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Q:
jamal is performing statistical analyses to determine whether the effects of the treatment in his experiment might actually have reflected chance; kendra is performing an analysis to combine the results of a number of experiments to yield an overall conclusion. jamal is performing a _____, kendra, a _____. a.replication; meta-analysis b.significance test; replication c.significance test; meta-analysis d.meta-analysis; significance test
Q:
which of the following statements most accurately reflects the degree of iconicity and arbitrariness in american sign language (asl)? a.asl is a more arbitrary language than english b.asl is a more iconic language than english, but the degree of iconicity in asl has declined over the past 200 years c.asl and english do not differ in arbitrariness d.asl and english do not differ in iconicity
Q:
miranda is statistically combining the results of all the published studies on the effects of the presence of a weapon on eyewitness accuracy. miranda is performing a(n): a.meta-analysis b.replication c.inferential analysis d.significance test
Q:
a rule that refers to itself, such as the rule a sentence may be rewritten as a np and v and s is called a(n): a.recursive rule b.generational rule c.transformational rule d.arbitrary rule
Q:
this type of study can be described as a study of studies: a.correlational study b.case studies c.experiment d.meta-analysis
Q:
linguistic productivity is best described as the ability to: a.produce and comprehend novel sentences b.speak more than one language c.speak in semantically correct sentences d.describe linguistic knowledge in explicit terms
Q:
if the difference between two groups is statistically significant, it suggests that: a.there is a positive correlation among the data b.the data show low levels of systematic error c.the researcher has to use descriptive statistics to test for the validity of the results d.if the experiment were repeated, the same results would likely occur
Q:
if a researcher wants to make a judgment as to whether the data from her sample would be like data in the population, she would use: a.correlation coefficients b.measures of central tendency c.inferential statistics d.meta-analysis
Q:
if two distinct phrase markers can be derived for a single sentence, the sentence is said to be: a.declarative b.recursive c.ambiguous d.arbitrary
Q:
students who study a little for tests tend to make more errors on tests; students who study a lot tend to make fewer errors. if a researcher collected data on such test scores, she would likely spot a(n): a.inferential statistic b.variable standard deviation c.positive correlation d.negative correlation
Q:
the set of rules needed to generate a sentence is called its: a.phrase structure b.morphology c.derivation d.constituent structure
Q:
a representation of how words in a sentence are grouped into larger phrases (i.e., constituents) is known as: a.lexical insertion b.phrase structure c.transformational grammar d.recursion
Q:
research has shown that some types of behavioral or psychiatric disorders are more prevalent among people with low levels of education. this pattern of data is associated with: a.inferential statistics b.descriptive statistics c.negative correlations d.standard deviations
Q:
when you pair two variables, and as one increases the other decreases, your data will show: a.a standardized range b.a negative correlation c.inferential statistics d.validity
Q:
the system of rules that governs how different forms of the same word may be used convey different shades of meaning is referred to as: a.phonology b.morphology c.syntax d.semantics
Q:
when a researcher cannot manipulate variables in a project on the relationship between level of education and income, she will be forced to collect naturally occurring data. the data analysis would probably involve: a.a correlational analysis b.descriptive, but not inferential, statistics c.naturalistic observation d.selection bias
Q:
the smallest meaningful unit in language is called a: a.phone b.phoneme c.morpheme d.phrase
Q:
when you pair two variables, and as one increases so does the other, your data will show: a.a standardized range b.a positive correlation c.inferential statistics d.validity
Q:
the phonological rule a word cannot begin with two stop consonants is: a.an adequate description of a phonological pattern b.inadequate, in that it does not take syntax and semantics into account c.inadequate, since the pattern can be described more generally d.inadequate, since it is possible, though rare, for a sentence to begin with two stop consonants
Q:
a characteristic that distinguishes each phoneme from every other is called a(n): a.distinctive feature b.morpheme c.phone d.inflection
Q:
if you created a scatter plot of your data, what type of statistic would you have computed? a.correlation b.range c.median d.inferential
Q:
the initial sounds in the words big and dig are: a.different morphemes b.different phonemes c.different features d.different allophones
Q:
the smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in meaning is a(n): a.phone b.phoneme c.morpheme d.inflection
Q:
researchers have found that taller people tend to have higher levels of self-esteem than shorter people. this pattern of data reflects: a.an inferential statistic b.a positive correlation c.measures of central tendency d.measures of variability
Q:
the concept that a language contains a large number of meaningful words and also contains a small number of elements that combine to form words is known as: a.derivation b.lexical insertion c.phrase structure d.duality of patterning
Q:
if a researcher believes that participants in a single group will score very differently from one another on a task, that researcher can find out if that is true by looking at the: a.mean b.median c.correlation coefficient d.standard deviation
Q:
if you want to know how far apart scores in a data set tend to be, you could use the: a.mean b.median c.mode d.standard deviation
Q:
if a person wants people to determine the average weight of customers in a store, she could create a questionnaire where people check a category that indicates their weight: 110 to 119 pounds, 120 to 129 pounds, and so forth. what statistic would be useful so she can include enough weight categories on her questionnaire? a.range b.median c.mode d.mean
Q:
in english, the basic word order is: a.subject-object-verb, or sov b.object-subject-verb, or osv c.subject-verb-object, or svo d.verb-subject-object, or vso
Q:
the field of psycholinguistics: has made few advances since the cognitive revolution of the 1950s and 1960s
is far less diverse than the field of a few decades ago.
