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Psychology
Q:
gestures that in normal speech are used to highlight an aspect of a conversation are called: a.interactive b.receptive c.paragrammatic d.referential
Q:
on monday, manuel interviewed for a job that he really wants. the interviewer told manuel that he would call on friday to tell manuel if he got the job. on late friday afternoon, manuel is in the shower, straining to hear the phone above the noise of the water. whenever he hears a sound, he thinks it is the phone. manuel is showing _____, a concept described in _____. a.response bias; psychophysics b.sensory adaptation; psychophysics c.response bias; signal detection theory d.sensory adaptation; signal detection theory
Q:
the main functional area for auditory processing is in the: a.occipital lobe b.temporal lobe c.parietal lobe d.cortical lobe
Q:
when petra jumps into a cold lake, she feels as though she is freezing. after a few minutes, she no longer notices the cold and feels comfortable in the water. this change is an example of: a.coarse coding b.just noticeable difference c.sensory adaptation d.sensory threshold
Q:
the visual centers are located in the back of the brain in the: a.occipital lobe b.temporal lobe c.parietal lobe d.cortical lobe
Q:
wernickes aphasia is characterized by: a.injury to the left frontal lobe b.deficits of comprehension and semantics c.difficulty of repeating what is heard d.pragmatically inappropriate speech
Q:
in classical psychophysics, the concept of an absolute threshold rests on the assumption that a subjects response is: a.an accurate reflection of the subjects perception b.influenced by both perception and judgment c.not a good index of actual perception d.a good index of perception but not of sensation
Q:
which of the following taste sensations was most recently discovered? a.sweet b.sour c.bitter d.umami
Q:
agrammatic speech is characterized by: a.the omission of articles, conjunctions and grammatical inflections b.fluent speech that has little informational values c.speech that is neither grammatic nor fluent d.speech that is initially agrammatic and disfluent, but which can be self-corrected by the patient with minimal coaching.
Q:
in a single person, gustation involves _____ taste buds, all located on the _____. a.800 to 1,000; tongue b.8,000 to 10,000: tongue, throat, and mouth c.800 to 1,000; tongue, throat, and mouth d.8,000 to 10,000; tongue
Q:
which of the following characteristics is not a basic quality of taste? a.sweet b.umami c.salty d.sharp
Q:
brocas aphasia is characterized by: a.injury to the left occipital lobe b.deficits of comprehension but not production c.agrammatic speech d.all of the above
Q:
people stop responding to unchanging stimuli because: a.unchanging stimuli convey little information b.such stimuli can no longer be detected c.the stimuli exceed peoples attentional capacity d.peoples resources are needed elsewhere
Q:
which of the following does not support the notion of an innate mechanism for language? genetically based impairments that supposedly are specific to language actually influence other functions as well
adults can learn and master a second language
the criteria for modularity need to involve more than automaticity, which may be acquired through experience
children who acquire language in the absence of a language model have a robust drive to acquire language, rather than an innate language mechanisms
Q:
how are taste buds distributed throughout the tongue and mouth? a.different regions of the tongue and mouth are more sensitive to certain tastes. b.the taste buds are distributed fairly uniformly throughout the tongue and mouth. c.most of the taste buds are localized to particular regions of the tongue and mouth. d.depending on the taste quality, the taste buds can be either localized or spread uniformly.
Q:
aphasia refers to: a.any type of brain damage b.any language disorder resulting from brain damage c.any type of language disorder d.any language disorder resulting specifically from stroke
Q:
master chefs are likely to have _____ than other people. a.more kinds of taste buds b.a different distribution of taste buds c.a larger number of taste buds d.more responsive taste buds
Q:
the taste sensation of umami is a result of the detection of _____, which is a naturally occurring substance found in foods such as meat, some cheeses, and mushrooms. a.gluten b.glutamate c.fiber d.capsaicin
Q:
nativists argue that negative evidence about ungrammatical sentences: a.helps children attain the grammar of their native language b.is, in general, not available c.is provided by parents to aid their childrens language acquisition d.occurs when children are exposed to an utterance that is not corrected
Q:
sadafa loves indian food, but is careful about what he eats because it hurts his tongue when he eats very spicy food. sadafa most likely is: a.a supertaster and has few taste buds in his mouth b.a supertaster with a very large number of taste buds in his mouth c.not a supertaster and has a large number of pain receptors in his mouth d.not a supertaster and has few pain receptors in his mouth
Q:
the mechanism within of universal grammar that allows children to learn the specific subsystems of language is: a. the subset principle b.induction c.parameter setting d.the linguistic biprogram
Q:
based on your texts discussion of cultural influences on taste, which of the following statements is most accurate? a.culture influences taste preferences. b.culture has little influence on taste preferences. c.culture is less important than genetics when it comes to taste preferences. d.culture is more important than genetics when it comes to taste preferences.
