Q&A Hero

Q: A "constructive breach" is where a. one party to a contract fails to perform any promise which forms the whole or part of a contract without legal excuse b. a prisoner departs from legal custody using force c. one party bound to perform a contract or obligation disables himself from performance by some act, or declares, before the time comes, that he will not perform d. none of the above

Q: In the civil justice system there are two primary means of protecting adult individuals who are incompetent to make vital decisions for themselves, these are a. guardianship and conservatorship b. ward of the court and conservatorship c. ward of the court and guardianship d. ward of the court and parens patriae

Q: The seminal American case on "duty to warn" is a. Jenkins v. United States b. Underwood v. United States c. Palsgraf v. Long Island R. R. Co. d. State v. Boles

Q: The government's _______________ authorizes the state to protect the community and to incarcerate individuals who are threats to the public or who have committed crimes a. parens patriae power b. guardianship power c. police power d. executive power

Q: A person who seeks a ________________ that is, a ruling by a higher court that it hear a case, is known as a(n) ________________. a. writ of certiorari, petitioner b. writ of certiorari, respondent c. judgment, plaintiff d. judgment, defendant

Q: The government's _______________ authority operates as the general guardian of all those who cannot care for themselves a. parens patriae b. guardianship c. police d. executive

Q: A mental health provider's generalized duty to protect third parties, is best known as the a. foreseeability duty b. Palsgraf duty c. third party duty d. Tarasoff duty

Q: Information a lawyer obtains from a client in the course of representation concerning the client's mental health is not subject to discovery a. unless the lawyer waives the privilege b. unless the client waives the privilege c. unless either lawyer or client waive the privilege d. unless both lawyer and client waive the privilege

Q: Persons who are suffering from an incapacity can __________ void a contract a. usually b. always c. never d. almost always

Q: Psychologists who testify as experts are usually exempt from civil liability. Such an exemption is to liability is referred to as a. work-product opinion b. confidentiality c. psychotherapist-client privilege d. immunity

Q: "Testamentary capacity" refers to the ability to a. testify in court b. be a witness to a will c. make a will d. qualify as an expert

Q: Elements of the APA Ethics Code which are most relevant to forensic psychologists require that psychologists a. consider individual ethic and cultural differences of individuals that might affect the results of psychological testing and evaluations b. clarify their role expectations and extent of confidentiality to their clients, especially when court proceedings are involved c. be unbiased and forthright when expressing their assessments and opinions, and not be obligated to deliver favorable testimony due to contractual relationships with either side of a case d. all the above

Q: When a will is contested, it is usually under two circumstances. These are a. insanity and family pressure b. mental retardation and insanity c. intoxication and family pressure d. lack of testamentary capacity and undue influence

Q: A new scientific technique which has not yet been tested by the relevant scientific community, would be more likely to be accepted into evidence under which evidentiary rule? a. Frye b. Daubert c. Frye-Daubert d. Miranda

Q: During the middle ages in England, the De Praerogativa Regis (the "Prerogative of the King") was enacted which divided people with mental disability into two classes. These two classes were a. idiots and lunatics b. demons and devils c. domestics and non-domestics d. infants and adults

Q: Where a testifying psychologist serves as a treatment professional, a. the patient-treatment provider privilege applies b. the attorney-client privilege applies c. no privilege applied d. both a and b apply

Q: Legislatures in almost all states have made the age of majority to be a. 21 b. 18 c. 16 d. 14

Q: A psychologist-patient privilege a. exists in all fifty states and the District of Columbia b. exists in 48 states c. depends on the jurisdiction of the psychologist d. depends on the jurisdiction of the patient

Q: A contract entered into by a minor is a. void b. voidable c. null d. enforceable

Q: An expert witness has special knowledge or skill gained by a. education b. training c. experience d. any of the above

Q: Reliable estimates, such as those from the Innocence Project, suggest that at least _____ of innocent defendants (especially in homicide cases) who confess to the crimes, would be exonerated by DNA evidence a. 25% b. 30% c. 35% d. 40%

Q: Evidence is admitted into testimony via rules of evidence established by the ___________ in which a court sits. a. county b. jurisdiction c. city d. federal district

Q: The purpose of confession in religion is usually to a. achieve catharsis b. cleanse the individual's soul and deter further wrongdoing c. purge the mind of buried unconscious material d. help people understand the events associated with emotional expression

Q: This case held that expert scientific opinion was admissible only if the principles on which the opinions were based had gained general acceptance in the relevant scientific community. a. Frye v. United States b. Miranda v. Arizona c. Daubert v. Merrell Dow d. Jaffe v. Redmond

Q: The purpose of confession in psychotherapy is usually to a. achieve catharsis b. cleanse the individual's soul and deter further wrongdoing c. purge the mind of buried unconscious material d. a & c

Q: This case held that expert testimony can be admitted into evidence if, in the judge's opinion, the testimony would be relevant in assisting a jury in better understanding the case. a. Frye v. United States b. Miranda v. Arizona c. Daubert v. Merrell Dow d. Jaffe v. Redmond

Q: In Brown v. Mississippi (1936) it was established that a. a coerced confession violates a defendant's due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment b. a recanted confession violates a defendant's due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment c. a voluntary false confession violates a defendant's due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. d. a confession made on foreign soil violates a defendant's due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment.

