Q&A Hero

Q: The internal desire to perform well is called: A. intrinsic motivation. B. mastery motivation. C. evaluation anxiety. D. extrinsic motivation.

Q: Motivation based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task is called: A. extrinsic motivation. B. intrinsic motivation. C. intuitive motivation. D. instinctive motivation.

Q: Leroy plays video games not because he will win anything by doing well, or because anyone approves of his increasing skill, but because he enjoys getting better at the games. His behavior is an example of: A. intrinsic motivation. B. temperament. C. learned helplessness. D. extrinsic motivation.

Q: Motivation based on the rewards one will receive for successful performance is called: A. extrinsic motivation. B. reward-punishment theory. C. extraneous achievement. D. intrinsic motivation.

Q: The extent to which an individual strives for success is referred to as: A. mood composition. B. need for achievement. C. personality structure. D. self-orientation.

Q: Industrialized societies place a great deal of emphasis on all of the following, except: A. cooperation. B. achievement. C. competition. D. success.

Q: All of the following are noted in the text as reasons why achievement during the adolescent years merits special attention, except: A. this is a period when adolescents prepare for and sort themselves into occupational roles. B. it is during this period that adolescents begin to evaluate their occupational choices in light of their talents, abilities, and opportunities. C. it is during this period that adolescents make serious long-term decisions concerning life partners. D. the educational and occupation decisions made during adolescence are more numerous and the consequences of these decisions are more serious than those that take place during childhood.

Q: The transition from school to work is _________ defined transition. A. an educationally B. a socially C. a personally D. an environmentally

Q: According to the textbook, how is puberty connected to achievement? A. to the extent that puberty changes what's important for maintaining status in the peer group, it may lead adolescents to worry about whether trying too hard to do well will make them less attractive to their classmates B. puberty intensifies differences between males and females, and one impact of this is to make individuals think about what is "appropriate" achievement-related behavior for each of the sexes C. biological (hormonal) changes of puberty are directly related to achievement and motivation in high school D. both A and B are correct

Q: What is the main reason that many achievement-related issues take on new significance during adolescence: A. biological transitions B. social transitions C. changes in cognitions D. achievement-related issues do not take on new significance during adolescence

Q: Which of the following statements regarding social roles and achievement is not true? A. adolescence is the period when important educational and occupational decisions are made B. in most industrialized societies, it is not until adolescence that individuals attain the status necessary to decide whether they will continue or end their formal education C. in most industrialized societies, it is not until adolescence that individuals are allowed to enter the labor force in an official capacity D. during adolescence, most individuals solidify career choices

Q: The text suggests that one set of factors that may differentiate the "rich" from the "poor" early in the educational setting is _________ and _________. A. motivation to succeed; beliefs about the causes of success and failure B. neighborhood; socioeconomic factors C. genetic inheritance; prejudice against minorities D. parents' level of education; parents' attitudes toward education

Q: Alice has worked all evening on a psychology assignment that is not being graded. She has a very strong: A. need for approval. B. need for achievement. C. need for fulfillment. D. need for success.

Q: John and Mary want their children to develop a strong need for achievement. In addition to using an authoritative parenting style, they also should: A. punish their children's failures. B. encourage their children's successes. C. compare their children to other children who are successful. D. set difficult tasks for their children to accomplish.

Q: Amy gets extremely nervous during exams and never does as well as she should because of these anxious feelings. She has a very strong: A. fear of rejection. B. fear of testing. C. fear of failure. D. fear of evaluation. 13. Al's parents expect him to receive all As on his report card, play quarterback for the football team, and win the election for senior class president. When Al came home with a B+ on his report card, his parents grounded him for a month. Al probably will develop: A. a high need for achievement. B. a fear of failure. C. an intrinsic type of motivation. D. learned helplessness.

Q: Adolescents who come from family environments in which parents have set unrealistically high standards for their children's achievement and react very negatively to failure are most likely to develop: A. intrinsic motivation. B. a fear of failure. C. Type-A personality characteristics. D. a high need for achievement.

