional attachment between two people that is characterized by all of the following, except: A. concern for each other's well-being. B. a sexual and/or physical relationship. C. a willingness to disclose private, sometimes sensitive, information. D. sharing common interests and activities.

Q: An adolescent may have an intimate relationship with: A. a romantic partner. B. parents. C. friends. D. All of the above

Q: What statement about intimacy is false? A. Intimacy is an important concern only in adolescence. B. One of the central issues in the study of intimacy during adolescence is the onset of dating. C. Intimacy is characterized by a willingness to disclose private and occasionally sensitive topics and a sharing of common interests. D. Intimacy can take the form of close friendships between people of both sexes.

Q: Children's friendships are based on _____, whereas adolescents' friendships are based on _____. A. activities; competition B. activities; intimacy C. intimacy; competition D. competition; activities

Q: A limitation in children's ability to ____ inhibits their ability to have intimate interpersonal relationships. A. empathize B. take another person's perspective C. care deeply D. understand friendships

Q: The text states all of the following to explain why the development of intimacy is especially important in adolescence, except: A. truly intimate relationships do not emerge until adolescence. B. the nature of the adolescent's social world changes, with increasing importance of both same sex and opposite sex peers. C. growth of social cognition reflects more sophisticated conceptions of social relationships. D. friendships transform being self-conscious to being more activity oriented.

Q: Which theorist adopted the most biological view of development? A. Freud B. Sullivan C. Erikson D. Gilligan

Q: The transformation in religious thinking during adolescence can be best understood as part of the overall development of ________ autonomy. A. adolescent B. behavioral C. emotional D. cognitive

Q: Madeline is affiliated with a fundamentalist religious group. Much of the research on religion and adolescence would suggest that Madeline: A. would be more likely than other adolescents to rebel against the constraints placed on her by her religion. B. would be more likely than other adolescents to rebel against constraints place on her by her parents. C. would be less depressed and less likely to engage in premarital sex. D. would be more likely to live in an inner-city neighborhood.

Q: There are two components of religious development: (1) _____, which refers to the religious practices one engages in; and (2) _____, which refers to one's personal quest for answers to questions about God and the mean of life. A. spirituality; religiosity B. religiosity; spirituality C. religion practices; religion search D. religion behaviors; religion quest

Q: Discuss Anna Freud's view of autonomy during early adolescence. How does her perspective differ from that of contemporary writers?

Q: Your aunt and uncle are concerned about whether their teenagers will develop into moral adults. They ask you about moral development, what is normal moral behavior for adolescents, and want to know the difference between understanding morality and acting morally. They also want to know what they can do to ensure the healthy moral development of their teens. Explain what you know about Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning.

Q: Define three types of autonomy and describe an example of each.

Q: The process of individuation is integral to adolescent development. Discuss two ways in which this process is triggered, and one of the first signs that this might be taking place.

Q: Your next-door neighbor tells you she read an article about a 17-year-old girl who was severely punished by her parents when they were informed that she was planning to have an abortion and had not told them; then your neighbor relates a second article about a 15-year-old boy who is being tried as an adult for murdering his abusive stepfather. Your neighbor doesn't understand why the girl was not allowed to make this personal choice for herself because she was considered a minor, but the boy, who is younger, is being treated as an adult. What can you tell her?

Q: Now that Sarah is an adolescent, she has changed the way in which she thinks about religion, morals and politics. Specifically, she disagrees with her parents and believes that protesting against pollution is acceptable because protecting the environment is more important than living in accord with the law. She knows that breaking the law is wrong, but she believes that the enforcement of certain laws should depend on the context in which the law is being evaluated. She believes that some laws are outdated and should be reexamined and perhaps amended. Sarah's parents think she is just trying to rebel against them. How can you explain Sarah's change in political ideology based on cognitive research in adolescence?

Q: Research on religious changes during adolescence indicates that: A. adolescents believe that attending church exhibits a person's religious commitment. B. children are more strict observers of religious customs. C. college students are more religiously oriented than children. D. religion is more important to older adolescents than to children.

Q: When is an adolescent most likely to question his or her religious beliefs? A. during junior high B. during middle school C. during high school D. during college

Q: During adolescence, the importance of religion: A. increases. B. decreases. C. decreases during early adolescence and then begins to increase. D. remains the same.

Q: Which adolescent would probably score lowest on measures of prosocial moral reasoning? A. Latonya, who scores high on androgyny B. Talya, who scores high on femininity C. Michael, who scores high on femininity D. Barney, who scores high on masculinity

Q: Which of the following is not a good predictor of volunteerism? A. having parents who actively volunteer in the community B. being male C. being actively involved in religion D. being extroverted

Q: Which of the following statements concerning volunteerism is false? A. Engaging in community service leads to short-term gains in social responsibility. B. Engaging in community service increases the importance individuals place on helping others. C. Engaging in community service has a long-lasting positive impact even when it is part of a school mandated service learning program. D. Engaging in community service leads to increased commitment to tolerance, equal opportunity, and cultural diversity.

Q: In contrast with younger adolescents, older adolescents: A. are more likely to be Republicans than Democrats. B. are more likely to believe in autocratic rule and take an acquiescent stance toward government. C. are equally as likely to be influenced by their living environment. D. are more likely to challenge authority and argue that laws should be reexamined.

Q: Which of the following is not a shift that is noticed in the political thinking of adolescents as they mature? A. increased abstraction B. increased authoritarianism C. movement away from obedience D. greater use of principles

Q: During late adolescence, individuals define their religious beliefs based on: A. their own system of personal religious beliefs B. the teachings of their parents C. the beliefs of their peers D. this question is difficult to answer because adolescents are private about their religious beliefs

Q: According to Kohlberg, at which level of moral reasoning would someone who saw society's rules and conventions as relative and subject be at: A. preconventional B. postconventional C. conventional D. this description does not match one of Kohlberg's levels

Q: A person who obeys the rules because of a sense of social obligation is functioning at which level of moral development? A. principled B. conventional C. postconventional D. preconventional