Q&A Hero

Q: children who acquire language using an expressive strategy tend to: a.use dummy terms in their sentences b.have poor articulation of individual sounds but clear sentence intonation patterns c.learn sentences as complete, unanalyzed units d.use mainly nouns

Q: children who acquire language using a referential strategy tend to: a.use dummy terms in their sentences b.have poor articulation of individual sounds but clear sentence intonation patterns c.learn sentences as complete, unanalyzed units d.use mainly nouns

Q: nelson (1973) found that ________ and ________ were two distinct strategies children tended to use for learning language: a.syntactic, positional b.ostensive, pragmatic c.original, basic d.referential, expressive

Q: cognitive factors, including _____, can close the neural gate in the spinal cord that allows the signals of pain to be sent to the brain. a.stress b.anxiety c.distraction d.fear

Q: semantic bootstrapping refers to childrens a.preference for putting certain words in specific positions in a sentence b.use of their knowledge of semantic relations to learn syntactic relations c.understanding that either agents and objects can be the subjects of sentences d.understanding that subjects are typically followed by predicates

Q: kwamie has broken his wrist. his friend, sam, has taken him to the er. while they are waiting, sam starts an argument with kwamie about the presidential election. while they are arguing, kwamie is feeling very little pain. this result has most likely occurred because: a.anger is incompatible with the experience of pain b.kwamie ignored the pain to make his points c.focusing on the argument closed the pain gate d.kwamies nerve fibers thickened as a physical symptom of anger

Q: the positional interpretation of childrens multi-word utterances is that children: a.prefer putting certain words in specific positions in a sentence b.use knowledge of semantic knowledge to learn syntactic relations c.intuitively grasp that either agents and objects can be the subjects of sentences d.intuitively grasp that subjects are typically followed by predicates

Q: bincheng has been taught to visualize the pain from his migraine headaches as simply a part of his experience of life. while he is engaging in this activity, an mri scan of his brain would be likely to show _____ activity in the part of the brain that registers _____. a.more; the emotional aspect of pain b.more; the sensory input of pain c.less; the emotional aspect of pain d.less; the sensory input of pain

Q: the auditory neurons extending from the _____ reach out with their axons to the primary auditory cortex (a1) in the _____. a.thalamus; parietal lobe b.thalamus; temporal lobe c.parietal lobe; thalamus d.temporal lobe; thalamus

Q: the primary auditory cortex is located in which brain lobe? a.frontal b.temporal c.occipital d.parietal

Q: if a child said dada when she heard her father come in, what semantic relation is involved? a.naming b.agent c.action d.object

Q: the best example of the agent and action semantic relation in two-word speech is: a.that box b.adam fall c.allgone truck d.sit bed

Q: placido is listening to an opera. when the soprano sings, his neurons respond to her voice primarily in the _____; when the bass sings, placidos neurons respond to his voice primarily in the _____. a.back of the primary auditory cortex; front of the primary auditory cortex b.front of the primary auditory cortex; back of the primary auditory cortex c.right thalamus; left thalamus d.left thalamus; right thalamus

Q: slobin (1985)s term __________ refers to his observation that children raised anywhere in the world undergo the same early stages of grammatical development. a.semantic bootstrapping b.basic child grammar c.fast-mapping d.expressive strategy

Q: mlu is an index of language progress that a.captures a childs ability to produce grammatical sentences b.captures a childs ability to produce the phonemes of their language sentences c.captures a childs ability to combine idiomorphs in a productive manner d.captures a childs ability to combine morphemes in a productive manner.

Q: some animals have ears that they can rotate in different directions. these animals have superior perception of: a.pitch b.location c.loudness d.intensity

Q: during baseball practice, the third-base coach yells to the pitcher to try a fastball. the pitcher knows that it is the third-base coach, not the first-base coach, who is talking to him because the sound of the coachs voice reaches his left ear _____ than his right ear and is _____ in his left ear than his right ear. a.later; softer b.later; louder c.sooner; softer d.sooner; louder

Q: approximately what proportion of the cerebral cortex has been estimated to be involved in vision in some way? a.10 percent b.25 percent c.50 percent d.75 percent

Q: which relation is the earliest to occur in one-word speech? a.object b.possessor c.location d.naming

Q: from an adaptive standpoint, the disproportionate area of the cortex devoted to vision suggests that our visual system _____ than our other senses. a.developed more complexity b.played a larger role in sexual selection c.developed later in the course of evolution d.facilitated survival more greatly

