Q&A Hero

Q: bialystok et al (2004) showed that _________ bilinguals performed ________ than monolinguals on the simon task. a.young, better b.older, better c.young, worse d.older, worse

Q: zheng and glenn are talking about ways that when a man first meets a woman he can tell if she likes him. given your knowledge of sensory systems, you could suggest that the man look to see if the woman: a.turns down the corners of her mouth b.has enlarged pupils c.gives off a subtle odor d.starts to speak more softly

Q: ricciardelli’s (1992) examination of the relationship between bilingualism and problem solving showed that bilingualism: improves problem solving improves problem solving, but only when the problem is presented in the dominant language has no effect on problem solving interferes with problem solving

Q: someone who needs reading glasses to see at a close distance has problems _____ her lens. someone who needs glasses to see objects at a distance has problems _____ his lens. a.thickening; flattening b.flattening; flattening c.thickening; thickening d.flattening; thickening

Q: the notion that a childs first language (l1) influences acquisition of a second language (l2) is referred to as language ___________: a.interference b.borrowing c.sequence d.transfer

Q: where do molecules of photopigment reside? a.in the iris b.in the rods and cones c.in the amacrine cells d.in the ganglion cells

Q: williams (1980) examined the acquisition of the spanish distinction between /p/ and /b/ in a group of native speakers of spanish learning english as a second language. williams found that the spanish speakers: a.could not acquire the distinction b.showed a gradual shift from the spanish vot boundary to the english vot boundary c.acquired this distinction very rapidly d.all of the above

Q: colleen and lavonne are playing darts. colleen throws her dart into the center of the target, and lavonne throws his dart into the outer ring. in an analogy to vision, colleen would have been likely to hit a _____, and lavonne would have been likely to hit a _____. a.rod; cone b.rod; rod c.cone; cone d.cone; rod

Q: flege (1991) examined sounds that are hardest and easiest for second language (l2) learners to pronounce. he found that l2 learners do ______ on sounds that are very different from those in their native language, and ________with those that are moderately similar. a.better; worse b.worse; better c.better; the same d.worse; the same

Q: hamdi wakes up in the middle of the night and tries to see the clock in the dim light. the numbers are very faint. he will more likely be able to read the time if he looks at the clock with his _____ because it has the largest number of _____. a.fovea; rods b.periphery; rods c.fovea; cones d.periphery; cones

Q: the words sand, mud, and air are: a.count nouns b.complex nouns c.mass nouns d.regular nouns

Q: language interference tends to be less when: a.one parent speaks one language and the other speaks another b.both parents make an effort to speak both languages to the child c.the languages are very similar to one another d.all of the above

Q: melody is looking up a phone number in a phone book with tiny print. she will most likely be able to read the number if she looks at the phone book with her _____ because it has the largest number of _____. a.fovea; rods b.periphery; rods c.fovea; cones d.periphery; cones

Q: which of the following cells does not analyze neural impulses and transmit them to the ganglion cells? a.amacrine b.vertical c.bipolar d.horizontal

Q: some studies of bilingual language acquisition have found that compared to monolingual children, bilingual children: a.are severely delayed in their language development b.lag behind their monolingual peers in some grammatical distinctions c.are advanced in their language development d.are capable of acquiring two or more languages as easily as one language

Q: when children acquire two languages at the same time, their bilingualism is referred to as: a.sequential b.simultaneous c.mutual d.secondary

Q: the optic nerve projects from the retina through a neural pathway that progresses to the _____, which is located in the _____ lobe. a.lateral geniculate nucleus; occipital b.lateral geniculate nucleus; parietal c.primary visual cortex; parietal d.primary visual cortex; occipital

Q: the area where the optic nerve leaves the retina is referred to as the: a.optic chiasm b.ganglion bundle c.fovea d.blind spot

Q: most of the research on bilingual language acquisition comes from: a.studies of children who moved from one language community to another b.studies of adults who moved from one language community to another c.case studies based on transcripts kept by researchers d.case studies based on diaries kept by parents

Q: the optic nerve is composed of axons of: a.rods and cones b.bipolar cells c.ganglion cells d.foveal cells

Q: metalinguistic skills appear to be a significant factor in the acquisition of reading, particularly the awareness of: a.lexical ambiguity b.logography c.phonological units d.cohesive devices

Q: the axons from _____ cells form the _____, which exits the eye at the back of the retina. a.ganglion; optic nerve b.amacrine; optic nerve c.ganglion; optic chiasm d.amacrine; optic chiasm

