Q&A Hero

Q: which of the following segments of patient-physician discourse tends to be the briefest? patient description of symptoms physician presentation of diagnosis physician recommendation of course of action patient reiterating understanding of course of action

Q: scotty makes dinner by looking at his ingredients and then combining them into a meal. nora makes dinner by deciding on the meal and then selecting the ingredients. scotty is cooking in a _____ manner, and nora is cooking in a _____ manner. a.bottom-up; top-down b.top-down; bottom-up c.top-down; top-down d.bottom-up; bottom-up

Q: therapist responses to unsolicited comments include: a.ignoring the intrusion b.responding to the unsolicited responder but steering the conversation back to the intended addressee c.allowing the unsolicited comment to open up a new conversational topic d. all of the above

Q: reformulation in therapeutic discourse refers to: a.clients rephrasing their thoughts into clearer form b. therapists transforming client discourse into a specific problem c.therapists repeating client statements in psychological jargon d.therapists applying a specific clinical term to a clients problem or symptoms

Q: a region of this area in the right hemisphere of the brain appears to be specialized for perceiving faces. a.prosopagnosia b.fusiform gyrus c.amygdala d.visual cortex

Q: studies of therapeutic discourse have found that therapists are unwilling to challenge client statements, because: a.conflict reduces the rapport needed for therapeutic change b.the client might think that the therapist was judging them. c.therapists always need to conceal their own opinions from the client d. those statements necessarily set the direction for the therapeutic session.

Q: as part of an experiment, amanda is seated in front of a blank computer screen. on each trial, a line appears on the screen and then an object appears above the line. the task is to name the object as rapidly as possible. the object is either presented alone or within a scene. for example, a chicken may be presented alone or in a barnyard. people are significantly faster at naming the object when it is presented in the scene. this result is evidence for: a.bottom-up processing in visual perception b.top-down processing in visual perception c.the role of context in figure-ground segmentation d.a cognitive application of the gestalt laws

Q: the major problem to be explained in depth perception is that: a.the environment contains too few depth cues b.there are no receptor cells that are selective for depth c.there are no cells in the primary visual cortex that are selective for depth d.the retina input is two-dimensional

Q: a conversational setting in which participants engage in speech exchanges that resemble ordinary conversation but are governed by organizational rules is called a(n): a.personal setting b. institutional setting c.therapeutic setting d.informal setting

Q: which of the following terms is most nearly synonymous with the term disparity? a.difference b.distance c.constancy d.sensitivity

Q: some studies have found that men interrupt women more than vice versa whereas other studies have found no gender differences in interruptions. in looking at patterns of studies, we find that such interruptions were more common when the studies were conducted a.in social settings as opposed to formal tasks b.by women c. in the 1970s as opposed to later studies d.in the 1990s and beyond

Q: if you close one eye, you will still be able to use _____ as a depth cue, but you will not be able to use _____ as a depth cue. a.linear perspective; occlusion b.texture gradients; disparity c.convergence; motion parallax d.disparity; linear perspective

Q: recent research on gender and language: a.confirmed that women use tag questions more than men b. do not find that women use tag questions more than men c.found that women used tag questions more when they were the more powerful partner in the relationship d.found that either party used tag questions more when they were the more powerful partner in the relationship, regardless of gender

Q: each eye sees more of the world on its own side of the visual field. a combination of the views from the two eyes provides humans with an adaptive advantage by creating a broader panorama of the scene. it also creates the depth cue of: a.linear perspective b.motion parallax c.occlusion d.disparity

Q: fishmans (1978) analysis of couples in conversation concluded that womens use of informal phrases (such as dya know?): a.reflects the growing equality between men and women b. reflects the asymmetry between men and women c.reflects a lack of assertiveness in women d.reflects confidence and boldness in women

Q: as pippa threads a needle, her eyes rotate inward. she knows the needle is close enough to perform the task by virtue of the depth cue termed: a.convergence b.disparity c.occlusion d.parallax

Q: according to lakoff (1975), women use tag questions: a. more than men b.the same amount as men c.less often than men d.less often than men, but rarely when speaking with other women

Q: if the muscles of one eye are paralyzed, making it impossible to change the point of focus of that eye, which kind of depth cue will become unavailable? a.linear perspective b.disparity c.occlusion d.motion parallax

Q: when an artist creates the illusion of depth in a painting, she does so by using: a.depth cues from stereoscopic vision b.binocular depth cues c.monocular depth cues d.depth cues from retinal disparity

Q: zimmerman and west (1975) observed that in conversations between men and women: a. men tend to interrupt women more than vice versa b.women tend to delay their minimal responses more than men c.men tend to use overlaps more than women d.women dont view interruptions as violations of turn-taking rules

Q: hornstein (1985) observed that in comparison with talk between acquaintances or strangers, talk between friends: a.included more filled pauses b.tended to include a single topic of conversation c.rarely included profanity d. included more laughter

