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Psychology
Q:
with respect to the historical development of the field of social psychology, which of the following statements is most accurate? a.social psychology clearly reflects the continuing influence of the psychodynamic approach. b.social psychology initially reflected the influence of the cognitive perspective; today, though, the field is heavily behavioristic. c.social psychology initially reflected the influence of the psychodynamic perspective; today, though, the field is more cognitive in orientation. d.social psychology has always reflected the impact of the gestalt psychologists.
Q:
which of the following psychologists are most closely associated with social psychology? a.watson and skinner b.allport and lewin c.freud and jung d.titchener and wundt
Q:
which of the following phenomena would likely be studied by social psychologists? a.the rise of hitler prior to world war ii and his ability to influence other peoples behavior b.how animals and people differ in terms of their sensitivity to reward and punishment c.which category of perceptual images is most likely to be identified quickly d.which neurons are activated when men look at sports pictures versus when women look at the same pictures
Q:
which of the following statements best captures historical trends in the cognitive approach in psychology? a.in the 1970s, cognitive psychology emphasized the mind; today, it focuses mostly on behavior. b.in the 1970s, cognitive psychology emphasized the mind; today, it focuses mainly on the brain. c.in the 1970s, cognitive psychology emphasized the brain; today, it focuses on the mind along with the brain. d.in the 1970s, cognitive psychology emphasized the mind; today, it focuses on both the mind and the brain.
Q:
recall your texts discussion of the cognitive approach in psychology. during which decade did cognitive neuroscience become an influential field in cognitive psychology? a.the 1960s b.the 1970s c.the 1990s d.the 2000s
Q:
this area of psychology studies how the mind processes, stores, and retrieves information: a.cognitive b.structuralism c.behaviorism d.functionalism
Q:
which of the following developments was most important in the rise of the cognitive approach in psychology? a.the identification of the unconscious b.the understanding of the effects of reward and punishment on behavior and thinking c.the emergence of computers d.the ability to identify different kinds of neurons
Q:
psychologist wolfgang khlers problem solving experiment with the chimpanzee, the banana, and the box was important because it: a.showed the extreme effectiveness of shaping behavior using reward and punishment b.showed that chimpanzees have an unconscious mind c.suggested that animals such as chimpanzees think and use cognition d.demonstrated how animals were unable to think; that this was a purely human behavior
Q:
which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the cognitive revolution? a.george miller b.b. f. skinner c.sigmund freud d.william james
Q:
information processing views the brain as _____ and the mind as _____. a.a program; a data port b.structure; function c.hardware; software d.a program; input
Q:
in which order did the behaviorists discussed in your text make their most important contributions to the field, from the earliest to the most recent?
a.watson → pavlov → skinner
b.pavlov → watson → skinner
c.pavlov → skinner → watson
d.skinner → watson → pavlov
Q:
which of the following thinkers would be least likely to use the expression a penny for your thoughts or ask the question whats on your mind? a.sigmund freud b.b. f. skinner c.ren descartes d.george a. miller
Q:
stimulus is to response as _____ is to _____. a.environment; behavior b.behavior; environment c.behavior; mind d.unconscious; conscious
Q:
four early psychologists suddenly appear in the psychology department of an american university. which psychologist would be most dismayed by the emphasis on mental processes in todays psychology? a.sigmund freud b.wilhelm wundt c.edward titchener d.john watson
Q:
which of the following is not one of the questions behaviorism has attempted to answer? a.which is more important, nature or nurture? b.does environment influence behavior? c.how can rewards and punishments influence behavior? d.how can the unconscious be described by neuroscience?
