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Psychology
Q:
anam is studying the intelligence of a group of people as they progress through early adulthood to old age. her approach should involve: a.cross-sectional research b.experimental research c.random assignment d.longitudinal research
Q:
someone who is interested in studying age-related developmental changes as they unfold over time would likely use what type of descriptive design? a.naturalistic observation b.participant observation c.longitudinal study d.cross-sectional study
Q:
data collection is particularly problematic when a researcher uses participant observation because: a.the researcher is able to make use of only closed-ended questions b.the researcher fails to recognize the third variable problem c.random error occurs in the initial stages of observation d.the researcher loses objectivity in participating with a group
Q:
in which of the following types of descriptive studies do researchers involve themselves in the situation of interest? a.naturalistic observation b.participant observation c.longitudinal study d.cross-sectional study
Q:
when a researcher joins a social group and talks to the members in order to study that group, the approach is referred to as: a.a self-report method b.participant observation c.experience sampling d.response performance
Q:
if a researcher wanted to study the behavior of protesters who were in a closed group and did not easily admit new people, the researcher would probably use which of the following approaches to study them? a.naturalistic observation b.participant observation c.meta-analysis d.closed-ended questions
Q:
in which of the following types of descriptive studies does a researcher remain separated from the situation and makes no attempt to change it? a.naturalistic observation b.participant observation c.longitudinal study d.cross-sectional study
Q:
if a psychologists goal is to describe behavior or mental processes, she might conduct a(n) _____ study. a.experimental b.descriptive c.inferential d.correlational
Q:
which of the following activities would not be considered a descriptive study? a.taking notes on the behavior of members in a cult b.measuring the selection of food items in a cafeteria c.examining the effects of a new medication in alleviating depression d.counting the number of mating behaviors in baboons in the natural habitat
Q:
it would not be possible for a researcher to study creativity in an experiment if the researcher: a.had to rely on inferential statistics b.did not account for the directionality problem c.did not create an operational definition to measure creativity d.did not measure event-related potential
Q:
if a researcher defined happiness based on the number of times a person smiled in a 15-minute period, the number of smiles would be: a.an open-ended measurement b.the operational definition of happiness c.a meta-analysis of the variable d.a measure of reaction time
Q:
operational definitions make it possible for researchers to do what? a.identify variables b.record a variables quantity c.identify variables and record their quantity d.none of the above
Q:
which of the following statements is true of variables in studies? a.a variable is something that can change but is not measured in a study. b.a variable is something that can be measured but rarely changes. c.a variable is that aspect of a study that is unchanging. d.a variable is something that can change and be measured.
Q:
the precise way a researcher measures and defines a variable is known as the: a.operational definition b.response accuracy c.stimulus judgment d.central tendency
Q:
something that can be measured or manipulated by an experimenter is considered: a.a descriptive statistic b.data c.a confound d.a variable
Q:
something is considered a variable if it: a.has no operational definition b.can be manipulated by an experimenter c.involves random assignment d.is theoretical rather than concrete
Q:
which of the following alternatives is the closest meaning to the term serendipitous? a.erratic b.unexpected c.significant d.systematic
Q:
which of the following statements is true of serendipity in science? a.serendipity plays no important role in science because unexpected findings have always been unimportant. b.serendipity has led to groundbreaking discoveries that immediately resulted in the nobel prize for researchers. c.serendipitous findings in science illustrate that research does not always proceed in an orderly fashion. d.none of the above are true.
