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Psychology
Q:
why are the dramatic improvements with l-dopa often short-lived for parkinsons patients? a.eventually the neurons are unable to synthesize dopamine. b.though production of dopamine increases, overall too many neurons die off. c.l-dopa ceases to eliminate the overproduction of dopamine. d.over time l-dopa becomes toxic to neurons.
Q:
in the brain of someone who suffers from parkinsons disease, what is happening to the neurons involved with dopamine activity? a.they are dying off. b.they are overproducing dopamine. c.they are blocked for reuptake. d.they are rapidly multiplying.
Q:
the dual-route model explains how we can: pronounce words we’ve never seen before
identify real words faster than non-words
identify isolated words that have been excised from fluent speech
choose among multiple meanings of ambiguous words
Q:
the fact that we can perceive letters in a word context better than individual letters is referred to as: a.the interactive activation effect b.the word-superiority effect c.the phonemic restoration effect d.mispronunciation detection
Q:
drugs that enhance the effects of gaba: a.are used to treat depression b.affect the location of reception c.are used to treat anxiety and insomnia d.may cause seizures and hallucinations
Q:
the neurotransmitter _____ is involved in emotional states, dreaming, and impulse control. a.acetylcholine b.epinephrine c.serotonin d.dopamine
Q:
neisser s (1964) study of visual search, in which subjects search a list of letters for a target letter, provided evidence for the role of _____ in the perception of written language. a.fixations b.saccades c.regressions d.features
Q:
drugs that treat _____ make serotonin more available by blocking reuptake. a.motor disturbances b.memory disturbances and hallucinations c.eating disorders and depression d.pain management and hypersensitivity
Q:
readers pick up visual information: a.during a saccade b.during a fixation c.during a regression d.during a trace
Q:
the movements of the eyes during reading are called: a.fixations b.fegressions c.saccades d.radicals
Q:
___________ maps sounds of language onto written symbols or characters a.logography b.orthography c.syllabary d.radicals
Q:
penny consumes a recreational drug. she finds that she is almost too sensitive to what is going on, too vigilantalmost paranoid, in fact. the drug penny consumed seems to enhance the activity of the neurotransmitter: a.serotonin b.gaba c.norepinephrine d.endorphin
Q:
the connectionist model showing that various levels of speech processing occur simultaneously and interactively is known as: (the): a.motor theory b.trace model c.modularity d.dual-route model
Q:
the phrase adrenaline rush refers to the action of the neurotransmitter: a.dopamine b.serotonin c.acetylcholine d.epinephrine
Q:
robertos grandmother is suffering from alzheimers disease. what might you expect is happening in her brain with regard to neurotransmitters? a.there is an overproduction of acetylcholine. b.there is too much curare in her system. c.there is diminished acetylcholine. d.there is an excess of receptors for the available neurotransmitter.
Q:
studies of mispronunciation detection have found that restorations are: a.more fluent than exact repetitions b.more common than exact repetition c.less common than exact repetitions d.less fluent than exact repetitions
Q:
studies by warren and colleagues indicate that if a speech sound in a sentence is replaced by a cough, listeners still perceive the sound. this is called: a.categorical perception b.phonemic restoration c.shadowing effect d.rate normalization
Q:
the effect of the botulism toxin on acetylcholine is to: a.increase the amount of acetylcholine available b.inhibit the release of acetylcholine from the terminal buttons c.destroy acetylcholine within the synapse d.prevent the production of acetylcholine in the vesicles
Q:
which of the following neurotransmitters would be most involved in enabling nerves that connect with muscles as you raise your arms above your head? a.acetylcholine b.epinephrine c.serotonin d.norepinephrine
Q:
pollack and pickett (1964) showed that when a word is isolated from its context it becomes: a.completely unintelligible b.more intelligible than in context c.less intelligible than in context d.just as intelligible as in context
Q:
phonemic restoration and mispronunciation studies reveal the effects of __________ information in speech processing. a.bottom-up b.top-down c.invariant d.prosodic
Q:
since nicotine increases acetylcholine functioning we can assume it is a(n): a. agonist b. antagonist c. substance that destroys neurons with acetylcholine receptors d. toxin released by neurons that binds to acetylcholine receptors
Q:
since curare interferes with acetylcholine functioning, we would assume it is a(n): a.agonist b.antagonist c.substance that destroys neurons with acetylcholine receptors d.toxin released by neurons that binds to acetylcholine receptors
Q:
vot is a(n) __________ and ___________ cue to voicing in stop consonants. a.unreliable; variable b.unreliable; invariant c.reliable; variable d.reliable; invariant
Q:
a neurotransmitter that is important in muscle contraction is: a.epinephrine b.norepinephrine c.acetylcholine d.dopamine
Q:
we use _____ to distinguish between the two meanings of blackbird. a.intonation b.stress c.both (a) and (b) d.neither (a) nor (b)
Q:
regarding the role they play in behavior, neurotransmitters: a.are very specific, with a separate neurotransmitter for each behavior b.may affect a variety of behaviors depending on the size of the action potential produced c.influence behavior because of the action of a particular postsynaptic neurons function d.convert enzymes at particular synapses
Q:
mcgurk and macdonald (1976) found that when a speakers lips produce the syllable /ga/ while an audio tape of the sound /ba/ is played, listeners hear the fused sound as: a./ga/ b./ba/ c./da/ d.a nonspeech chirp
Q:
imagine you are at the end part of the chain of activity on a production line. your boss, who in his previous career was a neuroscientist, calls you an antagonist. what would he be implying? a.that you interfere with production b.that you speed up production c.that you take stuff out of the process that is defective d.that you sleep on the job, doing nothing
Q:
the motor theory of speech perception: a.contends that we perceive speech by reference to production b.states that perception and production operate independently c.is inconsistent with the notion of a phonetic module d.focuses on speech dysfluency
Q:
one mechanism of drugs is to alter the availability of neurotransmitters, thus affecting the functioning of neurons. antagonistic drugs _____ the availability, whereas agonistic drugs _____ the availability. a.increase; decrease b.decrease; increase c.eliminate; block d.block; eliminate
Q:
studies of categorical perception have found that: a.it occurs for both consonants and vowels b.it only occurs with intact speech syllables c.it is found with chirps and bleats, but not backward syllables d.it only occurs with consonants
Q:
drugs that block the effects of neurotransmitters by occupying their receptor sites are called: a.antagonists b.agonists c.acetylcholines d.amygdalas
Q:
the delay in the release of vocal cord vibration between the release of a consonant and the start of a vowel is called: a.frication b.voice onset time c.a formant transition d.a glide
Q:
imagine you are at the end part of the chain of activity on a production line. your boss, who in his previous career was a neuroscientist, calls you an agonist. what would he be implying? a.that you completely halt production b.that you interfere with production c.that you take stuff out of the process that is defective d.that you facilitate production
Q:
in a study on categorical perception, listeners hear two sounds and then a third, and determine if the third sound was the same as the first or the second. results show that: a.performance is at chance if the two sounds are from the same phonetic category b.performance is poor at the outset but listeners improve significantly with practice c.performance is better if the two sounds are from the same phonetic category than if they are from different phonetic categories d.all of the above
Q:
the lack of invariance refers to the fact that there is no one-to-one correspondence between: a.formant transitions and steady states b.acoustic cues and perceptual experience c.articulatory processes and acoustic cues d.speech signals and neurological processes
Q:
another way to think of agonists and antagonists, with respect to their involvement in the actions of neurotransmitters, is that agonists _____, whereas antagonists _____ the action of neurotransmitters. a.help; hinder b.hinder; help c.alter; maintain d.maintain; alter
Q:
for speech processing to be modular it must: a.be slow b.share properties with general auditory processing c.be affected by feedback d.be domain specific
Q:
drugs that produce their effects by mimicking neurotransmitters are called: a.antagonists b.agonists c.acetylcholines d.amygdalas
Q:
the phenomenon of producing more than one speech sound at a time is called: a.coarticulation b.context-conditioned variation c.parallel transmission d.formant interaction
Q:
the acoustic information that specifies a phoneme will change based on preceding or following phonemes. this is known as: a.parallel transmission b.coarticulation c.formant interaction d.context-conditioned variation
Q:
drugs affect neural communication in each of the following ways except: a.blocking reuptake b.blocking receptors c.destroying neurotransmitters d.eliminating the need for action potentials
Q:
________ refers to the fact that acoustic properties of different phonemes overlap in time in the speech signal. a.coarticulation b.context-conditioned variation c.rate of speech d.parallel transmission
Q:
there are three ways that a neurotransmitter is removed from the synapse. which of the following is not one of these ways? a.the neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic neuron. b.enzymes in the synapse destroy the neurotransmitter. c.the neurotransmitter plugs into a receptor in the presynaptic neuron. d.the neurotransmitter alters its structure after release from the synaptic vesicle.
Q:
cocaine causes the neurotransmitter dopamine to remain at the site of the synapse longer than it normally would; cocaine thus inhibits the process termed: a.recycling b.reabsorption c.reuse d.reuptake
Q:
a formant is: a. a location in the vocal tract b. a rapid movement of the eye c.a band of energy in a spectrogram d.a stroke of a chinese character
Q:
researchers studying __________ are most likely to make use of a speech spectrogram. a.sociolinguistics b.acoustic phonetics c.articulatory phonetics d. phonology
Q:
neurotransmitters affect the behavior of a cell because they: a.are exclusively inhibitory or excitatory b.mimic psychotropics c.bind to the postsynaptic receptor and produce changes on the neuron cell wall, creating a cascade of further changes d.increase the size of the action potential, creating a bigger response across the cell
Q:
the production of vowels is characterized by: a.whether they are voiced or unvoiced b.the location of constriction in the vocal tract c.the position and height of the tongue d.the degree of frication
Q:
postsynaptic receptors allow a neurotransmitter to attach based on its: a.molecular structure b.volume of potassium ions c.volume of sodium ions d.excitatory or inhibitory nature
Q:
using a key to open the front door of your house is analogous to the: a.randomness of neural activation b.unique chemical structure of a neurotransmitter that fits certain receptor sites c.neurotransmitters that carry a secret code to neurons d.activity log that the nervous system maintains
Q:
the speech sounds [t], [d], and [s] are instances of: a.voiced consonants b.alveolar consonants c.fricative consonants d.stop consonants
Q:
chemical substances that carry messages from one neuron to the next are called: a.agonists b.neurotransmitters c.enzymes d.none of the above
Q:
the speech sounds [p], [b], and [k] are instances of: a.velar consonants b.stop consonants c.voiced consonants d.alveolar consonants
Q:
consonants that are articulated at the lips are called _____ consonants. a.alveolar b.stop c. bilabial d.fricative
Q:
how do neurons communicate? a.terminal buttons plug into receptor sites on adjacent dendrites. b.neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind with receptors on the postsynaptic dendrite. c.electric signals jump across the synapse to the adjacent neuron. d.chemicals released into the synapse are converted to neurotransmitters that bind with receptors.