Q: rozin et al (1974) showed kindergarten children short words such as mow, and long words such as motorcycle. _____% of the children were able to identify the short word. a.0 b.10 c.90 d.95

Q: due to the partial crossing of visual information at the _____, the _____ visual field(s) projects to the right hemisphere. a.blind spot; left b.optic chiasm; left c.blind spot; right d.optic chiasm; right

Q: for preschool children, the process of segmenting words into syllables (for example, hos-pi-tal) _____ the process of segmenting syllables into phonemes (for example, b-a-ll). a.is easier than b.is about as easy as c.is harder than d. is more related to learning reading skills than

Q: which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order in which light stimulates cells early in the visual processing of an image? a.rods and cones → bipolar cells → ganglion cells b.rods and cones → ganglion cells → bipolar cells c.bipolar cells → rods and cones → ganglion cells d.ganglion cells → rods and cones → bipolar cells

Q: good readers in the elementary grades tend to be superior to poor readers in recognizing words: a.by use of surrounding context b.in an automatic fashion c.by visual, non-phonological processing d.by segmenting words into syllables

Q: the point at which the optic nerves meet and then split is termed the optic: a.callosum b.chiasm c.commissure d.sulcus

Q: which of the following statements best describes the path of optic nerve impulses in the brain? a.impulses from the left eye travel to the right side of the brain; impulses from the right eye travel to the left side of the brain. b.impulses from the left eye travel to the left side of the brain; impulses from the right eye travel to the right side of the brain. c.impulses from the left half of each eye travel to the right side of the brain; impulses from the right half of each eye travel to the left side of the brain. d.impulses from the left half of each eye travel to the left side of the brain; impulses from the right half of each eye travel to the left side of the brain.

Q: red and green appear to be opposite colors because of the activity of ganglion cells that are: a.excited by l cones and inhibited by m cones b.excited by m cones and inhibited by l cones c.excited by l cones and inhibited by s and m cones d.excited by s cones and inhibited by l and m cones

Q: a form of discourse that children do not experience outside of school is: a.imitation-reply-evaluation sequence b.language transfer c.narrative skill d.referential communication

Q: providing speech and behavior appropriate for a given classroom situation is an aspect of: a.joint pretence b.referential communication c.communicative competence d.imitation-reply-evaluation sequence

Q: yellow is considered one of the primary colors, but there is no cone specialized to respond to yellow light. when we see yellow, it is because the light is stimulating the: a.s cones very little and the l and m cones equally b.s cones very little, the l cones greatly, and the m cones moderately c.s and m cones equally and the l cones very little d.s and l cones equally and the m cones greatly

Q: studies of teacher-student communication in the classroom have found that: a.teachers tend to request more information from those who they consider to be low in communication skills b.most classrooms have a high number of spontaneous student comments c.most student comments are in direct response to a teacher query d.children low in communication skills raise their hands as often as those with higher communication skills

Q: which is the following is not true of childrens use of cohesion? a.children as young as 2 years old use cohesive devices, such as reference pronouns, verbal ellipsis, and conjunctions. b.once acquired, the relative proportion of cohesive devices remains stable from 3.5 to 9.5 years of age. c.children frequently use one pronoun (e.g., she) to refer to several characters in a single narrative. d.the cohesive device most often used by children is repetition.

Q: in observing childrens acquisition of genres, hicks (1990, 1991) found that children ________ more often when telling stories as opposed to recounting news events. a.used the present tense b.provided more evaluative remarks c.used a factual reporting style d.used ungrammatical sentences

Q: schooled language is more _____ than unschooled language. a.contextualized b.decontextualized c.interpersonal d.colloquial

Q: if you look at a square made up of alternating red and blue stripes for several minutes, then look immediately at a blank white sheet of paper, you will see a square with alternating green and yellow stripes. this effect results from pairs of _____ that work _____. a.cones; in concert b.cones; in opposition c.ganglion cells; in concert d.ganglion cells; in opposition

Q: we cannot see a shade of bluish yellow because: a.there is no set of cones responsive to combined shades b.there is no set of cones responsive to wavelengths associated with yellow c.ganglion cells that are excited by s cones are inhibited by m and l cones d.ganglion cells that are excited by l cones are inhibited by m cones

Q: shatz and gelman (1973) found that four-year-olds tended to simplify their speech when talking to: a.their own younger sibling b.two-year-olds c.children who appeared not to comprehend d.the elderly

Q: how do the light waves reflected by a blue object differ from those reflected by a red object? a.the blue object reflects longer wavelength light. b.the blue object reflects shorter wavelength light. c.the blue object reflects higher amplitude light. d.the blue object reflects lower amplitude light.