Q:
children sometimes use sentences such as see window and shake hands early in language development. according to the parameter setting view, they do so because: a.they initially assume that sentences without subjects are grammatical b.they do not have the processing capacity to produce all of the grammatical elements of the utterance c.they prefer to begin utterances with an action word d.they have heard similar utterances from older siblings
Q:
if one language has strict word order and a second language has flexible word order, the first can be considered to be a _________ of the second. a.preemption b.dialect c.subset d.biprogram
Q:
supertasters are those who experience especially intense taste sensations. this trait is determined largely by: a.the environment b.ones culture c.genetics d.environmental and genetic factors
Q:
____________ constitutes evidence to a child that a particular utterance is ungrammatical. a.deduction b.induction c.positive evidence d.negative evidence
Q:
what is the primary purpose of cells in the olfactory bulb? a.to receive nerve impulses and pass them through the thalamus b.to receive nerve impulses and relay the signal to other brain areas c.to receive odorants and pass them through the thalamus d.to receive odorants and relay the signal to other brain areas
Q:
bickertons (1984) preemption principle stated that when ______________, the language bipogram was suppressed. a.children were exposed to a second language b.children had a sufficient amount of normal linguistic input c.children were born deaf d.chidren were linguistically deprived during the critical period
Q:
_____ has the most direct route to the brain because it is the only sense that bypasses the _____. a.the haptic sense; thalamusc.the kinesthetic sense; hypothalamus b.gustation; hypothalamusd.olfaction; thalamus
Q:
in chomskys view (1981), a noun is the most essential component of a noun phrase, and is referred to as: a.the induction b.the subset c.the head parameter d.the default
Q:
callie is pregnant. she has never liked vegetables and rarely eats them. however, she does not want her baby to have the same bad eating habits. if callie wants her baby to grow up to enjoy the taste of vegetables, the most effective thing she can do is: a.eat vegetables while she is pregnant and nursing b.give the baby strained vegetables as one of his or her first solid foods c.avoid eating meat while she is pregnant and nursing d.limit the amount of meat the baby is fed when he or she starts to eat solid food
Q:
homesign, studied by goldin-meadow and others, is an example of: a.a fully developed signed language b.a pidgin c.a creole d.a dialect
Q:
bickertons language bioprogram hypothesis: a.suggests that children are born with a backup linguistic system b.cannot explain reports of congenitally deaf children who formed their own gestural system of communication c.does not apply when the childs adult linguistic input is limited d.says that we need to look beyond cognitive factors to explain language development
Q:
an odor is most likely encoded by a(n): a.single receptor specialized for that odor b.activation pattern across several receptor types c.single olfactory and a single gustatory receptor d.activation pattern across several olfactory and gustatory receptor types
Q:
an auxiliary language that arises when speakers of several mutually unintelligible languages are in close contact defines a: a.creole b.bioprogram c.pidgin d.subdialect
Q:
when margot was a child, her mother baked bread on fridays. as an adult, whenever margot smells bread baking she remembers her mother and feels happy. the mood and memories result from the processing of smell information in the: a.thalamus b.olfactory epithelium c.haptic receptor d.prefrontal cortex
Q:
a _________ occurs when children adopt a _______as their native language. a.dialect, creole b.pidgin, dialect c.creole, pidgin d.creole, dialect
Q:
regarding smell, which of the following statements is probably most accurate? a.people are better at discriminating among odors than they are at identifying them; men generally outperform women. b.people are better at discriminating among odors than they are at identifying them; women generally outperform men. c.people are better at identifying odors than they are at discriminating among them; men generally outperform women. d.people are better at identifying odors than they are at discriminating among them; women generally outperform men.