Q: A particular concern regarding the faster progression of sexual activity is an increased: A. push for autonomy from parents. B. risk of pregnancy. C. rate of adolescent marriages. D. risk for experimenting with alcohol and other drugs.

Q: Researchers have found that with respect to reporting their sexual activity: A. if they are assured of confidentiality, most adolescents give honest responses. B. males tend to overstate their level of activity. C. females tend to overstate their level of activity. D. males and females both tend to understate their level of activity.

Q: Compared with studies conducted in the mid-1990s: A. adolescents today are engaging in sexual intercourse at an earlier age. B. fewer adolescents today are engaging in sexual intercourse. C. regional and ethnic variations make it difficult to generalize about an average age for sexual intercourse for American adolescents. D. All of the above.

Q: Achievement concerns the development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behavior that relate to ______________ in evaluative situations. A. performance B. outcomes C. scores D. none of the above

Q: Autoerotic behavior during adolescence: A. generally precedes sexual activities involving another person. B. often involves fantasies about television or movie stars. C. includes masturbation. D. All of the above.

Q: When Ken is alone, he fantasizes about supermodels and masturbates. This type of behavior is called: A. nocturnal stimulation. B. autoerotic. C. sociosexual. D. sensual stimulation.

Q: While Nathan is sleeping, he ejaculates. This phenomenon is referred to as: A. autoerotic emission. B. nocturnal orgasm. C. twilight discharge. D. circadian rhythm.

Q: Which of the following illustrates the typical sequence of sexual behavior among adolescents? A. masturbation; necking; sexual intercourse; oral intercourse B. necking; masturbation; petting; sexual intercourse C. masturbation; necking; petting; sexual intercourse D. petting; necking; sexual intercourse; oral intercourse

Q: Which of the following adolescents is more likely to move toward intercourse at an earlier age without as many intervening steps? A. Sotoko, an Asian American adolescent B. Miranda, a Latina adolescent C. Carrie, a Black adolescent D. Torrie, a White adolescent

Q: Members of which of the following racial groups are most likely to become sexually experienced at earlier ages? A. Anglo American adolescents B. Hispanic adolescents C. Asian American adolescents D. Black adolescents

Q: Which of the following is not considered an aspect of positive sexual development that adolescents face? A. becoming comfortable with one's maturing body B. reconciling feelings of sexual arousal with one's religious beliefs C. feeling comfortable in choosing to engage or not to engage in sexual activity D. understanding and practicing safe sex

Q: "Sexual socialization" refers to: A. a person's sexual orientation. B. a person's social skills in sexual relationships. C. the way in which an individual is educated about sexuality. D. the degree to which an individual is comfortable with his or her sexuality.

Q: On Steve's 13th birthday, his father wants to educate him about sex, so they sit down to have a "man to man" talk about the "birds and the bees." This process is called: A. sociosexual preparation. B. sexual socialization. C. permissive communication. D. human ecology.

Q: According to the Ford and Beach sexual socialization research, societies can fall into any of the following categories, except: A. restrictive B. progressive C. semirestrictive D. permissive

Q: Ford and Beach found that sexual expressions varied widely from culture to culture. Their findings suggest that: A. biology is the key to understanding adolescent sexuality. B. adolescent sexuality may begin in biology but ends in culture. C. sexuality cannot be fully understood cross-culturally. D. adolescent sexuality is very uniform within cultures.

Q: In the Mandingo tribe, boys and girls are separated until they have completed their religious instruction. This separation also occurs because sexual contact before marriage is strictly forbidden. According to Ford and Beach, this society would be characterized as: A. semi-restrictive. B. permissive. C. prohibitive. D. restrictive.