currently places far less emphasis on discourse and the lexicon than in earlier years
emphasizes interaction of innate mechanisms and environmental factors in language acquisition
Q:
the intellectual tradition of empiricism primarily relies on: a.the role of innate factors, rather than experience in studying behavior b.argument as a means of evaluating hypotheses c.the collection of data to evaluate hypotheses d.the social rules involved in language use
Q:
the values in a data set range from 60 to 90. if a researcher knows this, then the researcher is aware of the: a.standard deviation b.median c.mode d.range
Q:
a research investigation in which data are collected repeatedly over periods of time is called a: a.case study b.longitudinal study c.pragmatic study d.cross-disciplinary study
Q:
the range and standard deviation are examples of: a.inferential statistics b.measures of central tendency c.types of variability d.correlational measures
Q:
chomskys claim regarding child language acquisition was that: a.it cannot be explained simply in terms of the language that children hear b.it requires a more sophisticated form of shaping than behaviorists claim c.it is largely tacit rather than explicit d.children require explicit grammatical instruction from parents or caregivers to learn the rules of language
Q:
a store owner wants to make sure she has enough shirts in the right sizes in her inventory, so she buys a lot of shirts in the most popular size. in order to make this purchase, what type of statistic would she want to know? a.mode b.mean c.standard deviation d.range
Q:
the most frequently occurring score in a data set is known as the: a.mean b.mode c.range d.standard deviation
Q:
words that function together in a sentence (such as called up) are called: a.associative chains b.semantic differentials c..garden paths d.constituents
Q:
if you list a set of scores from the lowest value to the highest, then take the middle value to indicate what is a typical score, you are using the: a.mean b.mode c.median d.range
Q:
the poverty of stimulus argument refers to the fact that: a.children can only learn one language at a time b.children cannot learn language solely from the language samples they hear c.children born into poverty learn language more slowly d.children use single words to convey whole sentences
Q:
the relationship between picked and up in the sentence george picked the baby up was seen as evidence against which theory? a.semantic differential b.associative chain c.shaping d.discontinuous constituent
Q:
when researchers report a measure of central tendency, they might present: a.the standard deviation b.the median c.inferential statistics d.the correlation coefficient
Q:
the mean, median, and mode are all examples of: a.inferential statistics b.measures of central tendency c.types of variability d.correlational measures
Q:
chomsky used the sentence colorless green ideas sleep furiously to illustrate the point that: a.the associative chain theory of language was invalid b.each word in a sentence serves as a stimulus for the next word c.we use meaning more than syntax in comprehending sentences d.aphasia disrupts semantic relationships between words
Q:
a tool to measure the associative meanings of words is: a.the semantic differential b.the associative chain c.longitudinal investigation d.discontinuous constituent
Q:
the statistic that involves the basic arithmetic average of a set of scores is known as the: a.mode b.range c.mean d.median
Q:
which is of primary interest to behaviorists? a.the study of internal mental events such as feelings or images b.the underlying processes involved in translating thought to speech c.the role of experience in shaping language behavior d.how the poverty of stimulus affects language acquisition
Q:
when researchers study multiple groups and report the means for each group, they are reporting: a.descriptive statistics b.median values c.variability d.standard deviations
Q:
if a researcher finds that a participant produces very different scores on a task each time the participant engages in that task, a researcher can conclude that: a.the measurements are probably valid but not reliable b.the measurements show a high level of random error c.the data will show no central tendency d.there will be a need to use inferential statistics
Q:
if a participant always shows fast reaction times on a visual task not because she is good at the task but because she can hear the experimenter start the presentation and can get ready for the stimulus, her data will show a high level of: a.validity b.reactivity c.selection bias d.systematic error
Q:
content words, which include nouns, verbs, and adjectives, are known as _______ words. a.open-class b.closed-class c.tacit d.explicit
Q:
if a researchers data are reliable: a.they still might involve a high level of systematic error b.it is very likely that they are also valid c.there will be little chance of participant reactivity d.measurements were probably culturally sensitive
Q:
function words, which include prepositions and conjunctions, are known as _______ words. a.open-class b.closed-class c.tacit d.explicit
Q:
the study of the relationship between the brain and language is termed: a.aphasia b.psycholinguistics c.sociolinguistics d.neurolinguistics
Q:
sociolinguists study the linguistic behavior of: a.individuals with language disorders b.individuals who are bilingual c.prelinguistic children d.individuals engaged in social interaction
Q:
suppose a researcher intended to study peoples level of happiness by monitoring how often they smile or laugh when watching a movie. if this measurement does not really indicate level of happiness, psychologists would say that the data are a.systematic b.reliable c.valid d.event related
Q:
when data collected in research are not useful in addressing the issue that the investigator is studying, we say that the data are a.reliable b.valid c.systematic d.statistically significant
Q:
when we say, can you open the door? instead of open the door! we are using rules of politeness. these rules are part of which aspect of linguistic knowledge? a.syntax b.pragmatics c.phonology d.semantics
Q:
analyzing garden path sentences reveals processes involved in: a.interpreting the meaning of sentences that contain ambiguities b.interpreting indirect speech requests c.sentence production by individuals with language disorders d.childrens use of one-word phrases
Q:
as dr. omalley begins an experiment, he reviews the factors that might affect participants willingness to take part. dr. quick is providing a detailed explanation to participants who have just completed a study. which of the following statements is true? a.dr. omalley is obtaining informed consent from his participants. dr. quick is debriefing her participants. b.dr. omalley is debriefing his participants. dr. quick is obtaining informed consent from her participants. c.both dr. omalley and dr. quick are obtaining informed consent from their participants. d.both dr. omalley and dr. quick are debriefing their participants.