Q:
of the types of haptic receptors described in your text, those that respond to _____ are found throughout the body, not just in the skin. a.pain b.cold c.vibration d.steady pressure
Q:
when children encounter a new word, they usually assume that it refers to the entire object rather than to part of the object. this is called the: a.mutual exclusivity bias b.sensorimotor bias c.whole object bias d.taxonomic bias
Q:
temperature, pain, and pressure are components of the _____ sense. a.olfactory b.vestibular c.gustatory d.haptic
Q:
when children reject a second name for an object whose name they already know, they are using the: a.mutual exclusivity bias b.sensorimotor bias c.whole object bias d.taxonomic bias
Q:
children with williams syndrome display: a.normal cognitive development but delayed syntactic skills b.delayed cognitive development but normal syntactic skills c.delayed cognitive development and delayed syntactic skills d.normal cognitive development and poor semantic skills
Q:
temperature receptors that signify heat when they are activated: a.also signify cold when they are inhibited b.generally signify cold when they are inactive c.oppose the activity of receptors signifying cold d.may respond simultaneously with receptors signifying cold
Q:
the existence of patients with intact syntactic skills who have deficits in semantic knowledge refutes the notion that: a.universal grammar exists b.there is a distinction between linguistic competence and performance c.normal cognitive development is necessary for language development d.there is a critical age for language learning
Q:
in smell, _____ are chemicals released by animals that cause physiological and behavioral effects on other members of the same species. a.odorants b.hormones c.pheromones d.epithelia
Q:
children who have mastered object permanence begin to use words that refer to: a.objects that dont move b.objects that they can move or manipulate themselves c.any object in the immediate environment d.objects that are not immediately present
Q:
in johnston and slobins (1979) waiting room metaphor, the entry door represents the: a.childs cognitive development b.transition from infancy to toddlerhood c.the lag between conceptualizing and expressing a concept d.acquisition of the appropriate linguistic form
Q:
meg is rehearsing the solo for her dance performance. in order to perform her solo well, meg has to be aware of the position of her arms and legs in space. to do this, meg relies on her _____ sense. a.motion b.olfactory c.haptic d.visual
Q:
research on the relationship between object permanence and the acquisition of the words more and allgone was based on the hypothesis that object permanence should occur _____ the acquisition of these words. a.before b.the same time as c.after d.independently of
Q:
haptic experiences are the result of: a.the integration of multiple signals and higher-level mental processes b.the integration of signals from all of our senses c.the integration of pressure and pain signals d.the integration of tactile sensations and higher-level mental processes
Q:
slobins list of operating principles explains: a.universal patterns in child development b.the steps by which children learn exceptions to regular verb forms c.how child-directed speech facilitates acquisition d.how children acquire a second language more easily than adults do
Q:
avi broke his ankle skiing. at first, he felt a sharp and intense pain. the next day, the sharp pain was gone, but his ankle throbbed almost all the time. the sharp immediate pain was due to _____; the later throbbing pain was due to _____. a.unmyelinated axons; myelinated axons b.myelinated axons; unmyelinated axons c.pain receptors; pressure receptors d.pressure receptors; pain receptors
Q:
childrens first use of negative sentences reflects which operating principle? a.pay attention to the ends of words b.avoid exceptions c.avoid interruptions or rearrangement of linguistic units d.pay attention to the order of words and morphemes
Q:
days after breaking his nose in a football game, ben still perceives a dull pain in his nose. the throbbing ache travels along _____ pain fibers, which are _____. a.slow; unmyelinated b.slow; myelinated c.fast; unmyelinated d.fast; myelinated
Q:
ouch! a paper cut! the sharp sting travels along _____ pain fibers, which are _____. a.slow; unmyelinated b.slow; myelinated c.fast; unmyelinated d.fast; myelinated
Q:
childrens overregularizations of grammatical morphemes corresponds to which operating principle? a.pay attention to the ends of words b.avoid interruption or rearrangement of linguistic units c.pay attention to the order of words and morphemes d.avoid exceptions
Q:
juan and joseph are opera singers. juan is a baritone. joseph is a tenor: his voice is higher-pitched. with respect to their physical properties, the sound waves corresponding to juans voice are lower in _____ than those corresponding to josephs voice; that is, they are lower in _____. a.frequency; decibels b.frequency; hertz c.amplitude; decibels d.amplitude; hertz
Q:
the strong form of the motherese hypothesis states that: a.motherese is necessary but not sufficient for language to develop properly b.motherese is necessary and sufficient for language to develop properly c.motherese is not necessary for language development if other forms of child-directed behavior are used d.motherese is neigher necessary or sufficient for language to develop properly