Q: Molly and Lawrence were caught kissing in school and were sent to the principal's office. He gave them each after-school detention (in separate rooms) and instructed them that this behavior was to cease immediately. However, when the principal saw Lawrence and Molly kissing at the mall on Saturday, he ignored their behavior. This type of attitude toward sexuality is consistent with which type of society? A. semirestrictive B. permissive C. prohibitive D. restrictive

Q: In their movement toward more permissive attitudes about premarital intercourse, adolescents in the United States today generally: A. are proponents of "free love." B. believe that being emotionally involved with one's partner is the most important criterion for judging the acceptability of sexual involvement. C. believe that being legally married is the most important criterion for judging the acceptability of sexual involvement. D. accept sexual promiscuity as acceptable so long as the partners engage in safe sex practices.

Q: Having a series of relationships in which one is always faithful to one's partner is called: A. serial monogamy. B. cohabitation. C. semirestrictive sexuality. D. sexual socialization.

Q: Marlene has had many sexual partners over the last 5 years but has been monogamous within each relationship. What is this pattern called? A. abstinence B. permissiveness C. serial monogamy D. semirestrictiveness

Q: Sex play that is innocuous during childhood is no longer innocuous during adolescence because: A. children report erotic feelings before puberty. B. the hormonal changes of puberty result in an increased sex drive in adolescence. C. children are not capable of kissing, petting, masturbating, or sexual intercourse before puberty. D. with puberty, pregnancy becomes a serious possibility.

Q: You have been asked to talk to a group of educators about sex education programs, describing what does and what does not work. In your discussion, they've asked you to address "virginity pledges" and to include a discussion of the major features of a good sex education program.

Q: You have been asked to address a group of parents about how they can talk to their adolescents about sexual behavior. The two major concerns are pregnancy and contracting sexually transmitted diseases. They want to know how they can best protect their teens. What can you tell them?

Q: Evaluations of school-based clinics have found that: A. they increase adolescents' use of contraception B. they appear to increase adolescents' sexual activity C. they do no appear to increase sexual activity D. they are largely effective, especially among White and Hispanic youths.

Q: Michelle, a 16-year-old adolescent, is the only one in her circle of friends who has not yet had sex. She is beginning to feel pressure to have sex. Discuss two ways that her friends are influencing her attitude toward sex.

Q: Provide three reasons, discussed in your text, that growing up in a single-parent home affects girls' sexual behavior more than boys.

Q: Pretend you are talking to your virgin 16-year old self (or another 16-year old that is thinking about having sex for the first time). Your 16-year old self wants to know if sexuality is normal, when(if) he/she is ready to engage in sexual behaviors, and what the potential risks are. Be sure to tell the 16-year old everything you wish you would have known about sex when you were younger.

Q: The text lists all of the following as reasons why sexuality in adolescence is a particularly important period during the life cycle, except: A. adolescence is the time when erotic feelings first emerge. B. puberty brings on physical changes that allow for sexual reproduction. C. cognitive changes in adolescence have a major impact on sexuality. D. it is not until adolescence that sexual activity begins to take on the social meaning it will continue to have throughout adulthood.

Q: Adolescents' stance on premarital intercourse has changed over the past three decades. Describe the ways in which these attitudes have changed and explain why this may have happened.

Q: Greg, a 17-year-old, has gotten his girlfriend pregnant. If he is typical of other males who impregnate adolescent women, we would expect him to have all of the following problems, except: A. low self-esteem. B. school or work problems. C. physical ailments. D. problems with alcohol and other drugs.

Q: Nancy, a 13-year-old, has recently become pregnant. Statistically, who is most likely the father of her child? A. Anthony, a 10-year-old B. Zack, a 13-year-old C. Daryl, a 16-year-old D. Clarence, a 20-year-old

Q: Research on teenage mothers indicates that: A. their infants are at heightened risk for school problems and other behavior problems in childhood. B. most of them unconsciously "wanted" to have a baby. C. within 2 to 3 years, their lives are similar to those of their peers who did not bear a child. D. they are better off psychologically than teenagers who had aborted their pregnancy.

Q: The adverse outcomes of being born to an adolescent mother are generally a result of all of the following, except: A. characteristics of the mother. B. characteristics of the mother's family environment. C. the immature reproductive system of an adolescent mother. D. prenatal malnutrition.

