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Psychology
Q:
after cautiously walking home and arriving safely from her late-night class, selma notices her heart rate slows, as does her breathing. this automatic return to a normal state is due to the activity of the: a.somatic nervous system b.sympathetic system c.parasympathetic system d.endocrine system
Q:
a ________ is a structural representation of the linguistic relationships within a sentence. a.minimal attachment b.class inclusion c.convention d.phrase marker
Q:
the process of assigning elements of the surface structure to linguistic categories is referred to as: a.parsing b.sentence interpretation c.the immediacy principle d.the late closure strategy
Q:
walking to his car late at night, otto became extra vigilant and his body was on alert for danger. these responses were due to the actions of the: a.somatic nervous system b.sympathetic system c.central nervous system d.endocrine system
Q:
the body is made ready for defensive action by the _____ division of the autonomic nervous system. a.somatic nervous system b.sympathetic nervous system c.parasympathetic nervous system d.none of the above
Q:
which of the following are thematic roles in a sentence? a.tenor and ground b.agent and recipient c.locutionary act and illocutionary force d.relation and manner
Q:
studies of lexical ambiguity suggest which of the following conclusions? we automatically activate all meanings of ambiguous words regardless of context
we activate the most common meaning of a word and consider alternatives only when the common meaning is inappropriate
we are more likely to activate the meaning that is relevant to the current context, especially if that is the dominant meaning
phoneme monitoring is not a precise enough technique to investigate lexical ambiguity
Q:
as beatriz works outside in her yard, she works up a pretty good sweat. this is due in part to the functioning of her: a.somatic nervous system b.autonomic nervous system c.central nervous system d.endocrine system
Q:
phoneme monitoring latencies following the presentation of a lexically ambiguous word: a.are no different than after an unambiguous word b.are greater than after unambiguous words, but only very briefly c.depend upon whether the ambiguous word is concrete or abstract d.all of the above
Q:
which of the following is not a function of the somatic nervous system? a.feeling sad b.feeling pins and needles when your arm falls asleep c.feeling where your foot is as you step d.feeling the right position on the baseball as you are ready to throw it
Q:
in the priming study of meyer and schvaneveldt (1971), the time needed to classify a target (such as butter) as either a word or a nonword varied with: a.the number of times they were presented with the word b.the concreteness of the words c.the presentation of a semantically related word just prior to the target d.the target words frequency
Q:
you and a classmate engage in a debate over what part of the brain makes humans highly intelligent. your friend correctly argues that the frontal lobe is important. however, being a fine psychology student, you point out that it is not the _____ but the _____ that makes the frontal lobe critical. a.size; complexity and organization b.complexity and organization; size c.myelination; number of neurons d.number of neurons; myelination
Q:
brad has experienced a relatively severe left hemisphere stroke. as a result, he is unable to move his right arm and has a great deal of difficulty with planning and with maintaining attention. the location of his stroke is most likely the: a.frontal lobe b.parietal lobe c.temporal lobe d.occipital lobe
Q:
the complexity and organization of which brain area in humans is believed to be responsible for what distinguishes humans from other animals? a.thalamus b.hippocampus c.cerebral cortex d.prefrontal cortex
Q:
the results of fosss phoneme-monitoring study suggested that: a.we access the meanings of an ambiguous word all at once b.we access the meanings of an ambiguous word one at a time c.we only access multiple meanings in a laboratory setting d.we can consciously block activation of multiple meanings of ambiguous words
Q:
early in the twentieth century, dr. walter freeman treated mental patients by performing: a.a hemispherectomy b.a basal ganglia ablation c.a lobotomy d.germline therapy
Q:
in the sentence john found a bat in the attic, the word bat is: a.semantically ambiguous b.lexically ambiguous c.semantically complex d. lexically autonomous
Q:
_______ occurs when a word presented earlier activates a word with a related meaning. a.semantic priming b.morphological complexity c.categorical perception d.lexical ambiguity
Q:
mackay (1978) found that the time to take a verb and produce a related noun was longest for words with the suffix: a.-ment, as in government b.-ion, as in decision c.-ence, as in existence d.none of the above
Q:
joaquim has experienced a relatively severe left hemisphere stroke. as a result, he has been diagnosed with an inability to identify faces and understand what is spoken to him. the location of his stroke is most likely within the: a.frontal lobe b.parietal lobe c.temporal lobe d.occipital lobe
Q:
in a lexical decision experiment, a participant must decide: a.if a word is ambiguous or not b.if a word is a content word or a function word c.what syntactic category a word belongs to d.whether a letter string is a word
Q:
which of the following is not part of the temporal lobe? a.primary auditory cortex b.fusiform face area c.wernickes area d.nucleus accumbens
Q:
auditory information is received in which lobe of the cerebral cortex? a.occipital b.parietal c.temporal d.frontal
Q:
a subject has to immediately respond to a particular sound in a: a.reading span task b.semantic verification task c.phoneme-monitoring task d.autonomous search task
Q:
a word-initial cohort is activated by the _________ of the input. a.semantic features b.orthographic representation c.acoustic-phonetic analysis d.word frequency
Q:
which of the following is not correct? a.the frontal lobe plays a significant role in thinking and movement. b.the occipital lobe plays a significant role in vision. c.the parietal lobe plays a significant role in touch. d.the temporal lobe plays a significant role in the integration of movement and sight.