Q:
according your text, physiologists david hubel and torsten wiesels nobel prizewinning research on the function of visual cells in cats brains illustrates the value of _____ in scientific research. a.serendipity b.replication c.objectivity d.abstraction
Q:
psychologists have greater confidence in research results when: a.the data involve stimulus judgments b.the research has used participant observation c.the results are replicated d.there is an experimenter expectancy effect
Q:
when researchers document that a phenomenon is real by repeating a study done by another scientist, they are engaging in: a.meta-analysis b.experience sampling c.replication d.correlational research
Q:
with _____, one repeats a study to determine whether the same results are obtained. a.reliability b.variability c.replication d.data
Q:
scientists conduct _____, which involves the careful and systematic collection of data. a.hypotheses b.replication c.research d.reliability
Q:
research that is done to test a theory: a.typically involves naturalistic observation b.has to rely on self-report methods c.involves systematic collection of data d.relies on positive correlations rather than negative correlations
Q:
george is looking for a research project. he could make use of theory because: a.theories are shown to be true, so subsequent research is successful b.one of the benefits of theories is that they lead to testable hypotheses c.a theory can be successfully replicated by researchers d.theories are likely to result in serendipity, which leads to successful research
Q:
a(n) _____ is a specific, testable prediction about the result that, if the theory is correct, will support the theory. a.replication b.hypothesis c.experiment d.all of the above
Q:
according to some psychologists, sigmund freuds theory of the meaning of dreams was not a successful theory because: a.it was too socially controversial b.he developed the theory from previous ideas c.it did not lead to many testable hypotheses d.it was based on research later shown to be invalid
Q:
a researcher believes that presenting possible suspects in a lineup one at a time instead of in a group would lead to more accurate identification of the true suspect. this belief represents a(n): a.hypothesis b.independent variable c.response performance d.theory
Q:
a specific prediction of behavior that is tested in an experiment is called a: a.theory b.hypothesis c.sample d.naturalistic observation
Q:
psychologist jean piaget observed children to see how they solved problems. over the course of many studies, he was able to spot general patterns of behavior. this led him to connect different concepts and behaviors within a single: a.theory b.hypothesis c.experiment d.sample
Q:
which of the following formal elements of the scientific method consists of a set of interconnected ideas or concepts? a.a theory b.a hypothesis c.an experiment d.none of the above
Q:
a(n) _____ provides an explanation of how an observable phenomenon works. a.theory b.hypothesis c.experiment d.none of the above
Q:
when researchers collect enough data to develop an explanation of why people behave as they do, the researchers are creating a(n): a.theory b.experiment c.hypothesis d.generalization
Q:
which of the following statements is true of theories in science? a.good theories lead to a number of testable hypotheses. b.a good hypothesis will support a number of different theories. c.good theories are likely to be supported by research findings. d.both a and c are true.
Q:
the scientific method consists of which of the following elements? a.theories b.hypotheses c.research d.all of the above
Q:
based on your texts discussion of scientific inquiry, the goals of psychological science include each of the following except: a.explaining behavior and mental processes b.controlling the causes of behavior and mental processes c.synthesizing behavior and mental processes d.predicting behavior and mental processes
Q:
the most important distinction between the scientific method and casual observation is that scientific inquiry is more: a.abstract b.complex c.rational d.objective
Q:
dr. arthur examines the influence of social norms on binge drinking among college students. dr. arthur is engaged in: a.rational analysis b.scientific inquiry c.critical thinking d.observational study
Q:
scientific observations are: a.casual b.objective c.biased d.none of the above
Q:
the psychologists most likely to work in business are _____ psychologists. a.organizational b.clinical c.experimental d.developmental
Q:
workplace training and job placement would be of interest to which type of psychologist? a.counseling b.clinical c.industrial/organizational d.developmental
Q:
a married couple experiencing relationship difficulties is best advised to consult a _____ psychologist. a.social b.clinical c.personality d.counseling
Q:
clinical psychologists work with: a.individuals with severe mental illness b.individuals with daily stressors c.marital and family concerns d.career advice
Q:
which type of psychologists study, assess, and treat individuals with psychological disorders? a.school b.personality c.clinical d.cognitive
Q:
dr. lin and dr. marino both study obesity. dr. lin relates the likelihood of obesity to levels of the trait of neuroticism - the tendency to experience upsetting emotions. dr. marino relates obesity to the frequency with which individuals eat alone, with family members, or in the presence of larger groups of friends, acquaintances, or strangers. which of the following statements is most likely true regarding the subfields in which drs. lin and marino specialize?
a.dr. marino is a social psychologist.
b.dr. lin is a social psychologist.
c.both drs. lin and marino are personality psychologists.
d.both drs. lin and marino are social psychologists.