Q: a single-word utterance that is used by children to express more than the meaning attributed to that single word by adults is called a(n): a.holophrase b.overextension c.semantic relation d.deictic utterance

Q: the primary visual cortex is located in which brain lobe? a.frontal b.temporal c.occipital d.parietal

Q: ninios (1980) study of ostensive definitions in vocabulary learning found that the overwhelming percentage referred to: a.the most salient part of the object b.an action c.a whole object, rather than a part of the object d.all of the above

Q: in visual processing, ventral is to dorsal as: a.what is to where b.where is to what c.superior is to inferior d.both b and c

Q: roger browns (1958) original word game can go wrong because: a.more than one word can apply to a referent, and one word can apply to several referents b.caregivers typically name superordinate or subordinate terms, rather than basic-level terms, when speaking to children c.some objects do not have obvious basic-level terms d.caregivers tend to refer to a part of an object rather than the whole.

Q: if the ventral stream of your visual cortex was not working temporarily, you would be unable to understand _____ an object is; but if your dorsal stream was still functioning, you could understand _____ an object is. a.where; what b.what; where c.where; why d.what; why

Q: overextensions can be based on _____ similarity. a.functional, phonological, or random b.functional, perceptual, or affective c.syntactic, semantic, and phonological d.syntactic, semantic, and affective,

Q: the developmental process of assigning words to word classes is called: a.fast mapping b.categorical perception c.ostensive definition d.referential learning

Q: most of childrens early words: a.refer to objects in the environment that do not move b.refer to objects that the child cannot manipulate c.refer to nominals and action words d.refer to modifiers and function words

Q: while you are on a boat, the captain exclaims, look, theres a dolphin! what part of your processing stream allows you to locate the dolphin? a.the ventral stream b.the dorsal stream c.the spatial stream d.the perceptual stream

Q: your friend suddenly looks shocked and says, what is that over there? your brain would need to use your _____to locate the object, and your _____ to decide what itis. a.dorsal stream; ventral stream b.ventral stream; dorsal stream c.occipital lobe; parietal lobe d.parietal lobe; occipital lobe

Q: object agnosia provides support for the idea that there are two separate streams of analysis of visual information because it shows that: a.both streams are necessary for perception b.damage to one stream produces partial dysfunction in the other c.damage to the ventral stream still allows spatial perception d.damage to the ventral stream still allows object perception

Q: according to carey (1978) by age six, children typically have acquired approximately: a.1,400 words b.4,000 words c.14,000 words d.40,000 words

Q: prosopagnosia refers to a deficit in: a.recognizing faces b.naming objects c.recognizing objects d.producing speech

Q: the one-word stage starts at approximately: a.2 years old b.1 year old c.6 months old d.3 months old

Q: a condition in which some visual abilities remain in the absence of visual awareness is termed: a.brocas aphasia b.object agnosia c.macular degeneration d.blindsight

Q: according to the text, the most likely reason why children make phonological errors is that: a.they simply cannot produce the sounds correctly b.they cannot discriminate perceptually between the various sounds c.the demands of spontaneous speech overload their information processing capacity d.they prefer gesturing to speech

Q: a child who says baba for basket is illustrating: a.reduction b.coalescence c.assimilation d.reduplication

Q: a child who says fweet instead of sweet would be illustrating the phonological process called: a.reduction b.coalescence c.assimilation d.reduplication

Q: students participating in a psychology experiment are asked to identify the emotions expressed by a number of different kinds of faces. on which type of face would they recognize the emotion most quickly? a.happy man b.angry man c.happy woman d.angry woman

Q: a childs use of idiomorphs is important because it indicates that: a.objects can be named consistently b.objects can have personal names c.objects have permanence d.objects can be categorized

Q: with respect to facial recognition, which of the following statements is true? a.most people recognize anger more quickly on a mans face than on a womans. b.most people recognize happiness more quickly on a mans face than on a womans. c.neither a nor b is true. d.both a and b are true.