Q:
i think therefore i behavea version of descartes statement i think therefore i amindicates the importance of _____ on behavior and would not be agreed with by a behaviorist. a.reflexes b.mental functions c.environment d.the unconscious
Q:
who would be most likely to agree with the statement, psychologists should study that which is observable? a.cognitive psychologist b.behavioral psychologist c.developmental psychologist d.industrial/organizational psychologist
Q:
the psychological approach that emphasizes the role of the environment in influencing behavior is: a.behaviorism b.humanism c.psychoanalytic d.none of the above
Q:
psychoanalysis is a type of psychological treatment developed by _____, a viennese neurologist. a.wilhelm wundt b.sigmund freud c.wolfgang khler d.edward titchener
Q:
the theories of sigmund freud and his followers: a.are based on the idea that much of human behavior is determined by mental processes operating below the level of conscious awareness b.emphasize the functions served by the mind c.emphasize the concept that the whole is different than the sum of its parts d.state that behavior can be altered by the application of reinforcement and punishment
Q:
noreen asserts that our behavior often reflects unconscious motives and conflicts. this viewpoint is most consistent with the _____ approach in psychology. a.freudian b.structuralist c.gestalt d.behaviorist
Q:
the unconscious mind influences human behavior, according to: a.structuralism b.psychoanalysis c.functionalism d.behaviorism
Q:
which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the concept of the unconscious? a.sigmund freud b.b. f. skinner c.wilhelm wundt d.william james
Q:
which of the following types of evidence provided the foundation for freudian theory? a.survey responses of large samples of adults b.observations of adults in everyday contexts c.case studies of patients in therapy d.laboratory studies of animal behavior
Q:
which of the following statements best reflects the contributions of women to early psychological science? a.women were not strong contributors to psychological science research until recently. b.women were most likely to contribute as secondary researchers, but not primary researchers, until the twentieth century. c.womens contributions to early psychological science have typically been underappreciated. d.womens contributions to early psychological science were, in contrast to the other sciences, always highly appreciated.
Q:
the first woman officially granted a ph.d. in psychology was: a.mary whiton calkins b.margaret floy washburn c.shelley taylor d.eleanor maccoby
Q:
gestalt psychology is least relevant to our understanding of which of the following topics? a.subjective experience b.human personality c.visual perception d.cellular neuroscience
Q:
the school of gestalt: a.is based on the idea that the whole is different than the sum of its parts b.includes the role of environment on behavior c.examines how social situations influence behavior d.is based on scientifically researched forms of therapy
Q:
which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the gestalt school of thought? a.sigmund freud b.b. f. skinner c.wolfgang khler d.william james
Q:
gestalt psychology is best seen as a reaction against the _____ approach. a.functionalist b.humanistic c.psychoanalytic d.structuralist
Q:
the idea that the mind came into existence over the course of human evolution is the viewpoint of: a.structuralism b.functionalism c.behaviorism d.none of the above
Q:
according to the concept of survival of the fittest: a.random mutations are always adaptive b.only the biggest animals will survive c.organisms that are most adaptive to their environment are most likely to survive d.organisms that can spontaneously mutate their genes in response to the environment are most likely to survive
Q:
charles darwins on the origin of species had its strongest influence on the _____ school of thought in psychology. a.functionalist b.humanistic c.structuralist d.psychoanalytic
Q:
functionalism has influenced each of the following pursuits except: a.determining the function of religion b.developing better ways of applying divergent thinking and creativity in the classroom c.determining teaching methods based on how childrens minds process information d.developing reward and punishment programs and token economies
Q:
functionalism has been criticized because it: a.did not include elements of the nature/nurture debate b.sometimes lacked scientific rigor c.focused on narrow parts of problems rather than on the whole d.did not take into account the way children process information
Q:
with respect to the psychology of emotion, william james would be most interested in: a.the contribution of unconscious memories to ones emotional experience b.the basic nature of an emotional feeling or experience c.how emotions aid ones adaptation to the environment d.ones subjective interpretation of ones emotions