Q: leonardo da vinci identified many monocular (pictorial) depth cues, including _____, in which a near object blocks an object that is farther away. a.occlusion b.relative size c.familiar size d.linear perspective

Q: li-ting is painting a picture. she paints a vase of flowers and then, right next to it, half of a book. when bijal looks at the painting, she sees the book as being _____ because of _____. a.adjacent to the vase; occlusion b.adjacent to the vase; linear perspective c.behind the vase; linear perspective d.behind the vase; occlusion

Q: in their study of common ground, clark and krych (2004) found that participants assembled lego models more efficiently when: a.the directors conversed directly with the builders, but neither could see the other b. the directors could converse directly with the builders and each could see the other. c. the directors instructions were audiotaped and the builders could repeat them as often as they needed d.the directors could see the builders, but the builders could not see the directors.

Q: ayelet is trying to draw a picture of two people on opposite sides of a river. no matter how carefully she tries to draw the two people the same size, the person who is supposed to be on the distant side seems to be much taller than the person who is supposed to be on the closer side. you could explain that the depth cue of _____ means that she will need to draw _____ of the person who is to be seen as farther away. a.relative size; a smaller image b.relative size; a larger image c.familiar size; a larger image d.familiar size; a smaller image

Q: the shared understanding of those involved in a conversation (that is, person a knows x and b knows x and a knows that b knows x) is referred to as: a.conversational conventions b.informational convergence c.dyadic empathy d. common ground

Q: an example given in the text is when a diner asks his companion, could i use one of your forks? when the waitress is within earshot. although the statement is directly addressed to the dinner companion, it may also be seen as directed to a(n): a.addressee b.eavesdropper c.overhearer d.side participant

Q: in this pictorial depth cue, objects below the horizon that appear higher in the visual field are perceived as being farther away, and objects above the horizon that appear lower in the visual field are perceived as being farther away. a.occlusion b.relative size c.familiar size d.position relative to horizon

Q: an individual who listens in on a conversation without the speaker's awareness is called a(n): a. eavesdropper b.participant c.overhearer d.side participant

Q: daniel is standing on the outside platform of the train station. he is looking down the tracks hoping to see his train. as the tracks get farther from him the two sides of the tracks will appear to _____, providing the depth cue of _____. a.remain parallel; linear perspective b.converge; linear perspective c.remain parallel; texture gradient d.converge; texture gradient

Q: an individual who is openly present but does not participate in a conversation is called a(n): a.eavesdropper b.participant c. overhearer d.side participant

Q: when the moon is high in the sky it will appear _____ when it is close to the horizon. a.larger than b.just as distant as c.more distant than d.closer than

Q: an individual who is present during a conversation but not directly involved in a given conversational exchange is called a(n): a.eavesdropper b.participant c.overhearer d.side participant

Q: when you are on a small bluff, the ocean sand looks smooth and uniform, but when you sit down on the sand you can see all the bumps and colors. this difference is an example of which depthcue? a.position relative to the horizon b.figure to ground c.texture gradient d.motion parallax

Q: clark (1996) describes conversation in terms of: a.a set of unrelated layers, each of which is governed by a specific system of turn-taking rules b.a set of unrelated layers, whose relationship is understood by virtue of common knowledge of conversational participants c.a set of related layers which have to clearly connect to each other d.a set of related, but independent layers, each of which could be comprehended without reference to any other layer

Q: artists did not learn to represent depth in paintings until the renaissance. this fact suggests that: a.the use of these cues is not easily accessible to conscious analysis b.these cues mimic but are not the same as those available in the world c.it was counterintuitive to think that three dimensions could be represented in two dimensions d.depth is a matter of perception and so cannot be accurately depicted

Q: according to schank (1977), the topic of a conversation may be defined as: a.what conversationalists agree to in advance b.a set of preconditions c. the intersection of propositions across sentences d.none of the above

Q: this motion cue for depth perception specifies that near objects seem to pass more quickly than objects that are farther away. a.stereoscopic motion b.convergence c.motion aftereffects d.motion parallax

Q: a depth cue based on the relative movements of objects at various distances from the observer is termed motion: a.gradient b.constancy c.parallax d.disparity

Q: duncan (1972) observed that the combination of hand gestures and one or more turn-yielding cues signals that: a.the speaker is finished speaking b.the speaker is actively searching for a word or expression, but intends to continue speaking c.a speaker is searching for the right word or expression and is inviting another speaker to take the floor d.the speaker does not intend to participate further in the conversation

Q: speakers are almost never interrupted when: a.they look directly into the eyes of participants b.they drop the pitch of their voice c.they look away from participants d.they close their eyes to signal that they are searching for the right word or expression