Q: in which of the following cases will the most accurate facial recognition occur? a.a white man recognizing another white mans face b.a black man recognizing a white mans face c.a white man recognizing a black mans face d.a black man recognizing an asian mans face

Q: personalized words that children invent and use in highly idiosyncratic ways are called: a.overextensions b.idiomorphs c.variegated babbling d.reduplicated babbling

Q: after being in a car crash, yuri has the selective inability to recognize faces. he is most likely suffering from _____ due to damage to his _____. a.agnosia; primary visual cortex b.agnosia; fusiform gyrus c.prosopagnosia; primary visual cortex d.prosopagnosia; fusiform gyrus

Q: subjects participating in an mri study are shown pictures of several kinds of faces. to which of these types of faces will the fusiform gyrus show the greatest activation? a.any upright face b.any upside-down face c.a face gazing to the left d.an angry face

Q: children babble more often: a.when adults are nearby b.when other children are nearby c.when they are alone d.when spoken to

Q: annabeth is almost an hour late to meet keir for dinner. at the entrance to the restaurant, she scans the room to see where he is sitting. her _____ enables her to recognize keir, and her _____ registers his mood and makes her cautious in approaching him. a.fusiform gyrus; amygdala b.occipital lobe; thalamus c.fusiform gyrus; thalamus d.occipital lobe; amygdala

Q: which of the following reflects the sequence of childrens early vocalizations? a.crying, babbling, assimilation, cooing b.babbling, cooing, coalescence, ideomorphs c.cooing, babbling, idiomorphs, holophrases d.cooing, babbling, holophrases, assimilation

Q: mehler et al (1988) showed that infants can distinguish intonational contours in their maternal language and those in another language by: a.one year b.six months c.two months d.four days

Q: damian frequently runs into carmen while he is walking his dog. he is puzzled because carmen always greets his dog, but never greets him until he has spoken to her. he becomes even more perplexed when carmen says, oh look, there is ryans car, even though ryan is standing right next to the car. you could enlighten damian by telling him that carmen quite likely suffers from: a.agnosia b.apraxia c.prosopagnosia d.aphasia

Q: the werker and tees (1984) study suggested that our ability to perceive phonemic distinctions: a.is set at infancy and does not decline with age. b.is only complete if, as infants, we are exposed to speech sounds that do not occur within our native language c.is fully-developed at infancy and declines rapidly over the first year of life d.depends entirely on the number and type of phonemes within our native language

Q: an evolutionary view of the perception of human emotions would hold that in societies with strict power hierarchies, people lower in the hierarchy will read the emotions of people higher in status _____ than they will read the emotions of people at their own level. a.less accurately b.as accurately c.more accurately d.either b or c

Q: werker and tees (1984) examined how infants from english-speaking families perceived phonemic contrasts from other languages (hindi and (salish/thompson). the study showed that: a.infant girls were better at perceiving non-native contrasts than infant boys were b.infants perceived hindi contrasts better than the salish/thompson contrasts c.the youngest infants studied could distinguish both contrasts, but the older infants could not d.none of the infants could distinguish any of the contrasts

Q: regarding visual illusions, which of the following statements is most accurate? a.illusions are largely irrelevant to understanding normal perceptual processes. b.illusions help reveal normal perceptual processes. c.most visual perception is actually illusory. d.illusions show that perception is mostly a bottom-up process.

Q: the first psychologists to emphasize the organizing processes underlying perception were the _____ psychologists. a.structural b.psychodynamic c.gestalt d.cognitive

Q: lasky, syrdal-lasky, and klein (1975) presented guatemalan infants from 4 to 6.5 months with vot contrasts corresponding to english, thai, and spanish phonemes. they found that the infants distinguished: a.the english and thai phonemes, but not the spanish phonemes b.the spanish phonemes, but not the english or thai phonemes c.the spanish and thai phonemes, but not the english phonemes d.the spanish, english, and thai phonemes

Q: this principle states that rather than perceiving a car as a group of distinct entities, such as metal, tires, glass, door handles, hubcaps, and fenders, we perceive the car as a whole unit. a.bottom-up processing b.bottom-down processing c.gestalt d.ponzo illusion

Q: in eimas et als (1971) study, 1- and 4-month-old infants responded to syllables whose initial consonant varied in its vot value. the results of the study showed that: a.neither group of infants was able to perceive the differences in the speech sounds b.both groups of infants heard differences in speech sounds, but nether was able to organize them into speech categories c.only the 4-month-olds were able to perceive differences in speech sounds and organize them into categories d.both groups were able to perceive differences in speech sounds and organize them into categories

Q: the fis phenomenon refers to the observation that: a.children simplify adult words in their pronunciation b.children imitate adult intonational patterns very early in life c.children can perceive phonological distinctions that they are unable to produce d.children cannot discriminate words any better than they can identify them