Q:
dr. growe is reading an article reporting research in which psychologists investigated the effect of group size on the conformity of group members. dr. growe is most likely reading the journal of _____ psychology. a.developmental b.social c.cultural d.personality
Q:
dr. chen studies several traits that distinguish one person from another. dr. doherty investigates how people grow and change during late adolescence and young adulthood. dr. chen is a _____ psychologist; dr. doherty is a _____. a.personality; personality psychologist, too b.personality; developmental psychologist c.developmental; personality psychologist d.developmental; developmental psychologist, too
Q:
dr. ebrahim examines how childrens friendships change through the elementary and middle school years. dr. ebrahim is a(n) _____ psychologist. a.developmental b.personality c.cognitive d.organizational
Q:
topics such as visual perception, movement, and learning are studied by _____ psychologists. a.organizational b.experimental c.personality d.biological
Q:
which of the following subfields of psychology is correctly matched with a sample topic? a.cognitive psychologythe influence of emotions on decision making b.developmental psychologythe effectiveness of drug therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder c.experimentalthe role of neurotransmitter deficits in schizophrenia d.clinicalthe development of valid achievement tests for elementary school students
Q:
which of the following subfields of psychology is incorrectly matched with its description? a.neuroscienceexamines the relationship between the nervous system and behavior b.cognitiveexamines how people grow and change from conception to death c.experimentalexamines the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking d.clinicaldeals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders
Q:
dr. alvarez studies how the degeneration of certain components of nerve cells in the brain might contribute to the development of multiple sclerosis. dr. alvarezs work best exemplifies the _____ subfield of psychology. a.cognitive b.experimental c.developmental d.biological
Q:
which level of analysis in psychology is correctly matched with an example? a.cultural level: at low doses, cocaine can improve performance on visual attention tasks, such as detecting specific stimuli appearing on a computer screen. b.individual level: cocaine abuse is associated with a history of violence and sexual abuse in the family. c.biological level: cocaine exerts its effects by prolonging the presence of specific chemicals at the junctions between nerve cells. d.cultural level: cocaine abuse is associated with high levels of the personality trait of neuroticism and with low levels of the trait of conscientiousness.
Q:
this area of psychology studies how shared ideas and behaviors are passed from one generation to the next: a.biological b.individual c.cultural d.none of the above
Q:
ethnomusicology examines music preferences from the ____ level of analysis. a.biological b.individual c.social d.cultural
Q:
this type of psychologist studies how people are affected by the presence of others: a.developmental b.cultural c.social d.clinical
Q:
an interpersonal level of analysis falls into which of the following categories for understanding behavior? a.biological b.perceptual c.psychological d.social
Q:
you catch your 12-year-old sister smoking. she says that she likes to smoke because her friends smoke. you tell her she does it because she is addicted. which of the following terms correspond to the stated levels of analysis for the smoking behavior? a.cultural; psychological b.cultural; biological c.social; psychological d.social; biological
Q:
which of the following would be an example of the biological level of analysis? a.examining how the death of a spouse results in changes in serotonin in the brain b.examining whether a persons personality is enduring or changing across the lifespan c.examining how being in a group changes whether a person will engage in illegal behavior d.examining how different cultures define mental illness
Q:
careers in psychology that are expected to grow in the future include: a.working with older adults b.working with soldiers c.homeland security d.all of the above
Q:
psychological science crosses which level(s) of analysis? a.biological b.social c.individual d.all of the above
Q:
dr. scott investigates potential associations between, on the one hand, cultural norms regarding the expression of emotion and, on the other hand, neural responses to insincere or deceptive emotional expressions. dr. scotts work reflects the multidisciplinary field of: a.evolutionary psychology b.sociobiology c.bicultural psychology d.cultural neuroscience
Q:
which of the following statements best summarizes the role of culture in shaping behaviors? a.culture has a minor role that is far secondary to biology. b.culture plays a foundational role in shaping our behaviors. c.cultural experiences allow us to break down complex ideas. d.culture affects only social behaviors and not the way we think.