Q: a paradigm that involves formulating a message to refer to an object or a picture is called a: a.coordination task b.language transfer task c.referential communication task d.imitation-reply-evaluation task

Q: utterances that occur without a prior adult utterance, or without a pause after a previous adult utterance are called: a.nonadjacent b.noncontingent c.imitative d.contingent

Q: bloom, rocissano, and hood (1976) examined utterances in 19- to 38-month-old children and found the largest developmental increase in _____ speech. a.nonadjacent b.noncontingent c.imitative d.contingent

Q: susan is wearing a bright red skirt. she is trying to decide whether she wants to wear a pink top or a brown top with it. if she decides on the pink top, then the top and the skirt will vary in _____. if she decides on the brown top, then the top and the skirt will vary in _____. a.hue; saturation b.hue; brightness c.brightness; hue d.saturation; hue

Q: which of the following phonological awareness tasks do kindergarten children find easiest? a.given a word (for example, task), identify what is left when the first consonant is removed b.given four words (for example, rat, dime, boat, mitt), identify the one with a different final consonant c.given a word (for example, fish), supply a rhyme d.given two words (for example, cat, at), identify the sound present in one that is missing in the other

Q: a gray square is placed first on a white sheet of paper and then on a black sheet of paper. the square will be _____ on the black as on the white background. a.equally bright, but appear darker b.equally bright, but appear lighter c.brighter and appear lighter d.less bright, but appear equally light

Q: when asked to name a long word, children 4-5 years old might respond with a word such as train. this demonstrates that children: a.do not understand dimensions, such as long and short b.dont yet separate words from their referents c.have a bias toward naming things that move, regardless of the question d.dont follow conversational rules, and so their responses typically dont relate to the question asked them.

Q: red, yellow, and blue are the _____ primary colors; when they are combined they make _____. a.additive; white b.additive; black c.subtractive; white d.subtractive; black

Q: metalinguistic skills are thought to develop _________ the primary skills of speaking and listening a.well before b.just before c.concurrently with d.after

Q: red, green, and blue are the _____ primary colors; when combined, they make _____. a.additive; white b.additive; black c.subtractive; white d.subtractive; black

Q: cross-linguistic differences generally reflect: a.the formal complexity of a language b.the amount by which parents and caregivers use child-directed speech c.individual differences among the children studied d.the conceptual complexity of a language

Q: sameer is mixing paint. he starts with a very deep green paint and then gradually adds white paint. sameer is _____ of the green paint. a.changing the hue b.increasing the saturation c.decreasing the saturation d.changing the simultaneous contrast

Q: cross-linguistic studies have revealed: a.more about the rules of individual language than about general cognitive development b.more about the cognitive functioning of individual children studied than about general linguistic processes c.much about cognitive functioning and language strategies d.so few differences in how children across cultures acquire language that it is more fruitful to study children within any single culture.

Q: when maggie comes home, she is surprised to see that her roommate has painted their living room red. the room looks so dazzlingly red because the paint has absorbed the _____ wavelengths of light and is reflecting the _____ wavelengths to maggies eyes. a.long; short and medium b.long and short; medium c.short and medium; long d.long and medium; short

Q: in the sentence i want to go home, go home is: a.a complement, consisting of a noun phrase that contains a verb b.a coordination, consisting of a noun phrase that contains a verb c.an object-relative clause, in which ball is the object of play d.a gerund, in which the entire noun phrase is used as a verb

Q: diane is experimenting with the lighting she will use at a rock concert. when she lights the stage blue, she is flooding it with _____ wavelengths of light. if she wants to change the stage to look red, she will need to shift the light to include _____ wavelengths. to change from red to green, she will need to move to _____ wavelengths. a.long; medium; short b.long; short; medium c.medium; long; short d.short; long; medium

Q: gleitman, gleitman, and shipley (1972) found that childrens first attempts to judge the acceptability of sentences focused on: a.simple, declarative sentences b.wh- questions c.semantic factors d.holophrases

Q: as devin runs to catch the quarterbacks throw, he automatically checks the position of his arms and hands and adjusts them to the path of the ball. which sense allows him to position his hands and arms so well? a.kinesthetic b.vestibular c.olfactory d.visual

Q: when children produce utterances such as where i should put it? they have evidently failed to master the _____ transformational rule a.wh- preposing b.negation c.noun phrase-auxiliary inversion d.passive

Q: cameron has an inner ear infection. in addition to the pain in his ear, cameron is most likelyto: a.develop double vision b.have trouble locating himself in space c.lose his appetite d.feel dizzy