Q: jodi is looking out the window of a train. she first looks at the people standing by the track watching the train go by. her gaze then shifts to the houses at a distance from the tracks. as a result of _____, the people seem to move by _____ than the houses. a.motion perspective; more slowly b.motion perspective; more quickly c.motion parallax; more slowly d.motion parallax; more quickly

Q: according to duncan (1972), which of the following is not a turn-yielding cue? a.a drop in pitch b.continued use of hand gestures c.use of stereotyped expressions, such as you know d.completion of a grammatical clause

Q: aditi is looking out the passenger-side window of a moving car. she is staring intently at a scarecrow in the middle of a large cornfield. the rows of corn between aditi and the scarecrow seem to be moving in the _____. the rows of corn beyond the scarecrow seem to be moving in the _____. a.opposite direction from aditi; same direction as aditi b.same direction as aditi; opposite direction from aditi c.opposite direction from aditi; opposite direction from aditi d.same direction as aditi; same direction as aditi

Q: in the sachs et al (1974) model, turn taking: a.has no rules b.has rules but the order depends on the personalities of the participants c.has three implicit and ordered rules d.requires that participants agree on turn sequence and turn length before the conversation begins

Q: when driving on the freeway, you notice that the bushes at the side of the road appear to be passing very quickly. in the distance you can see a very tall tree, and you notice that it takes half an hour to drive past it. what depth cue is causing this speed discrepancy? a.motion parallax b.compensatory movement c.stroboscopic movement d.changes in linear perspective

Q: according to the sacks, schegloff, and jefferson (1974) model of conversation, the primary rule is that: a.the current speaker is allowed to select the next speaker b.the first person to speak up during a silence gains the floor c.the current speaker may continue, although is not obligated to do so d.the speaker who yields the least number of turns is perceived to be the conversational leader

Q: an ames room is constructed so that the two back corners seem to be equidistant from the front of the room, when the right corner is actually much farther away. someone first sits in the left corner and then sits in the right corner. to an observer in the front of the room, that person will seem _____ when she or he is sitting in the right corner. a.farther away b.closer c.smaller d.bigger

Q: the illusion of the ames room works because: a.size is computed from an incorrect estimate of distance b.distance is inferred from an incorrect assumption about size c.the conflicting distance cues make a depth determination ambiguous d.the conflict between size and distance cues is incorrectly resolved

Q: when closing conversations, we are likely to signal the end of a conversation by a.summarizing the content of the conversation b.justifying ending contact at this time c.expressing pleasure about one's conversational partner d.planning for future contact

Q: the phrases we use to open conversation serve to: a.get a listeners attention and establish a conversational leader b.get a listeners attention and make a reference to the relationship to the conversational partner c.get a listeners attention and establish a turn-taking sequence d.get a listeners attention and justify ending contact

Q: what is the typical outcome for young children who, due to disease or injury, have an entire brain hemisphere removed during a hemispherectomy? a.the remaining hemisphere eventually takes on most of the lost hemispheres function. b.the children are most likely profoundly cognitively disabled. c.the children will be able to sit, but not walk. d.there is no change in any function immediately after the surgery, due to immediate neural plasticity.

Q: in conversation, typically: a.turn order is decided ahead of time b.turn length is decided ahead of time c.both turn order and turn length are decided ahead of time d.neither turn order nor turn length are decided ahead of time

Q: which of the following statements best summarizes the research examining differences between mens and womens brains? a.men have larger and thus superior brains. b.women have denser and thus superior brains. c.the brains of men and women may differ such that they accomplish the same task equally but in different ways. d.there are no differences between the brains of men and the brains of women.

Q: men and women have been shown to differ on all but which of the following? a.how they solve complex problems b.the degree to which they use language-related brain regions c.the size of the brain d.intelligence

Q: which of the following typically varies in conversation? a.the number of people b.the topic c.the turn length d.all of the above

Q: which of the following is not a type of discourse? a.a debate b.a conversation c.an award ceremony d.a poetry recital

Q: which of the following is an example of sexual dimorphism? a.differences in cognitive functioning between men and women b.existence of homosexuality c.changes in the size of the corpus callosum in left-handers versus right-handers d.hermaphrodite syndromes

Q: which of the following statements is the best explanation for synesthesia? a.because of the proximity of the two brain areas involved in seeing colors and understanding numbers, some of these areas have cross-connections. b.an individual with synesthesia has an extra cortical lobe in his or her brain. c.because of the proximity of the two brain areas involved in seeing color and understanding numbers, a short-circuit between the two areas causes the confusion. d.an individual with synesthesia is missing a portion of the cortex used to process color, so the auditory area of his or her brain must process the information.

