Q&A Hero

Q: This theorist advocated for the use of psychoanalysis for ascertaining the truth in courts of law. a. Wilhelm Wundt b. James McKeen Cattell c. Sigmund Freud d. Alfred Adler

Q: Attorneys Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld have used DNA evidence to examine claims of innocence by people who were convicted by juries based primarily on eyewitness testimony. Scheck and Neufeld's work is called the a. Exonerations Project b. Exculpatory Project c. Innocence Project d. Scheck Project

Q: The first American professor of "legal psychology" was a. William Marston b. Mamie Phipps Clark c. Bruno Bettelheim d. Alfred Binet

Q: The United States Attorney General who commissioned a report based on Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld's work was a. Jenet Reno b. Eric Holder c. Alberto Gonzales d. John Ashcroft

Q: "Amicus curiae" is best translated to mean a. expert witness b. "hard" science c. friend of the court d. healing actions

Q: Among the recommendations adopted by the Justice Department that were based on the work of Scheck and Neufeld, is that questioning of witnesses should be _______________ a. cognitively based b. emotively based c. open-ended d. leading

Q: The term "refrigerator moms" popularized in the 1960s, was coined by a. Margaret Hagen b. Jim Crow c. Bruno Bettelheim d. William Marston

Q: Measures to help control for biased or prejudiced testimony include a. making use of trial simulations b. making use of Motions to Suppress c. making use of voire dire d. all the above

Q: The term "refrigerator moms" referred to producing children who were a. autistic b. schizophrenic c. school-phobic d. oppositional

Q: Research comparing simultaneous to sequential lineup presentation has found __________ false identifications in the sequential condition a. fewer b. greater c. equal d. no instances of

Q: Examples of "hard" science would include all of the following except a. social psychology b. chemistry c. biology d. physics

Q: "Propitious heterogeneity" of lineups means that a. foils are as similar on all dimensions to the description as given by the witness suspect b. foils match the description of the perpetrator as given by the witness but vary on characteristics not mentioned in the witness's description c. the size of the lineup is five or less d. the size of the lineup is six or more

Q: Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. law is normative, while science is descriptive b. law is value-laden, while science is value-free c. legal reasoning is largely deductive, while scientific method is primarily inductive d. all the above

Q: It is common practice in the United States to use _______________ persons (a suspect plus four or five fillers) in a lineup a. three or four b. four or five c. five or six d. six or seven

Q: In 1896 Albert Von Schrenck-Notzing argued that pre-trial publicity resulted in witnesses not being able to distinguish between what they actually saw and what they had read in the press. He called this kind of perceptual error a. suggestability b. retroactive memory falsification c. hypnotic falsification d. proactive memory falsification

Q: It is common practice in the United States to use _______________ photos in a photo lineup a. three or five b. four or six c. five or seven d. six or eight

Q: The "father of forensic psychology" is regarded as a. William Marston b. Kenneth Bancroft Clark c. Bruno Bettelheim d. Hugo Mnsterberg

Q: A suspect is presented in a lineup (or instructions are given to the witness) in such a manner as to convey to the witness who the police want the witness to choose. This is known as a. police malpractice b. police malfeasance c. simulation bias d. presentation bias

Q: One of the first psychologists to describe the psychological factors that can affect a trial's outcome was a. Hugo Mnsterberg b. Bruno Bettelheim c. Margaret Hagen d. Sigmund Freud

Q: At its simplest level, the situation where a suspect is placed among distracters, and witnesses are asked if they can identify him or her, is called a. heterogeneous identification b. a lineup c. a showdown d. an identification array

Q: "Applying natural, physical and social sciences to the resolution of social and legal issues" is an appropriate definition of a. forensic science b. forensic psychology c. forensic odontology d. applied forensic psychology

Q: In situations where a suspect is being compared to distracters for purposes of identification, these "distracters" are known as a. targets b. subjects c. fillers or foils d. confederates

Q: "Forensic toxicology" deals with the a. causes of failure of devices and structures b. examination of dental remains for identification of victims c. analyses of tissues and fluids from deceased persons d. identification of skeletal remains of victims

Q: The process in which the person who administers a lineup is not aware of which lineup member is the suspect and which members are distract is known as a(n) a. blind lineup b. double blind lineup c. contextual lineup d. Show-up

Q: From a legal standpoint, "soft" science differs from "hard" science in that the former a. requires less years of graduate study b. deals with tissue remains rather than skeletal remains c. is not really science at all d. is much closer to the common understanding of the ordinary juror