Q:
in marslen-wilsons model, the recognition point is where: a.one member of the cohort is selected for further analysis b.feature information common to the entire cohort is stored c.the words orthographic representation is retrieved d.a single word diverges from all possible words
Q:
jonas has experienced a relatively severe right hemisphere stroke. as a result, he has been diagnosed with hemineglect. that is, he is unable to notice anything on the left side of his body. the location of the stroke is most likely within the: a.frontal lobe b.parietal lobe c.temporal lobe d.occipital lobe
Q:
a young child is referred to dr. marcos psychology practice following a severe accident. the child had vision prior to the accident, but because of a blow to the head, she can no longer see. her eyes are still fully functional. based on this information, dr. marco determines that the brain area most likely damaged in the accident is the: a.frontal lobe b.parietal lobe c.temporal lobe d.occipital lobe
Q:
the model of lexical access that was specifically designed to account for auditory word recognition was the: a.spreading activation model b.logogen model c.cohort model d.search mode
Q:
the model of lexical access that assumes that a words orthographic and phonetic properties must be accounted for separately is the: a.cohort model b.logogen model c.autonomous search model d.hierarchical network model
Q:
which of the following is not a characteristic of the cerebral cortex? a.it has a wrinkled appearance. b.it is the largest part of the human brain. c.the corpus callosum provides connections between the two hemispheres. d.damage to this area typically results in death.
Q:
which of the following structures is not considered a part of the cerebral cortex? a.occipital lobes b.parietal lobes c.temporal lobes d.brain stem
Q:
in the bock and a.lemma b.lexeme c.morpheme d.basic-level
Q:
a lemma refers to: a.syntactic aspects of word knowledge. b.phonological aspects of word knowledge c.semantic aspects of word knowledge d.all of the above
Q:
in a spreading activation model, the process of lexical access begins with: a.intersection search b.activation of a single node c.the selection of word-initial candidates d.the identification of a unique recognition point
Q:
pleasurable and desirable experiences activate dopamine neurons in which structure of the basal ganglia? a.thalamus b.hippocampus c.amygdala d.nucleus accumbens
Q:
damage to this brain structure can produce symptoms resembling parkinsons disease: a.hypothalamus b.hippocampus c.amygdala d.basal ganglia
Q:
the class of models that assumes that words are represented in the internal lexicon within a network of interconnecting nodes is called: a.hierarchical network models b.spreading activation models c.lemma-based models d.cohort models
Q:
which of the following structures is important for experiencing reward? a.frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex b.nucleus accumbens of the basal ganglia c.frontal lobe of the basal ganglia d.nucleus accumbens of the cerebral cortex
Q:
the basal ganglia is a system of subcortical structures critical for: a.planning and producing movement b.regulating emotions c.synthesizing incoming information d.thinking
Q:
lexical hierarchies contain _________, in which most of the distinguishing attributes of a concept are assigned. a.basic level terms b.associations c.lexemes d.lemmas
Q:
the typicality effect: a.is inconsistent with the original collins and quillian model b.refers to the ease of verifying an ostrich is a bird relative to a canary is a bird c.refers to the act that more typical members of a category take longer to verify d.all of the above
Q:
the unexpected finding from collins and quillians research was that: a.atypical category members took longer to verify than typical members b.children verify basic level terms faster than adults do c.verification times were faster when shared featural information was available at every node d.distance between nodes did not affect reaction time
Q:
which of the following subcortical structures plays an important role in fear learning? a.hypothalamus b.hippocampus c.amygdala d.basal ganglia
Q:
a task in which participants are presented with statements such as an a is a b and are asked to determine as quickly as possible whether the sentence is true or false is called a _____ task. a.typicality b.semantic verification c.hierarchical network d.category-size
Q:
the amygdala plays an important role in _____, whereas the hippocampus plays an important role in _____. a.fear or emotional reactions; spatial memory b.emotions; automatic behaviors c.spatial memory; fear or emotional reactions d.automatic behaviors; emotions
Q:
in order to preserve cognitive economy, collins and quillian suggested that we store semantic information: a.only at the highest possible node b.at every appropriate node c.at those nodes used most commonly d.only at the lexeme level
Q:
this brain structure is associated with the formation of memories: a.thalamus b.amygdala c.hippocampus d.hypothalamus
Q:
intersection search refers to the process of: a.activating multiple meanings of a word in parallel b.searching for information relevant to both items in a semantic verification task c.the process of activating words base on their initial consonant d.deciding whether a string of letters is a word
Q:
according to a study by maguire and colleagues, which part of a taxi drivers brain is more likely to be larger than normal, and why? a.frontal lobe; quick motor reactions b.hippocampus; greater and more accurate representations of the spatial world c.cerebellum; quick motor reactions d.thalamus; greater and more accurate representations of the spatial world