Q:
what do we call the neurons on the receiving side of a synaptic cleft? a.postsynaptic neurons b.presynaptic neurons c.interneurons d.excitatory neurons
Q:
the consonants /b/, /d/, and /g/ differ in their ________ a.manner of articulation b.place of articulation c.frication d.voicing
Q:
________ are produced by impeding the airflow at some location in the vocal tract. a.vowels b.semi-vowels c.consonants d.formants
Q:
what do we call the neurons on the sending side of a synaptic cleft? a.postsynaptic neurons b.presynaptic neurons c.interneurons d.excitatory neurons
Q:
the study of speech sounds that references the movements within the vocal tract is: a.acoustic phonetics b.speech perception c.categorical perception d.articulatory phonetics
Q:
what happens when the action potential reaches the terminal button? a.the signal terminates, or ends. b.the signal causes the vesicles to release neurotransmitters. c.the terminal button sends it down the axon. d.the signal causes reuptake of neurotransmitters in the synapse.
Q:
the words blue and blew are: a.allophones b.homophones c.logographs d.suprasegmentals
Q:
you cannot fire a gun softly or flush a toilet halfway. like an action potential, gunfire and a toilets flush follow the _____ law. a.on-or-off b.this-or-that c.binary response d.all-or-none
Q:
in english, there is a rising intonation in: a.wh-questions b. yes/no questions c.both wh- and yes/no question d.neither wh- nor yes/no questions
Q:
why are the nodes of ranvier important structures for neural firing? a.they release neurotransmitters. b.they are involved in reuptake. c.they are the receptor sites for binding with neurotransmitters. d.they are areas along the axon that speed transmission.
Q:
if you had a disorder that caused neurons to demyelinate, this would initially cause: a.neurons to immediately begin to die b.dendrites to proliferate excessively c.the insulation of the axon to deteriorate d.the development of an increased number of nodes of ranvier
Q:
the use of pitch to signify different meanings is: a.stress b.rate c.intonation d.prosody
Q:
a general term that refers to the aspects of an utterances sound that are not specific to the words themselves (for example, intonation and rate) is: a.prosody b.intonation c.stress d.rate
Q:
_________ experience childhood amnesia, and cannot recall events before their third birthday a.adults who have suffered stroke b.children born with aggramatism c.children who have experienced head trauma d.all adults
Q:
the action of neural firing as it proceeds down the axon is similar to which of the following types of movement? a.skipping b.crawling c.running laps d.driving on a road
Q:
propagation of the action potential occurs: a.along the axon at the nodes of ranvier b.along the dendrites at the nodes of ranvier c.between neurons at the synapse d.on the cell body
Q:
the neural impulse, or _____, is a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. a.action potential b.resting membrane potential c.neurotransmitters d.all-or-none principle
Q:
according to piaget, the transition from the sensorimotor period to the preoperational is signaled by: a.the appearance of the childs first word b.the childs ability to walk unaided c.deferred imitation and pretend play d.the ability of a child to discriminate speech sounds
Q:
childrens pretend play is developmentally important because: a.it signifies that one object can stand for another b.it reveals that children can imitate what they see c.it helps young children remember that hidden objects still exist d.it shows that childrens thinking processes are vastly different from those of adults
Q:
in diamonds (1985) study of object permanence, infants as young as seven and a half months were able to solve the problem if: a.the object was hidden in a consistent place b.their mother was present during testing c.they were allowed to immediately search for the object d.the object was only partially obscured
Q:
inhibitory signals _____ polarization, _____ the likelihood of an action potential. a.decrease; decreasing b.decrease; increasing c.increase; decreasing d.increase; increasing
Q:
typically, it takes about a 100 mv depolarization change to produce an action potential. which of the following should result in an action potential? a.inhibitory signals equaling approximately 110 mv b.excitatory signals equaling 75 mv plus inhibitory signals equaling 25 mv c.excitatory signals equaling 110 mv d.inhibitory signals equaling 75 mv plus excitatory signals equaling 25 mv
Q:
object permanence refers to: a.the use of an object in a symbolic manner b.understanding that an object exists even if it cannot be perceived c.infants use of an object, such as a rattle, to get adult attention d.the concepts that infants and children use to organize their experience