Q: A sequential photo spread is different from a simultaneous photo spread, in that in the latter a. photos of suspects are presented at one time b. photos of suspects are presented one at a time c. photos of suspects are presented to allow for relative judgments d. photos of suspects are presented to allow for comparative judgment

Q: The defense that a defendant's mental illness caused him to dramatically increase his consumption of junk food to deal with his problems, and that this made him feel more depressed, contributing to the likelihood of violent actions, was called the a. Twinkie Defense b. Harvey Milk defense c. San Francisco defense d. Syndrome defense

Q: The process of acquiring new information, keeping it in memory, and using it at a later time is divided into three stages. These stages are a. encoding, storage, and retrieval b. perceiving, incorporating, and remembering c. perceiving, storage, and retrieval d. perceiving, incorporating, and retrieval

Q: Dennis Rader was also known as the a. Virginia Tech killer b. BTK killer c. Clown killer d. Texas Tower killer

Q: All of the following are estimator variables, except a. lighting b. stress c. fatigue d. the type of questioning employed

Q: The worst school-shooting in U.S. history was committed by a. Lee Boyd Malvo b. Seung-Hui Cho c. Ted Kaczynski d. Albert Bandura

Q: A disposition to experience anger over time and across context is calleda. state angerb. trait angerc. rigidity angerd. lucidity anger

Q: In Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the Supreme Court ruled that unless the accused must be advised by the police of his constitutional rights to remain silent and to obtain _______________a. contritionb. psychotherapyc. due processd. counsel

Q: In the Robert Buckhout study conducted in the 1970s, seven weeks after eyewitnesses observed an staged event, of the witnesses who could not make a correct identification, _____ choose an innocent bystander at the event. a. two-thirds b. one-half c. three-quarters d. four-fifths

Q: In 1256, a test was formulated by the English Judge Henry de Bracton to refer to insane people who should not be held morally accountable for their actions. This was known as the a. Durham test b. Wild Beast test c. Penal Code test d. Brute Man test

Q: The first time results of psychological research were cited in a Supreme Court decision was in in a. People v. Schmidt b. Plessy v. Ferguson c. People v. Taylor d. Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

Q: In July 1996, the explosion of TWA Flight 800 was reported by 20 eyewitnesses as having been caused by a _______________ a. comet b. bomb c. missile d. bird

Q: Which is not considered a risk factor for substance abuse in adolescence? A. psychological factors B. familial factors C. contextual factors D. educational factors

Q: Which adolescent does not have a personality trait associated with developing drug and alcohol problems? A. Aaron, who is a slow learner B. Thomas, who angers quickly C. Dennis, who is impulsive D. Steve, who is inattentive

Q: Which statement about the familial influences on an adolescent's drug and alcohol use is false? A. Distant, hostile, and conflicted family relations are risk factors for developing substance abuse problems. B. An indulgent, permissive parenting style is a protective factor against developing substance abuse problems. C. An uninvolved, neglecting-rejecting parenting style is a risk factor for developing substance abuse problems. D. There are both genetic and family-environmental influences on development of adolescent substance abuse problems.

Q: Matthew and his friends smoke cigarettes and marijuana, and they often drink beer after school. Where are they most likely to engage in these activities? A. in the boys' bathroom at school B. at a friend's house C. at the local park D. at a teen club

Q: Which of the following is not a risk factor for developing substance abuse problems? A. having excessively permissive parents B. having easy access to drugs C. having friends who use and tolerate the use of drugs D. being involved in a sexual relationship

Q: Glen and Laura ask a counselor what they can do to help protect their teenage son, Jason, from abusing drugs. What might the counselor suggest? A. Enroll Jason in a private school B. Get Jason involved at the church C. Punish any deviance very heavily D. Make sure Jason gets an after-school job

Q: Which of the following is not a diagnostic criteria for substance abuse? A. recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home B. experimentation with substances before the age of 13 C. recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous D. recurrent substance-related legal problems

Q: Alcohol and marijuana are considered ______ drugs because they are almost always used before harder drugs. A. gateway B. passage C. ritual D. experimental

Q: Tina smoked cigarettes, drank alcohol, and used drugs moderately in early adolescence, then quickly increased her use between early and middle adolescence, and continued to increase her use throughout high school. Tina is a: A. low escalator. B. early starter. C. high escalator. D. delinquent.

