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Q:
which is not true of planning and production cycles of speech? a.the ratio of speaking to pausing time is roughly the same for all speakers. b.speakers plan the next unit of speech while pausing. c.speakers pause more before producing yes/no questions. d.speakers pause more before producing low-frequency words.
Q:
the idea that the brain is extremely malleable and is continuously changing as a result of injury, experiences, or substances is known as: a.the action potential b.the all-or-none principle c.plasticity d.synesthesia
Q:
the phenomenon in which we move the articulators in the vocal tract to the position needed for upcoming sounds is referred to as: a.incremental processing b.anticipatory coarticulation c.perseveratory coarticulation d.self-monitoring
Q:
the vocal cords or vocal folds are included in which system of production? a.respiratory b.laryngeal c.supralaryngeal d.none of the above
Q:
according to dell, the lexical bias effect: a.should be independent of speaking rate b.should be greater with faster speaking rates c.should be greater with slower speaking rates d.should be the same in faster and slower speaking rates
Q:
which of the following research goals is not a purpose of a knockout mouse? a.to determine the effects of a removed or disrupted gene on the genome b.to determine the effect of a removed or disrupted gene on other genes c.to determine how a removed gene might interact with the environment d.to reduce the need for mris and other invasive techniques to study brain development
Q:
to study the influence of a single gene on behavior, researchers can render a mouse gene inactive or they can disrupt it. these are called _____ mice. a.inbred b.outbred c.knockin d.knockout
Q:
dells (1986) parallel model of language production differs from fromkins model in that dells model: a.includes semantic, syntactic, morphological, and phonological levels of processing b.assumes that production becomes progressively more automatic over time c.assumes that different levels of processing are active at the same time d.assumes multiple levels of processing, with one process active at a time
Q:
motleys (1980) study of sexually themed slips of the tongue showed: a.the degree to which undergraduates think about sex b.that participants ideas influence the kinds of speech errors they make c.the participants with the lowest sexual cognitive set responded with sexual spoonerisms the most often d.that in typical laboratory situations, subjects are unable to repress thoughts of a sexual nature
Q:
the lexical bias effect: a.refers to the fact that speech errors more commonly result in words than in nonwords b.is inconsistent with the hypothesis that we covertly edit our utterances on semantic grounds c.provides support for fromkins model of speech production d.provides support for a freudian explanation of speech errors
Q:
which of the following facts have researchers not learned from studying the genetics of psychological characteristics? a.genes are specific to biological characteristics only. b.specific single genes can be marked for specific abnormal physical characteristics. c.sociability and intelligence are primarily genetic traits. d.genes for psychological characteristics are likely connected with genes for biological characteristics.
Q:
the method of inducing subjects to produce errors such as barn door after producing sequences such as bell dark and bean deck, and darn bore is known as the _______________ technique: a.lexical bias b.production cycle c.anticipatory retracing d.phonological bias
Q:
according to the study conducted by avshalom caspi, boys who had been mistreated and showed the low-mao gene were: a.least likely to commit a crime b.responsible for more than half the crimes committed by the group c.no more likely to commit a crime than the boys without the low-mao gene but who had been mistreated d.no more likely to commit a crime than boys with low-mao genes who were not mistreated
Q:
you have conducted a large study examining children who carry a gene linked to depression, have experienced severe environmental trauma, or both. based on your knowledge regarding the interaction between environment and genetics, who is most likely to show signs of depression later in life? a.those who showed early signs of depression b.those who carried the gene linked to depression c.those who showed both early signs of depression and carried the depression-linked gene d.none of the children would be predicted to more likely develop depression
Q:
heritability refers to: a.the degree to which genes control a characteristic b.the degree to which shared environments account for a shared characteristic among siblings c.the degree to which a mothers characteristics are passed on versus a fathers characteristics d.an estimate of how much of the variation in a characteristic is due to known genetic variation
Q:
_________ processes prevent speakers from inadvertently producing utterances that are linguistically and socially unacceptable. a.agreement b.self-repair c.editing d.phonological bias
Q:
____________ refers to the process by which a phoneme, during a speech error, is shifted to a new location (such as /s/ in run outs) and takes the form appropriate to the new location (e.g., /s/ rather than /z/). a.planning b.accommodation c.undershooting d.coarticulation
Q:
in the speech error it certainly run outs fast, the final phoneme in outs a.is /s/, which supports the notion that affix stage of production precedes the phonetic stage b. is /z/, which supports the notion that the affix stage of production precedes the phonetic stage c.is /s/, which refutes the notion that the affix stage of production precedes the phonetic stage d.is /z/, which refutes the notion that the affix stage of production precedes the phonetic stage
Q:
heredity refers to: a.the transmission of characteristics from parents to children through genetics b.the transmission of characteristics from parents to children through genetics and environment c.a statistical estimate of observed variation in a population caused by genetic variation d.the extent to which organisms differ from each other
Q:
the strongest evidence for independence of planning units is that: a.speakers never produce more than one error in the same sentence b.no two speakers have ever made the same speech error c.speakers tend to make mistakes at a single stage, leaving the rest of the utterance intact d.speakers tend to make mistakes at a single stage, which causes predictable errors at all other stages.