Q:
in which real-life context did john dewey apply the principles of functionalism? a.hospital b.home c.factory d.classroom
Q:
which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the school of functionalism? a.sigmund freud b.b. f. skinner c.wilhelm wundt d.william james
Q:
the fact that a variety of thoughts come to mind even as you are engaged in the activity of taking this exam exemplifies psychologist william jamess concept of: a.sea of ideas b.ports of call c.river of thoughts d.stream of consciousness
Q:
dr. leleux asserts that psychologists should attempt to isolate the fundamental attributes of mental experience. dr. leleux appears most sympathetic to the _____ school of thought in psychology. a.structuralist b.behaviorist c.functionalist d.gestalt
Q:
according to the structuralists, the goal of psychology is to: a.uncover the unconscious determinants of behavior b.focus on observable behavior itself c.identify the elements of conscious experience d.identify the purposes of our behavior and mental processes
Q:
which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the school of structuralism? a.sigmund freud b.b. f. skinner c.edward titchener d.william james
Q:
the early school of structuralism was introduced by: a.edward titchener b.william james c.wilhelm wundt d.mary whiton calkins
Q:
lassandra takes a sip of cola. sweet . . . cold, wet, tingly . . . slightly bitter, she reports. lassandra is: a.interviewing b.suffering a stroke c.taking an intelligence test d.introspecting
Q:
if you were asked to list all the thoughts and experiences you have while answering a test question, the technique used would be: a.inspection b.conscription c.abstraction d.introspection
Q:
this early school of psychology used introspection to study subjective mental experiences: a.functionalism b.behavioral c.cognitive d.structuralism
Q:
a procedure in which an observer describes the simple elements of a mental experience in as much detail as possible is called: a.introspection b.inner perception c.introjection d.introversion
Q:
in which city did wilhelm wundt open the first psychological laboratory? a.vienna, austria b.leipzig, germany c.oxford, england d.krakow, poland
Q:
which of the following changes did john stuart mill advocate for the field of psychology? a.to move from the study of the mind to the study of the body b.to move from the study of the body to the study of the mind c.to move from speculation to observation and experimentation d.to move from experimentation and observation to speculation
Q:
who first proposed that psychology should be a science of observation and experimentation in order to discover the laws of the mind? a.ren descartes b.john locke c.john stuart mill d.hermann von helmholtz
Q:
with respect to the mind/body problem, which of the following alternatives best captures the view of dualism held by contemporary psychological scientists? a.most psychological scientists reject dualism. b.most psychological scientists accept dualism. c.while many psychological scientists reject dualism, a growing minority promote a return to dualism. d.while many psychological scientists accept dualism, a growing minority reject the view.
Q:
for most of human history, western scholars believed that the mind and body were separate and that humans were unique among the animals because humans: a.possessed a soul b.controlled other animals c.were mortal d.had a mind and body that interacted for a divine purpose
Q:
the idea that the mind and body are separate but intertwined describes the viewpoint of: a.dualism b.structuralism c.introspection d.none of the above
Q:
which of the following philosophers is most noted for promoting dualism as an explanation of the mind/body problem? a.ren descartes b.leonardo da vinci c.hippocrates d.sigmund freud
Q:
dualism is the idea that: a.the mind and the brain are separate entities b.the mind and the brain are the same entity c.the mind and the brain are opposing forces d.there is no mind, just the brain
Q:
over history, at different times and in different places, people have viewed the mind as being located in each of the following parts of the body except the: a.brain b.liver c.heart d.sexual organs
Q:
many soldiers returning from the war in iraq have suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd). however, your friend from high school who has returned from a protracted active deployment seems to be coping well even though he had some truly horrible experiences. how might you explain this difference with regard to the biological and environmental contributions to behavior? a.your friend may not have a genetic susceptibility for ptsd. b.environment is not an important factor in determining behavior. c.your friend inherited a genetic predisposition to ptsd. d.soldiers experiences in iraq really are not as bad as people say.