Q: The Federal Rules of Evidence is also known as a. the Frye test b. the expert witness test c. the scientific community test d. 28 U.S.C.A. 702

Q: The Romans appointed a guardian to safeguard the property of people who were mentally disabled. Such individuals were known as a. wards b. legions c. curators d. exorcists

Q: Which of the following statements would be allowed from an expert witness? a. "He was dead" b. "His arm was broken" c. "He was unconscious" d. all the above

Q: DNA material can usually be found in a. gunpowder residue b. vehicular skid marks c. bomb fragments d. blood, hair, skin, saliva, and semen

Q: The oldest and most respected body granting board certification in psychology is a. The American Board of Psychiatry b. The American Board of Professional Psychology c. The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology d. The American Psychological Society

Q: In 1966, the Supreme Court's "voluntariness standard"for evaluating confessions in criminal trials, was changed to a _______________ standard with its 1966 decision in Miranda v. Arizona a. self-incrimination b. totality of the circumstances c. admissibility d. coercion

Q: Which of the following is an example of "real" evidence? a. the murder weapon used in a crime b. an autopsy report c. the testimony of a police detective d. all the above

Q: The Supreme Court has created an exception to the Miranda requirements which covers emergency situations where a police officer's safety may be in question. This is known as a a. police exception b. safe entry exception c. public safety exception d. exigent circumstances exception

Q: Which of the following is an example of "demonstrative" evidence? a. a contract b. fingerprints c. an anatomical model d. all the above

Q: All of the following tend to make a suspect more prone to make a false confession, except a. lengthy interrogations b. deception in interrogations c. non-neutral wording of questions d. offering Miranda rights

Q: Which of the following is an example of "documentary" evidence? a. a telephone transcript b. copies of public records c. newspapers d. all the above

Q: Which of the following has been shown by the research to decrease the number of false confessions and increase the reliability of confessions as evidence? a. having a suspect's lawyer present during interrogations b. allowing for food and drink during interrogations c. electronic recording of interrogations d. taking frequent breaks during interrogations

Q: Which of the following "testimonial" evidence? a. an eyewitness b. a telephone intercept c. a diagram d. a map

Q: Which of the following tends to decrease the likelihood of a coerced or false confession? a. an investigator assuming a disinterested role rather than an adversarial one b. an investigator keeping a suspect isolated from other people c. an investigator exposing a suspect to loud noises or bright lights d. an investigator making false or deceptive promises

Q: Which of the following statements would not be allowed from a lay witness? a. "He was going very, very fast" b. "He was comatose" c. "He seemed nervous" d. "He acted crazy"

Q: In the New York 1989 Central Park Jogger case, the convictions of the defendants were vacated because a. witnesses supplied inaccurate information b. the victim's eyewitness report was tainted c. the defendants' confessions were false d. the police planted incriminating evidence

Q: Which of the following is a law degree? a. Ph.D. b. JD c. LLB d. b & c

Q: When an interrogator says to a suspect charged with petty theft that "this is a very serious offense, you can be in prison for a long time for this," he is likely using a. minimization b. maximization c. internalization d. splitting

Q: The primary organization representing psychology is the a. American Psychology-Law Society b. American Psychological Association c. American Psychological Society d. American Psychological Foundation

Q: A suspect confesses, despite the knowledge of his innocence, due to extreme methods of police interrogation. This is an example of a. a coerced-internalized false confession b. a voluntary false confession c. a coerced-compliant false confession d. a coerced-torture false confession

Q: The legal aspects of forensic psychology include all of the following except a. alternate dispute resolution b. psychological autopsies c. psychological damages in civil cases d. trial procedure

Q: An innocent suspect comes to believe that he is in fact guilty, and confesses. This is an example of a. a coerced-internalized false confession b. a coerced-compliant false confession c. a post-interrogation confession d. a coerced-torture confession

Q: "Psychologists in public service" are represented by which division of the American Psychological Association? a. 18 b. 12 c. 14 d. 8

Q: A high level of "interrogative suggestibility" is likely due to all of the following except a. anxiety b. poor self-esteem c. religiosity d. prolonged social isolation

Q: How many graduate training programs in the United States offer a "pure" degree in forensic psychology? a. 4 b. 5 c. 3 d. 8

Q: The case of "Delbert Ward" was one of over-suggestibility due to a. schizophrenia b. infancy c. low intelligence d. severe climate

Q: The "doctor of psychology" degree is abbreviated as a. Dr.Psy. b. Psych.D c. Ph.D. d. Psy.D.