Q: consider the pattern: xxy xxy xxy. people perceive this pattern as consisting of three groups of three letters each. which gestalt principle accounts for this outcome? a.similarity b.good continuation c.proximity d.common region

Q: shatz (1978) examined how young children responded to complex questions (e.g., do you want to put the dog in the car?) and simple imperatives (e.g., put the dog in the car). shatz found that children: a.made more correct responses to simple imperatives than to complex questions b.did not comprehend either questions or imperatives c.comprehended questions and imperatives equally well d.tended to make action responses to both questions and imperatives

Q: according to the text, knowing how to use gestures and words to show off objects, make assertions, and make requests are aspects of: a.fis phenomena b.early phonology c.communicative competence d.discrimination performance

Q: reversible figures occur because: a.gestalt laws do not apply to them b.the figures contain internally contradictory cues c.there is not enough information to segment figure and ground clearly d.different cognitive interpretations are given the sensory information

Q: consider the two following patterns: >>>>><<<<< ; +++++*****. the ten characters in the first pattern are perceived as a single figure, whereas the ten characters in the second pattern are perceived as two groups of five characters each. which gestalt principle accounts for this outcome? a.similarity b.symmetry c.proximity d.closure

Q: people see the figure ( ) as an oval rather than two separate curving lines. which gestalt principle accounts for this outcome? a.similarity b.good continuation c.parallelism d.closure

Q: bates, camaioni, and volterra (1975) observed that 9-month-old carlotta began looking into her mothers face when taking an object from her. bates et al interpreted this to mean that carlotta had: a.learned that looking at an adult can be part of a request b.learned how to be defiant c.discovered that she didnt have to say please d.understood that her mother would be upset at having an object taken from her

Q: there is a loaf of bread behind a container of milk on the table in front of you. you see the bread as a single loaf rather than two half loaves, one on either side of the milk container. which gestalt principle accounts for this outcome? a.similarity b.good continuation c.parallelism d.closure

Q: a childs communicative act that involves the use of adults as a means to obtain objects is a(n): a.declarative b.performative c.request d.assertion

Q: you are standing at the intersection of two perpendicular roads. you see one road running north-south and another road running east-west. you do not see one road running north and then turning east and another road running east then turning north. which gestalt principle accounts for what you do and do not see? a.similarity b.good continuation c.parallelism d.closure

Q: according to piaget, infants behavior becomes purposeful (i.e., goal-directed) at around: a.12 months of age b.8 months of age c.4 months of age d.2 months of age

Q: a young child is thought to be displaying communicative intent if, after waiting unsuccessfully for an adults attention, she: a.crawls away crying b.crawls away without crying c.rapidly switches focus from one object to another d.persists in demonstrating attention-getting behaviors such as tugging or pointing

Q: according to the text, true communication rests on an understanding of the concept of: a.communicative intent b.sensorimotor functioning c.secondary circular reactions d.given and new information

Q: according to this information processing model, the recognition of patterns occurs because the data are relayed from a lower level to a higher level of processing in the brain. a.bottom-up processing b.bottom-down processing c.top-up processing d.top-down processing

Q: a scientist is studying how cells develop into organs. this process is similar to: a.figure-ground segmentation b.gestalt law of similarity c.top-down processing d.bottom-up processing

Q: the (intonation) pitch used in child-directed speech: a.mirrors the pitch contour of the childs voice b.is purposefully more monotonous than in speech directed to an adult c.does not differ from speech directed to an adult d.is intentionally more exaggerated than speech directed to an adult

Q: what brain area is activated when people observe fearful facial expressions? a.prosopagnosia b.fusiform gyrus c.amygdala d.visual cortex

Q: according to this information processing model, pattern recognition occurs because the data at higher levels of mental processing influence the lower levels in the processing hierarchy. a.bottom-up processing b.bottom-down processing c.top-up processing d.top-down processing

Q: the study by decasper and spence (1986), in which mothers-to-be read a dr. seuss book aloud during the last few weeks of their pregnancies, found evidence for: a.prenatal learning and retention b.the role of attachment in language acquisition c.the soothing effect of adult reading on children d.all of the above

Q: in this condition, people are unable to distinguish one face from another, but they can recognize other objects. a.prosopagnosia b.fusiform gyrus c.monocular disparity d.binocular disparity