Q: According to research cited in the text, all of the following are reasons that some sex education programs fail, except: A. when they are introduced into the curriculum too late (after adolescents are already sexually active). B. when teachers are uncomfortable talking about the subject with students. C. when they focus primarily on changing students' knowledge rather than their behavior. D. when they emphasize abstinence-only sex education

Q: Although sex education programs have not been particularly successful in reducing the high rates of adolescent pregnancy, there is current optimism that _____ may be effective. A. encouraging sexual abstinence B. a comprehensive sex education C. family planning services D. having the unwed mother marry her baby's father

Q: Kate is a Black teen mom and has decided to move back to her parents' home. Which of the following statements is not true? A. Kate is likely to stay in school B. living with parents might actually undermine the development of Kate's parenting skills and increase her likelihood of getting pregnant again C. It would be best if Kate lived with her parents for an extended period D. Problems in the relationship between Kate and her mother can adversely affect Kate's mental health

Q: According to the textbook, which of the following is not something that policymakers have called for to ensure young mothers have an adequate income and the chance for adequate employment? A. adaptations in school schedules and the development of school-based child-care centers B. the expansion of subsidized child-care for young mothers who are out of school C. the expansion of family planning services to adolescent mothers D. laws that ensure companies cannot discriminate against teen mothers

Q: According to the textbook, evaluations of programs aimed at enhancing teen mothers' access to adequate income and employment have found that: A. while enhancing teen mothers' employability has not been successful, decreasing their reliance on welfare has been hugely successful B. both decreasing teen mothers' reliance on welfare and preventing their subsequent pregnancies have been successful C. programs aimed at preventing future pregnancies have been successful, but programs aimed at enhancing teen mothers' employability have been largely disappointing D. programs aimed at enhancing teen mothers' employability and preventing their subsequent pregnancies have been largely disappointing.

Q: The comprehensive sex education discussed in the textbook has all of the following elements except: A. must teach adolescents how to refuse unwanted sex and avoid unintended sex B. must increase adolescents' motivation to engage in safe sex C. must change perceptions about peer norms and attitudes D. must reduce adolescents' likelihood of having sex

Q: Who is the least likely adolescent to bear her first child while married? A. Maria, a Mexican American B. Alisha, a Black adolescent C. Francine, an Asian American D. Sylvia, a White American

Q: Alice, a 16-year-old, gave birth to a baby boy last year. How will this affect the likelihood that her 13-year-old sister, Marie, will have a baby? A. It will increase. B. It will increase only if Marie is already sexually active. C. It will be unaffected. D. It will decrease.

Q: Who is the most likely, after becoming pregnant, to have an abortion? A. Jamie, a European-American female living in the suburbs B. Kimberly, a European-American female who dropped out of high school C. Dotty, an Black female who dropped out of high school D. Tara, an Black female living in poverty

Q: Which of the following statements about abortion and teen pregnancy is not true? A. There are no differences between pregnant teenagers who do and do not seek abortion. B. Unplanned pregnancies are much more likely to be terminated by abortion among young women who are academically successfully and ambitious. C. Unplanned pregnancies are much more likely to be terminated by abortion among young women who are more inclined to seek psychological counseling than young women who do not abort their pregnancy. D. Young women who terminate their pregnancy by abortion are less likely over the next two years to experience a subsequent pregnancy and more likely to practice contraception than those who do not abort their pregnancy.

Q: Which adolescent is most likely to use contraception? A. Nancy, who had an abortion a year ago B. Geraldine, who had a baby a year ago C. Annie, who is not doing well in school D. Melanie, who lives in a state that requires parental notification for abortions

Q: Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a virus? A. gonorrhea B. herpes C. chlamydia D. syphilis

Q: Both _____________ are cause by a bacterium, whereas ____________ are caused by a virus. A. chlamydia and herpes; gonorrhea and human papilloma virus B. gonorrhea and herpes; chlamydia and human papilloma virus C. human papilloma virus and gonorrhea; chlamydia and herpes D. gonorrhea and chlamydia; herpes and human papilloma virus

Q: AIDS is transmitted through: A. casual contact. B. bodily fluids. C. kissing. D. mosquito bites.