Q:
with respect to the nature/nurture debate, psychological scientists now believe that: a.nature is the most important factor in understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior b.the mind, the brain, and behavior are largely a matter of nurture c.both nature and nurture are important in understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior d.the issue is largely irrelevant to understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior
Q:
according to the nature/nurture debate, nature states that individual psychological characteristics are a result of: a.education b.biological influences c.experiences d.culture
Q:
the nature in the nature/nurture debate refers to: a.biological factors affecting the brain, the mind, and behavior b.environmental factors affecting the brain, the mind, and behavior c.either biological or environmental factors affecting the brain, the mind, and behavior d.behaviors learned in the natural environment but not learned in a formal setting
Q:
your text traces the nature/nurture debate back to: a.the chinese philosopher confucius b.the ancient egyptians c.greek philosophers, such as plato and aristotle d.the renaissance philosopher descartes
Q:
psychology developed into a discipline in: a.ancient china b.nineteenth-century europe c.classical greece d.colonial america, in the eighteenth century
Q:
yuko remarks that she is interested in child development and educational psychology. based on your texts discussion, yukos interests echo the: a.emphases of confucius b.writings of da vinci c.thoughts of greek scholars d.writings of early muslim thinkers
Q:
according to your text, the ancient chinese philosopher confucius emphasized each of the following psychological topics except: a.human development b.interpersonal relations c.intelligence d.education
Q:
the difference between using critical thinking explanations and everyday explanations for psychological phenomena is that: a.critical thinking relies on evidence and scientific support for making conclusions b.everyday explanations rely on evidence and scientific support for making conclusions c.critical thinking relies on personal examples more than scientific evidence for making conclusions d.everyday explanations rely on personal examples and scientific evidence for making conclusions
Q:
which of the following is an important goal of your psychology textbook? a.to teach you how to be a therapist by using methods of psychology b.to provide you with an education about the methods of psychological science c.to help you define normal versus abnormal behavior so you can accurately identify mental illness d.to help you predict how people will interact in novel situations
Q:
which of the following statements is the best conclusion regarding the mozart effect? a.there is no data to suggest that listening to classical music improves cognition in any manner. b.there is strong evidence to show that listening to classical music makes children more intelligent. c.listening to classical music makes children, but not college students, smarter. d.listening to mozart appears to enhance only certain types of motor skills in college students.
Q:
why is critical thinking important in evaluating psychological research? a.researchers deliberately lie about their findings. b.there might be significant limitations to the findings. c.biology is the most important factor in behavior, and knowing all the elements of the biological causes for behaviors is impossible. d.there is always only one clear explanation and the researchers may not have found it.
Q:
which of the following is an example of using critical thinking and scientific reasoning? a.believing that sugar causes adhd because you feel hyper after eating a candy bar b.concluding that listening to mozart improves cognition in children after reading an article about this topic in a popular magazine c.using a personal example to show how a psychological principle must be wrong d.conducting research to investigate the effectiveness of left brain/right brain games in improving memory
Q:
critical thinking is best defined as thinking that: a.is systematic and reasonable b.is open-minded and creative c.criticizes others opinions d.uses inferences but does not solve problems
Q:
which of the following characteristics is a hallmark of a good scientist? a.open to new ideas b.weighs the facts c.wary of scientific findings d.all of the above
Q:
according to your text, amiable skepticism is an important element in a type of reasoning called: a.scholarly inquiry b.nay-sayerism c.analytic argumentation d.critical thinking
Q:
what types of skills are acquired as an undergraduate student of psychology? a.communication skills b.critical thinking skills c.data analysis d.all of the above
Q:
dr. prescott is a physician treating an elderly patient showing early symptoms of dementia. ms. ellis is a teacher working with children with autism. finally, mr. washington is a lawyer selecting individuals to serve on a jury. which of these individuals is likely to use psychological science in his or her professional activities? a.dr. prescott only b.both dr. prescott and ms. ellis c.ms. ellis only d.all three: dr. prescott, ms. ellis, and mr. washington
Q:
which type(s) of job(s) would use the skills learned in an undergraduate program in psychology? a.store manager b.police officer c.research assistant d.all of the above
Q:
by 2018, opportunities for psychology graduates are expected to: a.decline slightly b.remain constant c.grow by 10 percent to 15 percent d.increase by nearly 50 percent
Q:
your text states that for many years, psychologists focused on behavior rather than mental states. why did psychologists tend to neglect the mind during this period? a.mental states are unrelated to behavior. b.psychology does not include the study of the mind. c.mental states are inherently subjective. d.the technology necessary to study the mind objectively has become available only recently.
Q:
recall the definition of psychological science offered in your text. your text suggests that for much of its history, psychologists focused mostly on: a.the brain b.disorders c.behaviors d.the mind
Q:
allanah has declared psychology as her major. which of the following alternatives best identifies what allanah will study? a.the structure and function of the brain b.mental disorders and their treatment c.feelings and other subjective states d.mind, brain, and behavior
Q:
which of the following actions is the best example of a behavior? a.jumping up and down b.trying to remember a phone number c.discussing plans for the day d.none of the above