Q: Psychologists make a distinction between the term ________, which indicates a physical addiction to a substance, and ________, which indicates that the use of a particular substance causes problems in an individual's life. A. substance use; substance abuse B. substance dependence; substance use C. substance dependence; substance abuse D. substance abuse; substance dependence

Q: Of the following adolescents, who will be the most well-adjusted? A. Mavis, who is a frequent drug user B. Jennifer, who abstains from drugs because of an irrational fear C. Vicki, who uses drugs occasionally D. None of the above

Q: At age 17, Cherise is a frequent drug user. It is most probable that: A. her problem behavior began by age 7. B. her problem behavior began by age 13. C. her problem behavior began by age 15. D. it is her peer group, not her early family relations, that has directed her into using drugs.

Q: Which of the following has not been supported by research addressing drug use by adolescents? A. Most adolescents have experimented with alcohol and marijuana. B. Many adolescents use alcohol or marijuana regularly. C. Marijuana is the drug most used by adolescents. D. Most adolescents have not experimented with hard drugs.

Q: Which of the following is considered to be the "drug of choice" by American adolescents? A. cocaine B. marijuana C. alcohol D. LSD

Q: Which of the following statements about adolescent cigarette use is true? A. The 70% increase in the price of cigarettes between 1997 and 2001 has led to a sharp decrease in the percentage of smoking adolescents. B. Antismoking campaigns have contributed to the steady decline of cigarette use among adolescents. C. The most effective way to reduce adolescent smoking has been to enforce laws that restrict sales of cigarettes to minors. D. Despite changes in tobacco industry policies, the percentage of smoking adolescents has remained stable over 2 decades.

Q: Researchers believe that changes in rates of adolescent drug use: A. are in opposition to messages they receive from parents and teachers. B. are in opposition to messages they receive from the media. C. may relate to their perceptions of how harmful the drug is. D. show a consistent gap in drug use between males and females.

Q: Which statement is most likely true about American adolescents today? A. Adolescents are experimenting with drugs at later ages. B. Marijuana is the only substance used by a substantial number of high school seniors daily. C. Adolescents are experimenting with drugs at earlier ages. D. A large proportion of adolescents use hard drugs.

Q: Corrina is concerned because she learned that her 13-year-old son Henry has started smoking and that her 14-year-old son Hector has started drinking. Which boy is most likely to continue his habit into adulthood? A. Hector. B. Henry. C. Both boys will be addicted and continue drug use into adulthood. D. Neither boy; these are both cases of adolescent experimentation.

Q: The neurotransmitter associated with the experience of pleasure that is implicated in substance abuse problems is known as: A. serotonin B. dopamine C. acetylcholine D. norepinephrine

Q: Studies that have focused on the different developmental trajectories of adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and drug use have identified all except which of the following groups? A. low escalators B. late starters C. nonusers D. slow escalators

Q: Alejandra, a Hispanic adolescent, is best friends with Mina, a foreign-born adolescent. Which statement is most likely true about their drug use? A. Alejandra will use fewer drugs than Mina. B. Alejandra and Mina will use the same amount of drugs. C. Alejandra and Mina will use more drugs than their friend Susan, a European-American adolescent. D. Mina will use fewer drugs than Alejandra.

Q: Which of the following adolescents is least likely to use drugs? A. Mike, a White adolescent B. Li, an exchange student from China C. Emily, an Asian-American adolescent D. Hector, a Black adolescent

Q: Studies comparing the consequences of drug exposure during adolescence and adulthood have found all of the following except? A. the increased vulnerability of the adolescent brain to the addicting effects of alcohol is compounded by the fact that adolescents don't feel the negative consequences of drinking as profoundly as adults do B. studies comparing juvenile rodents with adult rodents find that juveniles can drink more than adults before they become tired or have their reflexes slow C. the consequences of drinking too much (otherwise known as a hangover) are less intense among juveniles than adults D. juveniles don't feel the positive effects of alcohol as profoundly as adults do

Q: Studies of adolescent drug use suggest that: A. a large majority of adolescents have serious drug dependence problems. B. a large majority of adolescents use hard drugs. C. drug and alcohol use are the underlying cause of many adolescents' problems. D. the drug of choice among adolescents is alcohol.

Q: Research on problem behaviors suggests that: A. most delinquents are serious drug users. B. risky behaviors cluster together in different ways for different adolescents. C. the problem behaviors that adults disapprove of are considered by adolescents to be normative, not problematic. D. risky behaviors are more likely to be noticed as clustering together in studies of children than in studies of adolescents.

Q: The common factor with respect to comorbidity in internalizing disorders is: A. the subjective state of distress. B. acting-out behaviors. C. depression. D. withdrawal.