Q: When an interrogator says to a suspect charged with rape that "she was dressed really sexy, it's no wonder you acted the way you did," he is likely using a. minimization b. maximization c. externalization d. splitting

Q: Forensic psychology involves an overlapping relationship between a. forensic science, experimental psychology, and the judiciary b. clinical practice, forensic science, and the legal system c. clinical psychology, experimental psychology, and counseling psychology d. clinical practice, experimental research, and the law

Q: Throughout history, confessions have been pivotal in three arenas, these area. religion, psychotherapy, and civil lawb. religion, psychotherapy, and criminal lawc. theology, medicine, and social workd. theology, sociology, and criminology

Q: The clinical aspects of forensic psychology include all of the following except a. competency to stand trial b. sanity c. fitness-for-duty evaluations d. jury decision-making processes

Q: In general, _____ % of confessions are later recanted a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 50

Q: The research aspects of forensic psychology include all of the following except a. pre-employment psychological screening b. the effects of pretrial publicity on juries c. the effects of expert testimony on juries d. the effects of suspect presentation methods on witness' recall

Q: An individual makes self-incriminating statements that are purposeful and in the absence of pressure by the police. This is an example of a. a voluntary false confession b. a coerced-compliant false confession c. a coerced-internalized false confession d. none of the above

Q: The Yerkes-Dodson law a. describes the effects of arousal on learning b. describes the effects of complexity on learning c. describes the effects of past experience on memory d. describes the effects of conformity on memory

Q: "The application of scientific and professional aspects of psychology to questions and issues relating to the law and the legal system" is a definition of a. forensic science b. clinical forensic science c. forensic psychology d. experimental forensic psychology

Q: Alfred Binet (1900) expressed that eyewitness reports were affected by a. time deterioration b. retroactive interference c. proactive interference d. suggestive questioning

Q: Specialty guidelines for forensic psychology were first introduced in 1991 by a. the American Psychological Association b. the American Psychiatric Association c. the Society of Police and Criminal Psychology d. the American Psychology-Law Society

Q: The 1970s research conducted by Robert Buckhout took place at a. Queens College b. Brooklyn College c. Hunter College d. City College

Q: _______________, more than other trial technique, is the most commonly implemented safeguard against erroneous conviction resulting purely from mistaken identification a. direct examination b. cross-examination c. voire dire d. pre-trial conferences

Q: One of the most scathing criticisms of the business of expert testimony was made by a. Ted Kaczynski b. Margaret Hagen c. Harvey Milk d. Benjamin Cardozo

Q: The 1985 case of Kirk Bloodsworth illustrated a. the profound effects of mistaken eyewitness testimony b. how jurors can be intentionally mislead c. the effects of race on juror decision-making d. how scientific testimony can be misused

Q: "Jim Crow" laws referred to laws that a. relied on junk science b. were overturned by the Supreme Court c. encouraged integration of the races d. separated the races

Q: This person has been called the "father of scientific history" due to his strict standards of evidence-gathering and analysis in terms of cause and effect without reference to divine intervention which was so common for that time in history a. Hammurabi b. Tiberius c. Xenophon d. Thucydides

Q: "Whores of the Court: The Fraud of Psychiatric Testimony and the Rape of American Justice" was written by a. Margaret Hagen b. Bruno Bettelheim c. Sigmund Freud d. Hugo Mnsterberg

Q: In his study of eyewitness accuracy, Robert Buckhout reported several factors which are likely to result in an unreliable identification of a suspect. These include all the following except a. projective identification b. stress c. physical condition of the witness d. suggestive identification procedures

Q: A victim is raped but fails to report the rape for several hours. She also fails to name her attacker. Such behavior is most consistent with a. posttraumatic stress disorder b. rape trauma syndrome c. retroactive memory falsification d. battered partner syndrome

Q: The general unawareness of jurors to the factors which can distort eyewitness testimony provides justification for a. hung juries b. admitting expert psychological testimony on eyewitness identification to assist jurors in understanding these issues c. jury nullification d. all of the above

Q: The research conducted by Kenneth Bancroft Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark was instrumental in the case of a. Plessy v.Ferguson b. Brown v. Board of Education c. People v. Taylor d. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals

Q: The term "refrigerator moms" referred to producing children who were a. autistic b. schizophrenic c. school-phobic d. oppositional

Q: Prior to 1954, the constitutional issue of segregation was based upon the 1896 Supreme Court's decision in a. Plessy v. Ferguson b. Brown v. Mississippi c. Dusky v. United States d. Sell v. United States

Q: In 1967, the United States Supreme Court decided three cases (United States v. Wade, Gilbert v. California, and Stovall v. Denno) reinforcing the critical importance of information obtained from lineups in the suspect identification process. But the Court's decisions and recommendations were made without any substantial contribution from _______________ a. judges b. psychological science c. jurors d. victims of crimes

Q: The "doll test" was used to a. study the power of suggestion in cross examination b. study the psychological effects of segregation on black children c. study the effectiveness of the polygraph technique d. study the effects of pre-trial publicity on memory