Q: when two people engage in a coordinated activity, they are participating in what herbert clark termed: a.discourse b.bystanding c.joint action d.eavesdropping

Q: comparisons of language production in signers and speakers have found that: signers articulate signs about twice as fast as speakers articulate words pauses during production are longer in sign language than in spoken language signers use fewer pauses than speakers during language production signers make approximately twice as many slips of the hand as speakers make slips of the tongue during the same interval

Q: slips of the hand are similar to slips of the tongue in that: a.both are more likely to occur when the language producer is tired, anxious, or drunk b.both typically involve a single aspect of language production c.both are more likely to involve parallel processing than serial processing d.both involve regular cycles of production and hesitation

Q: when cal looks at the names of the days of the week on his calendar, each day looks as if it is written in a different color. for example, cal always sees monday as written in a light maroon color, while tuesday is always in royal blue. based on cals description, it is likely that he is a(n): a.integrative perceptionist b.synestheste c.holistic reader d.selective reader

Q: when our utterance is contextually inappropriate, as opposed to an out-and-out error, we are most likely to use a(n): a.anticipatory retracing b.instant repair c.fresh start d.all of the above are equally likely

Q: the cross-sensory experience of tasting a visual image or seeing particular words in color is called: a.bimodal perception b.synesthesia c.synaptic transmission d.perceptual diversity

Q: we are more likely to pronounce the as thiy (rhymes with see) as opposed to thuh (rhymes with the first syllable in about) when we are: a.more closely monitoring our speech b.having problems with some aspect of our speech production c.speaking more fluently d.all of the above

Q: which of the following would be the best example of phantom limb syndrome? a.not remembering that you have lost your arm b.experiencing intense sensations in your leg, even though the leg has actually been amputated c.dreaming about your missing limb as if it were still there d.using a prosthetic limb

Q: which of the following statements is a myth about brain plasticity across the life span? a.most forgetting occurs later in life. b.adult brains form no new cells. c.neurogenesis occurs across the life span. d.environmental conditions play a large role in neurogenesis.

Q: studies of self-interruptions during speech have found that we tend to interrupt and correct ourselves: a.immediately b.at the end of the word in which the error occurred c.after we have completed the current clause d.after we have completed the current sentence

Q: according to research on peoples responses to facial expressions of emotion, which of the following statements is not true? a.people are best at identifying emotions in the faces of people from their same culture. b.people across cultures recognize a general set of basic human facial emotions. c.people from eastern cultures are unable to recognize neutral versus fearful facial expressions. d.people from different cultures show some variation in their recognition of human facial emotions.

Q: expressions such as im sorry, and or rather are examples of: a.self-interruption b.inner speech c.accommodation d.self-repair

Q: krauss et al (1998) showed that ____________ facilitated the retrieval of words from the lexicon. a.filled pauses b.gestures c.silent pauses d.interruptions

Q: cultural neuroscience is least likely to involve: a.the study of dominant gene effects affecting bone growth and development b.analyses of social and emotional processes in perception of faces c.measurements of eye movements toward particular objects in individuals residing in japan versus england d.examining brain scans of individuals from western and eastern cultures as they listen to voices

Q: based on the study on enriched environments, what might you predict would be the effects of a superior preschool program versus an inferior preschool program on the mental development of human children? a.there should be no effect, as intelligence is primarily genetic in humans. b.the inferior program should result in greater mental development because the children would have to work harder to learn, providing an enriched experience. c.the superior program should result in greater mental development, because the children would have experienced an enriched environment during their critical period. d.there should be no effect because both preschool programs would occur outside the critical period for mental development in children.

Q: jimmys crossed eyes were not diagnosed and treated until he was an adolescent. based on your knowledge of critical periods, what do you think would be the result of the crossed eyes on his adult vision? a.the crossed eyes will have no effect on his adult vision. b.the crossed eyes are likely to result in poorer adult vision because they were not corrected until after the critical period. c.the crossed eyes are unlikely to result in poorer adult vision because they were corrected within the critical period. d.he will be blind because the correction occurred after the critical period.

Q: in the studies that deprived animals of early visual input, why did the visual cortex fail to develop? a.sufficient stimulation was not received within the critical developmental period. b.the eyes stopped functioning, so no information was received in the visual cortex. c.the animals were too young for visual cortex development. d.plasticity is not found in the visual cortex.

Q: your texts discussion of recent work with stem cells suggests that this research is exciting because it promises to _____ plasticity during development. a.exploit b.reverse c.disconfirm d.eliminate

Q: according to a study by schacter et al (1991), which speakers tend to pause the most during lectures? a.social scientists b.natural scientists c.artists d.humanists

Q: suppose 1 is entirely nature and 10 is entirely nurture. where would you put plasticity on this scale? a.1 or 2 b.2 or 3 c.5 or 6 d.9 or 10

Q: a childs brain looks and behaves very differently than an adults brain due to changes in the structure of the brain over the lifetime. this phenomenon is due to a property known as: a.developmental restructuring b.neural plasticity c.neural networking d.sociobiological influence