Q:
heritability can best be understood: a.in the way it applies to individuals b.as a population estimate c.as a way to understand variations between genetic groups d.as the absolute value for calculating the relative influence of genes on behavior
Q:
which of the following statements is true? a.monozygotic twins have the same environment. b.dizygotic twins have the same genes. c.nontwin siblings share exactly the same genes. d.dizygotic twins have different environments.
Q:
why do monozygotic twins have different phenotypes? a.they have different genotypes. b.they have nonshared environments. c.they have the same environments but different genes. d.they have only minor phenotypic variation across a few physical traits but no differences in psychological traits.
Q:
according to fromkins model of production, the speech error stop beating your brick against a head wall occurs at the _____ stage. a.content word b.intonation contour c.phonetic segment d.affix
Q:
the advantage of studying monozygotic twins is that: a.all of their behaviors are identical b.they are treated the same in their environment c.they are easy to locate and track for research d.they are genetically identical
Q:
according to fromkins model of production, the speech error a singing sewer machine occurs at the _____ stage of production. a.content word b.intonation contour c.phonetic segment d.affix
Q:
maria wants to determine whether genetics or environment has a greater influence on intelligence. the best technique for determining this influence would be a study using: a.monozygotic twins who are reared apart b.dizygotic twins who are reared apart c.fraternal twins who are reared apart d.identical twins who are reared together
Q:
according to fromkins model, what is the correct order of stages of production? a.syntactic structure, content words, phonetic segments, intonation contour b..content words, syntactic structure, phonetic segments, intonation contour c.syntactic structure, intonation contour, content words, phonetic segment d.content words, syntactic structure, intonation contour, phonetic segments
Q:
in general, siblings of different ages raised together have: a.the same genes but different environments b.the same environment but different genes c.different genes and different environments d.the same genes and same environments
Q:
models that view speech production as a sequence of stages that occur one at a time are referred to as _____ models. a.serial b.incremental c.parallel d.converging
Q:
according to freud, speech errors represent: a.unintended but revealing expression of repressed thoughts b.the degree of stress patients experience during psychoanalysis c.the unconscious attempt by patients to deceive psychoanalysts d.innocent phonological errors
Q:
which variables of behavioral genetics can be examined with adoption studies? a.genetics only b.environment only c.genetics and environment d.parenting
Q:
adoption studies are an important tool of behavioral genetics because they: a.allow us to examine the effects of nonrelated mothering b.allow us to look at the contributions of environment and genetics on behavior c.are so rare d.show that environment overwhelms the effect of genes
Q:
a freudian explanation of speech errors is that: a.speech is produced in separate stages, each devoted to a single level of linguistic analysis b.multiple speech plans occur simultaneously and plans compete for dominance c.multiple speech plans occur, but speech errors solely represent conflict at the articulatory level d.there is only one speech plan; speech errors are used to mask a speakers disturbing thoughts.