Q: What is not a risk factor for contracting HIV? A. using drugs B. having unprotected sex C. having many sexual partners D. being male

Q: Professor Bertrande understands that most adolescents she talks to are not likely to engage in abstinence. Her research has demonstrated that the next best way for adolescents to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases is: A. effective condom use during sex. B. use of withdrawal. C. use of the rhythm method. D. taking antiviral drugs before and after having sex.

Q: Recent research on promoting safe-sex behaviors among adolescents has suggested all of the following, except: A. it is more effective to focus on adolescents' motives and social relationships, rather than their knowledge about safe sex. B. adolescents are often unaware that their partners may be having sex with others as well. C. being aware of the risk of STDs is sufficient to ensure safe sex practices among adolescents. D. it may be important to use different strategies for sexually active and inexperienced adolescents.

Q: What percentage of adolescents who become pregnant get an abortion? A. fewer than 2% B. 15% C. 33% D. 70%

Q: The birth rate among adolescent women today is _____ in previous eras. A. impossible to compare to what it was B. lower than C. higher than D. the same as it was

Q: Which country has the highest rate of teen pregnancy? A. Sweden B. the United States C. England D. Israel

Q: Although the rate of sexual activity among adolescents in the United States does not differ much from that reported by other industrialized countries, the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States is: A. in the top third of all industrialized countries. B. in the bottom third of all industrialized countries. C. the highest in the world among industrialized countries. D. average as compared to other industrialized countries.

Q: According to the textbook, international disparities in rates of teenage childbearing are associated with: A. income equality and educational attainment B. average income and educational attainment C. the amount of independence a culture allows adolescents to have D. the influence of the mass media

Q: Which of the following statements about sexual abuse during adolescence is false? A. Histories of individuals who commit dating violence suggest the perpetrators are likely to have been exposed to physical punishment and abuse at home. B. Younger children are more likely than adolescents to be abused and neglected. C. Adolescent victims of sexual abuse are disproportionately female and poor. D. Both perpetrators and victims of sexual assaults are often reluctant to admit the assault occurred.

Q: Which is not a risk factor for sexual abuse? A. living apart from one's parents B. living in a major city C. being raised in poverty D. having parents who abuse alcohol or other drugs

Q: Fourteen-year-old Sarah began "acting out" behaviors that her teacher had never observed in her before, such as a decline in self-esteem, sexual promiscuity, and risky behavior. Sarah's teacher suspects that Sarah is: A. pregnant. B. fighting with her boyfriend. C. a victim of sexual abuse. D. questioning her sexual orientation.

Q: Suzanne has just found out that her 13-year-old daughter had been sexually abused by her piano teacher. What type of problem is Suzanne's daughter most likely to face? A. dissociative disorders B. suicide C. academic difficulties D. infertility

Q: What is the most common method of birth control among sexually active adolescents? A. condoms B. birth control pills C. withdrawal D. the rhythm method

Q: Research has indicated that many young people do not use contraception regularly for all of the following reasons, except: A. using contraception would indicate that they are planfully and willingly sexually active. B. they unconsciously desire to become pregnant. C. contraceptives may be difficult for them to obtain. D. their egocentric thinking leads them to believe that they are immune from getting pregnant or contracting sexually transmitted diseases.

Q: The best predictor of contraceptive use is: A. age. B. IQ. C. race. D. socioeconomic status.

Q: Which of the following sexually active adolescents is most likely to use contraception? A. Sara, a 15-year-old B. Leonardo, a 16-year-old C. Chloe, a 17-year-old D. Thomas, an 18-year-old

Q: Which adolescent is most likely to use contraception effectively while engaging in sex? A. Vanessa, who feels guilty about having sex with her boyfriend B. Lynn, who belongs to a conservative religious faith C. Vesta, who had previously pledged to remain a virgin D. Tasha, who is sexually active and relatively conventional