Q:
with respect to the properties of the sound wave, a higher-pitched sound is one that is higher in _____, which is measured in _____. a.amplitude; hertz b.amplitude; decibels c.frequency; hertz d.frequency; decibels
Q:
the effects of motherese on childrens syntactic development seems most clear in the childs acquisition of: a.negation b.verb auxiliaries c.pronouns d.definite articles
Q:
if a key is pressed on a piano, the frequency of the resulting sound will determine the _____, and the amplitude will determine the _____ of the perceived musical note. a.timbre; intensity b.intensity; timbre c.loudness; pitch d.pitch; loudness
Q:
experimental studies of the effect of adult speech input on language acquisition suggest that children benefit from: a.practice in imitation of adult speech b.adult sentences that recast the childs sentences into more complete grammatical form c.adult sentences that are short and grammatical d.adult sentences that are similar to their own
Q:
ultimately, changes in air pressure underlie the sense of: a.audition b.olfaction c.gustation d.vision
Q:
in general, speech directed at young children is _____ than adult-directed speech. a.longer, higher in pitch, and more intonationally exaggerated b.shorter, lower in pitch, and spoken in a monotone c.shorter, higher in pitch, and more intonationally exaggerated d.longer, lower in pitch, and spoken in a monotone
Q:
someone who wears a hearing aid is most likely to have a problem with his _____. someone who has a cochlear implant is most likely to have a problem with her _____. a.cochlea; basilar membrane b.basilar membrane; cochlea c.ear drum; auditory nerve d.auditory nerve; ear drum
Q:
genies language acquisition was particularly weak in the area of: a.semantics b.pragmatics c.syntax d. phonology
Q:
dogs can hear higher-frequency sounds than people can. this fact suggests that there is an anatomical difference in the: a.ear drum b.cochlea c.auditory nerve d.basilar membrane
Q:
johnson and newport (1989) studied native korean and chinese speakers who had immigrated to the united states between 3 and 39 years of age. the subjects judged whether strings of english words were sentences or not. the study showed that those who arrived in the us between _____ years old had the highest grammatical scores. a.3 and 7 b.8 and 10 c.11 and 15 d.16 and 39
Q:
hakuta and bialystok (2001) argued against the concept of a critical period for second-language (l2) acquisition. they argued that: a.even though earlier immigrants show greater l2 proficiency, there was a sharp break at 15 years of age b.younger and older learners differ in cognitive development, and perhaps in the cognitive strategies they use in l2 learning c.the sheer amount of practice that adults receive in l2 is far greater than that received by children d.adults fears and attitudes about second language learning strongly affects their l2 acquisition
Q:
the process by which a sound is transformed into a neural signal involves which of the following sequences of transformations?
a.sound wave → eardrum vibration → pressure wave in fluid
b.eardrum vibration → pressure wave in fluid → sound wave
c.sound wave → pressure wave in fluid → eardrum vibration
d.eardrum vibration → sound wave → pressure wave in fluid
Q:
the _____ does most of the focusing of the light onto the retina, and the _____ allows for more accuracy of focusing. a.cornea; pupil b.pupil; lens c.lens; cornea d.cornea; lens
Q:
children reputed to have been raised in the wild or by animals are known as: a.hominid b.feral c.critical d.biprogrammed
Q:
the attitude of a large segment of the deaf community to cochlear implants is that children should: a.be given implants early enough to allow language development b.be given implants after they have learned to sign c.not be given implants in order to preserve deaf culture d.be given implants only if they have hearing parents
Q:
according to lane (1976), victors delay in language acquisition was due to: a.his isolation in the wild b.his being mentally retarded or autistic c.both (a) and (b) d.neither (a) nor (b)
Q:
zheng and glenn are talking about ways that when a man first meets a woman he can tell if she likes him. given your knowledge of sensory systems, you could suggest that the man look to see if the woman: a.turns down the corners of her mouth b.has enlarged pupils c.gives off a subtle odor d.starts to speak more softly
Q:
ricciardelli’s (1992) examination of the relationship between bilingualism and problem solving showed that bilingualism: improves problem solving
improves problem solving, but only when the problem is presented in the dominant language
has no effect on problem solving
interferes with problem solving
Q:
someone who needs reading glasses to see at a close distance has problems _____ her lens. someone who needs glasses to see objects at a distance has problems _____ his lens. a.thickening; flattening b.flattening; flattening c.thickening; thickening d.flattening; thickening
Q:
early exposure is _________ condition for normal language development. a. a necessary and sufficient b.neither necessary nor sufficient c.a sufficient d.a necessary but not a sufficient
Q:
when jodi walks from the sunlight into a dark theater, her _____ causes her _____ to enlarge. a.iris; pupil b.iris; lens c.eye muscles; lens d.eye muscles; pupil