Q:
phonology refers to: a.the grammatical arrangement of words within the sentence b.the system of sounds in a language c.the meanings of words and sentences d.the social rules involved in language use
Q:
an institutional review board is likely to conclude that there are no troublesome ethical issues associated with which of the following types of study? a.research in a controlled study in a laboratory b.surveys on topics such as experiences of sexual abuse c.naturalistic observation of the conditions in which people are likely to litter in public d.experiments on learning simple lists of words when the experimenter has deceived participants about the purpose of the study
Q:
which of the following statements is true regarding the use of deception in psychological research? a.it is integral to the conduct of scientifically valid research. b.it generally decreases the scientific validity of psychological research. c.it is occasionally necessary to safeguard the validity of the research. d.it is no longer permissible in psychological research.
Q:
when a researcher debriefs her participants, she: a.removes their undergarments b.provides a detailed explanation of the studys goals c.describes the factors that might affect their willingness to participate d.outlines the general procedure of the study
Q:
syntax refers to: a.the grammatical arrangement of words within the sentence b.the system of sounds in a language c.the meanings of words and sentences d.the social rules involved in language use
Q:
if a seriously brain-damaged patient cannot give informed consent to participate in medical research, then researchers can: a.include the person in research only if they provide a complete debriefing at the conclusion of the study b.relax the requirements regarding the relative risk of participation in the study c.apply to the american medical association to waive the requirement for informed consent d.obtain consent for the patient to take part in the research by getting permission from a legal guardian
Q:
semantics deals with: a.the grammatical arrangement of words within the sentence b.the system of sounds in a language c.the meanings of words and sentences d.the social rules involved in language use
Q:
tacit knowledge of language is best illustrated by: a.our ability to describe the relationships between two words b.our ability to perform activities such as listening and speaking without fully understanding the processes involved in them c.our ability to analyze the structure of a sentence d.all of the above
Q:
which of the following sequences best reflects the order of events in a typical experimental session? a.experiment informed consent debriefing b.debriefing informed consent experiment c.informed consent debriefing experiment d.informed consent experiment debriefing
Q:
the branch of science that focuses on the origin, structure, and use of language is: a.psycholinguistics b.philosophy c.cognitive science d.linguistics
Q:
the study of how children develop language is known as: a.language comprehension b.language production c.language acquisition d.metalanguage
Q:
one issue that an institutional review board is likely to concern itself with is: a.systematic error b.directionality problems c.relative risk d.experimenter expectancy
Q:
if a researcher publicly discussed a participants responses and named the participant, that researcher would be guilty of violating what specific ethical principle? a.confidentiality b.anonymity c.privacy d.deception
Q:
if a researcher was denied permission to conduct a study because participants might suffer harm, that decision would have been made by the: a.american psychological association b.institutional review board c.national science foundation d.association of psychological science
Q:
the way we construct and articulate utterances is known as: a.language comprehension b.language production c.language acquisition d.language development
Q:
the process by which any deception used in a study is explained to a participant is called: a.debriefing b.informed consent c.relief of confidentiality d.relief from relative risk
Q:
the way we perceive and understand speech is known as: a.language comprehension b.language production c.language acquisition d.language development
Q:
the interdisciplinary field that studies the mind and mental processes is called: a.psycholinguistics b.philosophy c.cognitive science d.linguistics
Q:
the matter of who has access to data collected in an experiment is associated with which ethical issue? a.deception b.informed consent c.anonymity d.confidentiality
Q:
before psychologists can begin a research project, they must receive approval from: a.the american psychological association b.the association of psychological science c.the national science foundation d.the institutional review board