Q:
in studies of speech errors, it has been found that elements that interact with one another tend to: a.come from different linguistic environments b.be phonologically distinct from one another c.preserve phonological rules of the language d.result in nonsense words
Q:
bill and his sister ann are twins; however, they cannot be: a.monozygotic twins b.dizygotic twins c.fraternal twins d.raised apart
Q:
ana is studying the similarity of monozygotic versus dizygotic twins, examining characteristics ranging from criminality to math aptitude to introversion. it is likely that she is working in the field of: a.child development b.psychometrics c.behavioral genetics d.genometrics
Q:
saying clarefully (instead of carefully) is an example of a(n) ________ error. a.substitution b.exchange c.addition d.anticipation
Q:
in studies of monozygotic twins separated at birth and adopted into different environments, there are: a.no similarities b.only physical similarities c.only broad personality trait similarities d.sometimes a surprising number of similarities with regard to idiosyncratic behaviors
Q:
a speech error or slip of the tongue in which one speech segment disappears from its appropriate location and appears somewhere else is called a(n): a.blend b.shift c.exchange d.anticipation
Q:
you have hissed my mystery lectures is an example of a: a.malapropism b.perserveration c.spoonerism d.blend
Q:
in considering the relative contributions of genes and environment, most scientists would agree that: a.environment plays the more important role in shaping behavior b.only genes shape behavior c.social context has little effect on behavior d.genes and environment interact to determine behavior
Q:
most behavioral geneticists are primarily interested in: a.mapping the human genome b.discovering how genes control psychological but not biological behaviors c.proving that genes have a stronger influence on behavior than does environment d.discovering the degree of genetic and environmental influence on psychological phenomena
Q:
for most speakers, spontaneous speech errors tend to occur a.infrequently and randomly b.frequently and randomly c.infrequently and in highly regular patterns d.frequently and in highly regular patterns
Q:
which of the following phenomena would not be part of a study in behavioral genetics? a.the effect of one environment on another environment b.the effect of genetic information on environments c.the effect of environmental and genetic interactions on biological phenomena d.the effect of environmental and genetic interactions on psychological phenomena
Q:
studies of speech errors: a.are entertaining and interesting but not considered to be scientifically credible b.are only interesting to psychoanalysts c.are worth undertaking because they inform psychologists about patterns of speech production and planning d.are not worth undertaking because theyve provided little insight into speech production and planning
Q:
hemophilia is a genetic disorder in which the individual is unable to produce the blood clotting factor. it is a sex-linked genetic mutation. if the mother carries the mutation on one of her x chromosomes but not the other, the chances of her son inheriting the mutated x, and thus developing the disease, would statistically be: a.100 percent b.50 percent c.25 percent d.0 percent
Q:
according to levelt (1989), there are four major stages in language production. which of the following is not one of these stages? a.conceptualizing
b.formulating
c.articulating
d.rephrasing
Q:
in sexual reproduction, both parents contribute one half of the chromosomes. the egg carries: a.y chromosomes only b.x chromosomes only c.x or y chromosomes d.x and y chromosomes
Q:
reder and anderson (1980) compared recall of standard passages with recall of passages with many details omitted. they found that retention was: best with the standard passages
best when the details were omitted
equivalent in the two conditions
best when details were presented tersely
Q:
palincsar and brown (1984) were able to demonstrate substantial increases in student reading comprehension when: a.titles oriented the students to certain passages in the text b.the students read the passage out loud c.the students were taught to formulate questions that addressed the important points of the text d.the students chose the material themselves
Q:
in sexual reproduction, both parents contribute one half of the chromosomes. the sperm carry: a.y chromosomes only b.x chromosomes only c.x or y chromosomes d.x and y chromosomes
Q:
according to the text discussion, the best overall comprehension strategy when faced with unfamiliar material is to: a.use schemata to guide discourse processing b.draw as many inferences as possible c.use shadowing as much as possible d.pay close attention to local discourse structure
Q:
which of the following is the name for the mutation in which moths become a darker color as an adaptation to pollution? a.industrial melanism b.evolutionary coloration c.color variation d.genotypic melanism
Q:
cell division refers to which of the following processes? a.the process by which cells mutate b.the duplication of chromosomes as the cell divides into two new cells with identical chromosome structure c.the cell divides into two new but genetically unique and specialized cells d.the process by which a cell undergoes a polygenic effect
Q:
according to the text discussion, students might have difficulty remembering the most important points in a lecture because: a.the schemata of students is in conflict with the schemata of lecturers b.students rely on written text to construct an appropriate schema c.students lack a relevant schema for unfamiliar material d.the creation of a schema during a lecture competes with the auditory processing of the lecture
Q:
anomalous suspense occurs when: a.we find a novel suspenseful even when we know how it turns out b.we prefer unpredictable stories over more predictable ones c.stories elicit cognitive reactions rather than emotional ones d.the title of a story conflicts with the story content
Q:
why are gametes unique? a.they contain half of every chromosome pair. b.they allow a doubling of the paired chromosomes. c.they contain only x or y chromosomes. d.they are fertilized zygotes.