Q: Externalizing problems are hypothesized to reflect an antisocial syndrome just as internalizing problems are hypothesized to reflect the common underlying factor of: A. negative affectivity. B. social control. C. risk-taking behaviors. D. comorbidity.

Q: Which of the following is considered an "internalizing disorder"? A. drug abuse B. anxiety C. truancy D. delinquency

Q: Research shows that the enormous sums of money spent by tobacco companies on marketing cigarettes to teenagers are: A. pretty much a waste because the marketing strategies have little effect on adolescents. B. unnecessary because adolescents would smoke even without the extensive advertising. C. effective in persuading adolescents that smoking is a pleasurable activity. D. important in getting adolescents to stop smoking because these companies now are required to sponsor antismoking ads.

Q: Which of the following is not one of the popular stereotypes of contemporary adolescents? A. They use and abuse drugs more than their counterparts did in previous generations. B. The main reason adolescents use drugs is peer pressure. C. The "epidemic" of substance use by American adolescents underlies many of the other problems associated with adolescents. D. Although not supported by research, all of the above are popular stereotypes of contemporary adolescents.

Q: Which drugs are the most commonly used and abused among adolescents? A. alcohol and nicotine B. marijuana and alcohol C. nicotine and marijuana D. alcohol and cocaine

Q: Alcohol and nicotine are the most common drugs used by adolescents in which category? A. prevalence B. recency of use C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B

Q: Jim and his mom are in an argument because his mom found out that Jim has smoked marijuana. Jim's defense is, "Half the senior class is doing it!" How accurate is Jim's statement? A. It is very inaccurateonly 10% of high school seniors have tried marijuana. B. It is inaccuratehalf of Americans have tried marijuana, not half of high school seniors. C. It is almost accurateabout 43% of all high school seniors have tried marijuana. D. Statistics about marijuana use are too inconsistent to know.

Q: Which list correctly ranks substances used by adolescents from most to least popular? A. alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, inhalants B. cigarettes, alcohol, cocaine, marijuana C. alcohol, marijuana, cigarettes, cocaine D. cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, inhalants

Q: According to recent surveys, which drug is used most on a daily basis by high school students? A. marijuana B. alcohol C. tobacco D. cocaine

Q: Eduardo engages in binge drinking. This means that he: A. drinks alcohol every day. B. drinks alcohol every weekend. C. has had more than five alcoholic drinks at least once during the past 2 weeks. D. has had enough alcohol within the past year to cause him to black out.

Q: Denise Kandel is most likely to argue that: A. a predisposition toward deviance may be inherited. B. biologically based differences account for differences in arousal and sensation-seeking. C. defiance develops in deviance-prone children who are reared in hostile environments. D. involvement in a given problem behavior may lead to involvement in other problem behaviors.

Q: According to social control theory, delinquency is caused by: A. unconventionality in the adolescent's personality. B. an inherited predisposition toward deviance. C. biologically based differences in arousal and sensation-seeking. D. a lack of bonds to the family, the school, or the workplace.

Q: What would a social control theorist say about an adolescent who engages in risk-taking behavior? A. They have a biological predisposition toward risky behavior. B. They are inherently unconventional. C. They have a weak attachment to society. D. They have authoritarian parents.

Q: Which of the following statement about comorbidity is not true? A. co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems are more prevalent among females than among males B. some experts question whether it makes sense to draw distinctions between anxiety and depression because rates of comorbidity are so high C. there is hardly any comorbidity among different psychosocial problems during adolescence within or across the broad categories (i.e., internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, substance abuse) D. substance abuse problems are likely to be comorbid with both externalizing and internalizing problems

Q: When two problems occur together, such as substance abuse and depression, it is referred to as: A. comorbidity. B. coexisting. C. coterminous disorder. D. parallel diagnoses.

Q: Researchers have found all of the following with regard to problem behavior in adolescence, except: A. adolescents often exhibit one specific problem, such as depression, without exhibiting any others. B. adolescents may exhibit more than one problem within the same general category, such as depression and anxiety. C. adolescents may exhibit both internalizing and externalizing problems, such as depression and delinquency. D. adolescents with severe behavior problems are likely to have followed similar pathways to deviance, most typically with similar family problems.

Q: Greg suffers from depression. His friend Matthew also suffers from depression as well as conduct disorder. Which boy probably had worse family experiences? A. Chris B. Matthew C. both Chris and Matthew D. neither boy, these problems cannot be attributed to the family