Q:
the thalamus receives nearly all sensory information before relaying it to the cortex. what is the one sensation that is the exception to this rule? a.smell b.visual c.auditory d.none of the above
Q:
the principle that prevents lexical information from being stored redundantly is called: a.intersection search b.semantic priming c.taxonomic relationship d.cognitive economy
Q:
a representation of concepts that is organized with respect to their relationships with one another is known as a: a.schema b.cohort model c.lemma d.semantic network
Q:
the fact that the term spinster tends to convey the notion of a person that is old and stodgy is part of the terms: a.denotation b.sense c.reference d. connotation
Q:
information travels from our sensory receptors to the _____ in the brain, which relays it to higher association areas. a.basal ganglia b.hypothalamus c.thalamus d.cerebellum
Q:
sparrow and robin are _____ of bird. a.hypernyms b.coordinates c.synonyms d.hyponyms
Q:
anke is working in a laboratory and comes across a rat that is grossly overweight and seems unable to stop eating. the researcher tells anke this rat has a brain lesion. which part of the brain most likely has the lesion? a.amygdala b.hypothalamus c.frontal lobe d.brain stem
Q:
a words place in a system of relationships with other words in the vocabulary is called its: a.sense b.reference c.connotation d.denotation
Q:
you read that a group of brain cells called the suprachiasmatic nucleus helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle, a bodily function. based on your texts discussion of subcortical structures, you surmise that the suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the: a.basal ganglia b.amygdala c.pons d.hypothalamus
Q:
yves has been drinking. he has difficulty walking a straight line when asked to do so by a police officer. apparently, yvess _____ is functioning poorly. a.cerebellum b.thalamus c.reticular formation d.hippocampus
Q:
a cognitive structure that represents an aspect of our environment is known as a: a.semantic model b.cohort model c.mental model d.network model
Q:
damage to this brain area would have a profound impact on motor learning: a.brocas area b.brain stem c.cerebellum d.cerebral cortex
Q:
_________ is crucial for establishing the truth value of a sentence. a.denotation b.connotation c.sense d.reference
Q:
the relationship between words and things in the world is the _____ of a word. a.sense b.reference c.connotation d.denotation
Q:
which brain stem structure influences the sleep cycle, as well as general alertness? a.reticular formation b.amygdala c.cerebellum d.medulla
Q:
_____ are involved when a bound morpheme is added to a free morpheme to create new words, such as -ness turning good (an adjective) into goodness (a noun). a.inflectional morphemes b.functional morphemes c.substantive morphemes d.derivational morphemes
Q:
which of the following structures is most likely to control basic survival functions? a.thalamus b.amygdala c.pons d.hippocampus
Q:
which of the following alternatives identifies the structures in the brain stem? a.medulla, thalamus, amygdala b.reticular formation, thalamus, amygdala c.medulla, thalamus, reticular formation d.medulla, pons, reticular formation
Q:
including _______ complicates estimation of the size of the mental lexicon. a.syntax b.grammar c.morphology d.phonology
Q:
agrammatic patients seem to have particular difficulty with: a.word order b.grammatical agreement of noun and verb c.closed-class words d.comprehension, as opposed to speaking
Q:
the brain stem consists of: a.the pons b.the medulla c.the midbrain d.all of the above
Q:
capsaicin rubs, tiger balm, and other salves used by athletes to soothe muscle injuries create a burning sensation. this sensation is likely due to the fact that the skin receptors they affect signal the release of _____, which eventually prevents the affected neurons from transmitting pain signals. a.substance p b.endorphins c.gaba d.cholecystokinins
Q:
when experiencing the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, people typically remember a word that ________ the word they cant retrieve. a.means the same thing as b.sounds like c.shares the syntactic category with d.has no relation to
Q:
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon reveals how words in the mental lexicon are organized: a.categorically b.phonologically c.morphologically d.hierarchically
Q:
narcotics, such as heroin and morphine, are probably rapidly addictive because they: a.block neural transmission b.cause a placebo effect c.activate the release of substance p d.bind to endorphin receptors
Q:
gaba is to glutamate as _____ is to _____. a.control; out of control b.inhibit; excite c.arouse; paralyze d.awake; asleep
Q:
the process by which we activate meanings from the internal lexicon is called: a.language comprehension b.lexical access c.morphological analysis d. parsing
Q:
alcohol is a depressant, not a stimulant. although alcohol may make people feel outgoing, it inhibits the nervous system by effectively increasing the binding of: a.gaba b.epinephrine c.serotonin d.glutamate
Q:
why are the dramatic improvements with l-dopa often short-lived for parkinsons patients? a.eventually the neurons are unable to synthesize dopamine. b.though production of dopamine increases, overall too many neurons die off. c.l-dopa ceases to eliminate the overproduction of dopamine. d.over time l-dopa becomes toxic to neurons.