Q: childrens first negative sentences are of the form: a.doggie no bite b.no bite finger c.doggie cant bite d.finger bite no

Q: yuming becomes nauseous while driving down a curvy mountain road. her uncomfortable feeling is due to: a.the feedback receptors of her kinesthetic system getting overloaded b.conflicting signals from the visual and vestibular systems c.conflicting signals from the visual and kinesthetic systems d.the feedback receptors of her vestibular system getting overloaded

Q: after leaving the thalamus, axons projecting from tactile sensory neurons project to the _____ in the _____ lobe. a.homunculus; parietal b.homunculus; temporal c.primary somatosensory cortex; parietal d.primary somatosensory cortex; temporal

Q: to explain why children sometimes say ringed instead of rang, marcus (1986) proposed that children: a.have no past-tense rules for irregular words stored in memory b.have formed incorrect associations between sound sequences within a complex neural network c.have stored irregular past tense rules, but occasionally misapply them d.dont intrinsically understand time, so that the application of the rule is simply random

Q: the use of a regular morpheme in a word that is irregular, such as goed, is referred to as a(n): a.overextension b.overregularization c.underextension d.none of the above

Q: our perception of _____ is unusual in that it does not involve the thalamus. a.taste b.balance c.smell d.pain

Q: which of the following does not appear to influence the order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes? a.the semantic complexity of the morphemes b.the syntactic complexity of the morphemes c.the frequency of occurrence of the morphemes d.the frequency of occurrence in the speech of parents or caregivers

Q: mick is getting a tattoo on his back. the tattoo artist creates tiny points adjacent to each other on the skin to tattoo a line. the information from the needle pricks will be represented in the primary somatosensory cortex: a.by a single cell with a receptive field responsive to tactile lines b.as a pattern of neural responses that code indirectly for location c.in the same general area that processes tactile information from the arm d.in a line of adjacent points

Q: sensitive areas, such as the face, have larger areas of the primary somatosensory cortex devoted to them. one reason that this might be the case is that greater sensitivity results from: a.cortical cells with larger receptive fields b.larger and more complex neural networks c.receiving information from more sensory receptors d.receiving multiple copies of the same sensory information

Q: according to brown and cazden (1973), a child was considered to have acquired a morpheme (such as /ed/ to indicate past tense): a.the first time it was used correctly b.the first time it was used in appropriate context, whether correct or not c.when it was used in 90% of its obligatory contexts d.when the child noticed an adults incorrect use of the morpheme

Q: imagine you are participating in a friends psychology experiment. she asks you to close your eyes and hold out your finger. she tells you that she will prick your finger with a needle in the same place several times and then will start to prick other places. your task is to tell her when you first feel the pin prick in a different place. she then repeats the same process, but starts on your back. you might predict that the distance at which you could first detect a pin prick in a new location would be: a.much smaller on the finger than the back b.much smaller on the back than the finger c.approximately equal in the two places d.a little bit smaller on the back than the finger

Q: browns (1973) study of grammatical morphemes found that the _____ morpheme was the earliest acquired. a.possessive b.present progressive c.plural d.past tense

Q: according to gate control theory, pain: a.is overwhelmingly biological b.is mainly psychological c.is largely immune to cultural influences d.reflects an interaction among biological, psychological, and cultural influences

Q: comparisons of children acquiring sign language and speech suggest that: manual babbling was far more common in deaf than in hearing infants early multisign utterances use semantic relations not found in english hearing children acquire their first words slightly earlier than deaf children acquired their first sign deaf infants gestures could not be characterized as babbling

Q: the pain control gate is located in the: a.thalamus b.haptic receptors c.spinal cord d.frontal lobe

Q: the majority of profoundly deaf children learn asl from: a.their parents b.their peers c.their siblings d.poorly-funded school enrichment programs

Q: meier and newport (1990) estimate that ______ of deaf children are born to deaf parents. a.5-10% b.20-25% c.30-50% d.60-90%

Q: pain medications work by: a.keeping pain stimuli from being received by sensory pain neurons b.blocking transmission from sensory pain neurons to the brain c.changing the brains interpretation of information from sensory pain neurons d.diverting signals from the sensory pain neurons to the thalamus

Q: cordelia is massaging her shoulders to rid herself of a tension headache. according to gate control theory, the massage should: a.distract cordelia from the headache, closing the pain gate from the brain down b.intensify the pain by sending additional sensory messages to the brain c.have little effect d.activate large sensory nerves, closing the pain gate from the spinal cord up