Q:
cross-cultural investigations of story recall have found that: a.cultures differ significantly in what constitutes a good story b.recall patterns are very similar across cultures c.oral cultures tend to prefer shorter stories d. children in all cultures recalled stories better than adults
Q:
the mutation that became the recessive characteristic for sickle-cell anemia is adaptive in: a.malaria-prevalent environments b.non-african americans only c.african americans d.no known environments and, as a recessive characteristic, is likely to die out
Q:
which of the following statements is most nearly true? a.nearly all mutations are harmful. b.nearly all mutations are beneficial. c.most mutations are either very harmful or highly beneficial. d.most mutations are benign, with little effect.
Q:
studies of the processing of episodes have found that: a.we tend to remember episodes in an all-or-none fashion b.reading times are fastest at the beginnings and ends of episodes c.we remember reactions and goals better than attempts and outcomes d.readers are oblivious to the emotional responses of characters in stories
Q:
the process by which chromosomes duplicate and the cell divides into new cells with identical chromosome structure is called: a.fertilization b.cell division c.mutation d.conception
Q:
studies of the role of titles in text comprehension have shown that: a.titles are only comprehended after the passage is understood b.titles orient readers to particular aspects of a passage c.readers often find titles to be distracting d.subjects ignore titles when searching for an appropriate schema
Q:
the fertilized egg is known as the: a.gamete b.ovum c.zygote d.allele
Q:
a structure in semantic memory that specifies the general or expected arrangement of a body of information is called a: a.discourse model b.situational model c.parsing mechanism d.schema
Q:
the smith children, although genetically related, all show slight variations in the color of their skin. these variations are most likely the result of: a.single genotype expression b.cell division c.polygenic effects d.dominant gene effects
Q:
memory for _______ shows the least forgetting over time. a.surface text b.verbatim representation c.situations d.propositions
Q:
people, even from the same family, vary in intelligence. this variation suggests that intelligence is: a.controlled by a single gene b.a function of personality c.genetically determined d.polygenic
Q:
personality is most likely a _____ trait. a.dominant b.recessive c.polygenic d.amorphous
Q:
perrig and kintsch (1985) found that when a text used sentences such as north of the highway just east of the river is a gas station, subjects were more likely to store the text in the form of: a.a surface representation b.a propositional representation c.a situational model d.a motion sentence
Q:
inferences that are drawn during discourse comprehension: a.reflect the imaginative contribution of skilled readers b.are the result of recall errors c.are necessary for processing discourse effectively d. are rarely drawn when reading printed material
Q:
mckoon and ratliffs (1980) study of spreading activation showed that the greatest degree of priming was between propositions: a.close in the discourse structure b.close in the surface structure c.similar in verbatim representation d.concurrently represented in a situational model
Q:
at conception, ones _____ is fixed, whereas ones _____ is always changing throughout ones lifetime. a.genotype; phenotype b.phenotype; genotype c.genotype; dominant gene d.dominant gene; genotype
Q:
.kintsch and keenan (1973) found that sentences with more propositions _____ than those with fewer propositions. a.are harder to recall b.are easier to recall c.take longer to read d.take less time to read
Q:
shaliyo, an infant, can only eat and drink foods low in phenylalanine. it is likely that shaliyo: a.suffers from phenylketonuria (pku), a genetic disorder b.can only drink or eat foods containing aspartame c.is only able to digest the enzyme phenylalanine d.is unable to digest any artificial sweetener
Q:
a genotype is _____, whereas a phenotype is _____. a.underlying; observed b.expressed; inherited c.genetic; environmental d.dominant; recessive
Q:
jarvella (1971) presented individuals with a long oral passage, interrupted it at irregular intervals, and had them write down as much of the preceding discourse as they could, verbatim. the results showed that the percentage of correct recall of a clause was greater if: a.it was part of the current sentence as opposed to the preceding sentence b.they were allowed to try to complete the sentence orally c.it was pragmatically significant d.it could be imagined visually
Q:
the level of discourse that specifies the meaning of a passage apart from the exact words used is the: a.surface representation b.verbatim representation c.propositional representation d.situational model
Q:
an instructor looking at her class is also looking at: a.stereotypes b.archetypes c.genotypes d.phenotypes