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Psychology
Q:
excitatory signals are _____, whereas inhibitory signals are _____. a.depolarized; hyperpolarized b.efferent; afferent c.hyperpolarized; depolarized d.afferent; efferent
Q:
another term for neuron firing is: a.action potential b.somatic potential c.resting membrane potential d.efferent arc
Q:
piaget referred to the concepts we use to organize our experience as: a.imitiations b.intuitions c.schemata d.episodes
Q:
baddeley, gathercole, and papagno (1998) used a _______ test to study the relationship between working memory and vocabulary development in children. a.memory span b.digit span c.reading comprehension d.deferred imitation
Q:
if your house was selectively permeable like a neuron, which of the following situations would be most likely? a.everyone would be welcome to enter. b.all the doors would be open. c.only certain people would be allowed inside. d.no one would be allowed to leave.
Q:
the studies by case, kurland, and goldberg (1982) on the development of working memory found that: a.there is no increase in working memory capacity from infancy to six years of age b.there is no increase in working memory capacity from six years to adulthood c.there was a positive correlation between response speed and memory span d.all of the above
Q:
what allows the movement of sodium and potassium ions to the inside and the outside of the neuron to cause firing? a.gating mechanisms contained within the cell wall b.changes in the chemical structure of the ions c.changes in the charge of the ions d.refraction
Q:
the two types of ions that control neuron firing are: a.nitrogen and calcium b.calcium and sodium c.sodium and potassium d.potassium and magnesium
Q:
what conclusion can be drawn from the texts discussion of the ali sentence? a.we use serial processing when encountering ambiguous words b.we use controlled processing to comprehend ambiguous sentences c.we use top-down processing to comprehend ambiguous sentences d.our intuitions regarding sentence comprehension are not always accurate
Q:
which of the following characterize processing modules? a.they are independent of general cognitive processes. b.they are shared by processes from different domains (such as art and music). c.they draw on controlled process, such as decision making. d.their workings are available to conscious inspection.
Q:
what is the state of the electrical charge when a neuron is said to be at resting potential? a.inside the neuron is more positive than outside the neuron. b.inside the neuron is more negative than outside the neuron. c.both the inside and outside of the neuron are of equal electrical charge. d.the inside of the neuron is hyperpolarized.
Q:
when not active, neurons have a negative electrical charge. this is referred to as: a.action potential b.resting membrane potential c.all-or-none principle d.none of the above
Q:
within cognitive psychology, modularity refers to: a.the degree of independence of the language system from the general information processing system b.the belief that language processing strategies are wired in c.the notion that working memory, automatic processing, and related concepts play a major role in language comprehension and production d.all of the above
Q:
the nodes of ranvier are: a.unmyelinated portions of an axon b.the bulblike endings of axons c.receptor sites on dendrites d.myelinated portions of an axon
Q:
the distinction between automatic and attentional processes deals with the degree to which a task: a.involves permanent memory retrieval b.requires a deep level of processing c.requires mental resources or processing capacity d.is processed in working memory
Q:
a processing model in which higher-level information may influence processing at the lower levels is called a _____ model. a.bottom-up b.automatic c.top-down d.controlled
Q:
a myelin sheath is like the: a.tuning dial of a radio b.insulation of a wire c.layers of a cake d.thermostat of a heater
Q:
processing that proceeds from the lowest level to the higher levels in such a way that all of the lower levels of processing operate without influence from the higher levels is called _____ processing. a.top-down b.bottom-up c.controlled d.parallel
Q:
a synapse is a: a.chemical b.joint c.signal d.gap
Q:
the _____ capture(s) the incoming chemical signal while the _____ release(s) the chemical signal. a.terminal buttons; dendrites b.dendrites; terminal buttons c.cell body; axon d.axon; cell body
Q:
which is not true of neural network models? a.they are based on patterns of excitatory and inhibitory neural activity. b.they are useful for modeling cognitive processes. c.they are an important alternative to serial models of processing. d.they have not yet been shown to be useful for modeling language processes.
Q:
which of the following sequences reflects the order in which a signal generally travels through a neuron?