Q:
according to research conducted by richard nisbett, _____ tend to be _____ in their thinking. a.western cultures; holistic b.eastern cultures; holistic c.both western and eastern cultures; holistic d.both western and eastern cultures; analytic
Q:
which cultural group is most likely to focus on an entire image rather than the single elements of its foreground? a.eastern cultures b.western cultures c.both western and eastern cultures d.neither western nor eastern cultures
Q:
which cultural group is most likely to focus on single elements of the foreground in an image rather than on the entire image? a.eastern cultures b.western cultures c.both western and eastern cultures d.neither western nor eastern cultures
Q:
almost anywhere you travel in the world, you can find a mcdonalds restaurant or t-shirts with american logos. researchers theorize that this phenomenon is part of a process that accelerates cultural evolution. what is this process called? a.urbanization b.commercial warfare c.globalization d.world exchange
Q:
which of the following statements best captures the relationship between cultural evolution, on the one hand, and biological evolution, on the other hand? a.cultural evolution sets the stage for biological evolution. b.cultural evolution has taken over from biological evolution. c.cultural evolution has occurred more rapidly than biological evolution. d.cultural evolution has occurred alongside biological evolution.
Q:
relative to human biological evolution, cultural evolution has occurred: a.much slower b.about the same speed c.much faster d.no way to know
Q:
which of the following is not an example of a question scientists might ask regarding evolutionary adaptations in humans? a.why do people like sweets and foods high in fat? b.why do young children develop a fear of heights, as shown in visual cliff studies? c.how has walking upright increased human survival? d.can you learn to adapt your note-taking style from a lecture to small-group discussion classes?
Q:
using principles of evolutionary science to understand why people are able to detect cheating is appropriate because cheating is: a.immoral b.passed on genetically and contaminates the gene pool c.a good way of dividing resources d.effective at causing conflict and the destruction of a group
Q:
according to _____ theory, the brain has evolved over millions of years to solve problems related to survival and reproduction. a.adaptational b.evolutionary c.nature/nurture d.neurochemical
Q:
a genome is a: a.genetic blueprint b.sex chromosome c.mythical creature d.component of dna
Q:
your text reviews three general developments in biology that have helped fuel the development of psychological science. which of the following is not among these developments? a.developments in the understanding of brain chemistry b.mapping the human genome c.evolutionary evidence that proves that the mind developed from the brain d.brain scan methods that allow scientists to watch a working brain
Q:
the area of science that focuses on studying the working brain is called: a.psychological science b.biological science c.psychobiological science d.neuroscience
Q:
which of the following areas has played a role in better understanding the biology of psychology? a.advances in brain chemistry b.advances in neuroscience c.advances in understanding the human genome d.all of the above
Q:
which of the following statements best captures the view of contemporary psychological science with respect to the origin of behavioral and mental disorders? a.psychological disorders are best understood from an environmental nurtureperspective. b.psychological disorders are best understood from a biologicalnatureperspective. c.psychological disorders are best understood as resulting from the inseparable interaction of nature and nurture. d.psychological disorders were originally thought to be caused entirely by biological factors, but are now known to largely reflect environmental factors.
Q:
which of the following is not a true statement regarding the development of psychological therapy? a.in the last four decades, a scientific approach to the treatment of psychological disorders has emerged. b.the scientific approach to the treatment of psychological disorders has mirrored general advances in psychological science. c.most modern psychological therapies were developed using the scientific approach. d.carl rogers and abraham maslow were the first to emphasize the use of the scientific approach.
Q:
humanism, championed by maslow and rogers, changed therapy by: a.developing new techniques for questioning and listening to patients b.giving rise to greater use of imagery in therapy c.examining illogical cognitive processes d.using drug therapies to lessen symptoms
Q:
which of the following psychologists are most closely associated with humanistic psychology? a.watson and skinner b.allport and lewin c.freud and jung d.rogers and maslow