a.dendrite → soma → axon → terminal buttons
b.terminal buttons → axon → cell body → dendrite
c.cell body → dendrite → axon → terminal buttons
d.dendrite → axon → cell body → terminal buttons
Q:
________ models are inspired by patterns of neural activity in the brain. a.parallel distributed processing b.modularity c.visuospatial sketchpad d.autonoetic
Q:
_______ models divide the activities involved in processing language into non-overlapping stages. a.top-down b.bottom-up c.serial d.parallel
Q:
the extensions of a neuron that transmit information to other neurons are the: a.dendrites b.cell bodies c.axons d.terminal buttons
Q:
which of the following is not a part of a neuron? a.dendrite b.cell body c.terminal button d.interneuron
Q:
when two or more processes take place simultaneously, it is called _____ processing. a.top-down b.serial c.parallel d.automatic
Q:
what part of the neuron releases chemical signals? a.axon b.terminal buttons c.cell body d.dendrite
Q:
studies of brain-damaged patients with deficits in autonoetic consciousness have provided evidence that: a.episodic memory refers solely to the retrieval of personal facts from long-term memory b.episodic memory is more resilient than semantic memory c.semantic memory is more resilient more than episodic memory d.the distinction between episodic and semantic memory is biologically real
Q:
memories of childhood vacations are stored in: a.semantic memory b.working memory c.episodic memory d.secondary memory
Q:
axons: a.transmit nerve impulses to terminal buttons and vary in length b.are always bundled with other axons to form nerves and are individually very short in length c.vary in length depending on whether they send or receive information d.are uniform in size throughout the body though capable of serving different functions
Q:
our organized knowledge of words, concepts, symbols, and objects is called: a.episodic memory b.semantic memory c.permanent memory d.working memory
Q:
tharas roommate has been complaining about having a pinched nerve from moving some furniture. what is she likely referring to as a nerve? a.a single axon from a portion of her back to her spinal cord b.a neuron that is part of her spinal cord c.a bundle of axons from some nerves in her back d.a neuron that connects to the pain center in her spine
Q:
which of the following parts of a neuron integrates information from other neurons? a.axon b.synapse c.cell body d.dendrite
Q:
the type of memory that holds traces of events that are specific to a time and place is called _____ memory. a.semantic b.working c.episodic d.secondary
Q:
daneman and carpenter (1980) studied the relationship between working memory span and reading comprehension with two span measures. the results suggested that performance on __________ correlated highly with reading comprehension sat scores. a.the simple digit span measure b.the complex storage and processing span measure c.both the simple digit span and complex storage and processing span measures d.neither the simple digit span nor the complex storage and processing span measure
Q:
what are the branchlike appendages that detect chemical signals from neighboring neurons? a.axons b.synapses c.cell bodies d.dendrites
Q:
the word-length effect refers to the finding that: a.the longer the word list, the more words a subject can recall b.subjects can recall a greater number of shorter words in a list c.subjects can recall a greater number of longer words in a list d.most subjects cannot recall more than seven plus or minus items in a word list
Q:
which of the following is not a basic type of neuron? a.sensory neurons b.motor neurons c.interneurons d.myelin neurons
Q:
most models of memory assume that: a.memory capacity and attentional resources are unlimited b.how many things we can attend to at once depends on the nature of each task c.with practice, there is no limit on how many activities we can perform simultaneously d.working memory and long-term memory have the same storage capacity
Q:
the function of interneurons is to communicate: a.between the brain and the spinal cord b.between the brain and sensory neurons c.outside of the brain d.within a neural circuit
Q:
in the baddeley and hitch (1974) model, _________ is a subsystem of working memory. a.the sensory store b.the visuospatial sketchpad c.the speech perception module d.primary memory
Q:
interneurons communicate: a.within local or short distance circuits b.directly on muscles c.directly on sensory organs d.with glial cells
Q:
a test in which increasingly longer lists of items (such as numbers or words) are presented for later recall is called a ________ test. a.partial report b.memory span c.sketchpad d.stroop
Q:
when jon burned his finger on the stove, _____ neurons carried the message to the spinal cord and _____ neurons instructed the muscles in his arm to retract from the flame. a.motor; sensory b.sensory; somatosensory c.afferent; efferent d.efferent; afferent
Q:
information that is being processed by the cognitive system is temporarily held in ________ memory. a.permanent b.episodic c.semantic d.working
Q:
if you touch something hot, _____ neuronsoften called _____ neuronssend a signal from the spinal cord to your muscle to withdraw your finger. a.motor; efferent b.sensory; efferent c.motor; afferent d.sensory; afferent
Q:
which is not true of the null-subject parameter? it has two values, subject and no subject
it is set to different values in different languages
it addresses whether a language permits constructions without a subject
it resolves syntactic, but not structural, ambiguity
Q:
messages are sent to the brain or spinal cord from the body via _____ neurons; messages leave the brain and spinal cord via _____ neurons. a.motor; mental b.afferent; efferent c.efferent; afferent d.internal; external
Q:
according to hauser, chomsky and fitch (2002), the difference between the faculty of language in the broad sense (flb) and the faculty of language in the narrow sense (fln) is that: a.fln only includes recursion, and so is unique to humans b.flb only includes recursion, and so is unique to humans c.flb contains no components that support human language d.fln contains no components that support human language
Q:
a motor neuron _____, whereas a sensory neuron _____. a.communicates electrically; communicates chemically b.is efferent; is afferent c.communicates chemically; communicates electrically d.is afferent; is efferent
Q:
jackendoff used the examples of a parent and apparent to emphasize that: a.we cannot determine word boundaries on phonological grounds alone b.ambiguity is more widespread in language than is commonly realized c.transformational rules are needed along with phrase-structure rules to provide a complete grammatical theory d.the frequency of a word has a significant effect on how easily it is retrieved
Q:
efferent neurons carry information: a.from the brain to the muscles b.from the muscles to the brain c.regarding effects in the environment d.regarding the most efficient response
Q:
if you touch something hot, _____ neuronsoften called _____ neuronssend the signal to the spinal cord. a.motor; efferent b.sensory; efferent c.motor; afferent d.sensory; afferent
Q:
experiments that show that subjects use transformational rules and structures when processing sentences provide evidence for: a.reciprocity b.linguistic productivity c.deep structure ambiguity d.the psychological reality of grammar
Q:
the nerves that provide information about muscle movement are called _____ nerves. a.motor b.muscle c.afferent d.somatosensory
Q:
bresnans lexical-functional grammar: a.postulates case relations in deep structure b.replaces transformational rules with more complete lexical entries c.assumes that lexical encoding places a heavy burden on working memory d.explains how we can produce and comprehend novel sentences
Q:
in contrast with transformational grammar, lexical theories place: a.greater emphasis on constituent structure b.greater emphasis on individual words c.greater emphasis on syntax d.greater emphasis on morphology
Q:
an afferent neuron carries information: a.from the sense organs to the brain b.from the brain to the sense organs c.regarding emotional events d.producing movement
Q:
neurons outside the brain and the spinal cord are part of the _____ nervous system. a.secondary b.peripheral c.central d.auxiliary
Q:
the derivational theory of complexity held that the psychological complexity of a sentence was closely related to the: a.number of phrase-structure rules in its derivation b.number of transformational rules in its derivation c.number of recursions in its derivation d.number of particle movements in its derivation
Q:
the relation between phoned and up in the sentence john phoned the woman with the curly hair up is handled within transformational grammar by the: a.passive transformation b.particle-movement transformation c.deep structure d.surface structure
Q:
the central nervous system (cns) consists of: a.the brain b.the spinal cord c.both a and b d.none of the above
Q:
transformational rules differ from phrase-structure rules in that: a.they rewrite constituents into one or more constituents b.they apply to entire strings, not just constituents c.they do not involve deletion of grammatical information d.all of the above
Q:
the brain and the spinal cord make up the _____ nervous system. a.central b.peripheral c.primary d.autonomic
Q:
which of the following is an example of deep structure ambiguity? a.they are eating apples. b.flying planes can be dangerous. c.john is easy to please. d.the child thinks the man left.
Q:
the spinal cord is part of the _____ nervous system. a.sensory b.peripheral c.somatic d.central
Q:
a sentence uttered by a speaker corresponds to its: a.phrase structure b.deep structure c.surface structure d.syntax
Q:
the extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the: a.nerves b.cell body c.dendrites d.axon terminal buttons
Q:
the underlying meaning of a sentence is referred to as its: a.phrase structure b.deep structure c.surface structure d.universal grammar
Q:
in the nervous system, cells called _____ receive, integrate, and transmit information. a.axons b.neurons c.dendrites d.glial cells
Q:
a theory of language that explains the role of linguistic universals in evolution is said to have: a.observational adequacy b.descriptive adequacy c.explanatory adequacy d. linguistic productivity
Q:
neural networks do all of the following except: a.selectively communicate with other neurons b.involve two to thousands of other neurons c.develop through maturation and experience d.become prewired before birth
Q:
a theory of language that specifies the relationships among various sequences in the language is said to have: a.observational adequacy b.explanatory adequacy c. descriptive adequacy d. linguistic productivity
Q:
in the nervous system, each neuron communicates with: a.one or two other neurons b.a random subset of the other neurons in the nervous system c.many other neurons in an organized network d.all the other neurons in the nervous system
Q:
a theory of language capable of specifying acceptable and unacceptable sequences in a language is said to have: a.explanatory adequacy b.descriptive adequacy c.observational adequacy d.linguistic productivity
Q:
our bodys neural system is built from billions of nerve cells, or: a.neurotransmitters b.neurons c.axons d.none of the above
Q:
a grammar is: a.an infinite set of sentences b.a theory of language c.a finite set of sentences d.an infinite set of rules
Q:
which of the following is not a major parameter of american sign language? a.hand configuration b.place of articulation c.movement d.distinctive features
Q:
the basic building blocks of the nervous system are the: a.neurons b.genomes c.dendrites d.glial cells