Q&A Hero

Q: which of the following is an example of consciousness? a.moment-by-moment subjective experience b.paying attention to your surroundings c.reflecting on your thoughts d.all of the above

Q: the notion that a language determines certain nonlinguistic cognitive processes is referred to as: a.linguistic relativity b.linguistic determinism c. linguistic differentiation d. linguistic convention

Q: owens and colleagues found that when a comatose woman imagined playing tennis, her brain activity was similar to that of normal individuals imagining the same activity. according to your text, what does this finding say about the relationship between consciousness and awareness? a.consciousness is unrelated to awareness. b.consciousness is necessary for awareness. c.consciousness is not the same thing as awareness. d.consciousness is equivalent to awareness.

Q: the ability to understand other people’s viewpoints and intentions is referred to as: social psychology theory of mind metacognition situational awareness

Q: which of the following situations best describes locked-in syndrome, as described in your text? a.during a stressful episode, an individual is unable to react to danger using voluntarily movement, but otherwise is locked into autonomic behaviors. b.after a stroke or other brain trauma, voluntary movement of all or almost all muscles is lost, but autonomic functions remain. c.after a brain injury, you are locked into voluntary movements you made before, but are unable to learn new movements. d.you are locked into patterns of autonomic movements, but can still make voluntary movements.

Q: whorf and sapir concluded that: a.the way people use language changes the way we think b.thoughts about objects guide how individuals in cultures name them c.the relationship between thought and language was too abstract for empirical study d.eskimo was a more natural language than english

Q: consciousness is best defined as: a.moment-to-moment subjective experiences b.focused attention c.a state of wakefulness d.the sum of your voluntary experiences

Q: in the discussion of the evolution of language, the continuity position holds that: a.there is no distinction between language and other forms of animal communication b.language evolved gradually in a series of steps c.language evolved abruptly, in a single step d.language evolved even though it did not have survival value initially

Q: if you look at a sheet of white paper in a dim room and then look at it in bright sunlight, the paper will reflect more light to the eye when you are outside than inside. yet we see the paper as having the same lightness in both situations. why? a.the brain adjusts for our memory of the lightness of the paper. b.the brain makes the assumption that lightness does not change with location. c.the brain uses the paper/surround intensity ratio in both locations. d.the brain adjusts the perception of the lightness of the paper.

Q: which of the following has not been proposed to explain language origins? a.spoken language evolved from gestures b.spoken language evolved from primitive vocalizations, such as grunts and danger calls c.spoken language evolved from birdsong d.spoken language evolved as a byproduct of developing non-linguistic cognitive processes

Q: as you watch the rectangle of a paper flag being turned around its pole, you always see the shape of the flag as being rectangular. yet the image of the flag changes shape at the retina as it rotates. why do you not see the shape as changing? a.the brain interprets the retinal input in terms of a prototype of a rectangle. b.the brain adjusts the retinal shape for orientation to yield perceived shape. c.the brain uses a familiar shape/retinal shape ratio. d.both a and c are correct.

Q: anatomical studies of vocal tracts have indicated that: a.the vocal tracts of humans and chimpanzees are structurally identical b.chimpanzees are incapable of producing vowel sounds such as [a], [i], and [u] c.the neanderthal did not have a larynx d.the neanderthal were capable of producing the full range of speech sounds of present-day humans.

Q: according to your text, the fact that we find visual illusions so compelling suggests that the mechanisms of perceptual constancy are: a.often unreliable b.mainly conscious c.primarily genetic d.largely unconscious

Q: which of the following points support the theory that gestural language preceded the evolution of speech? a.children who are bilingual in speech and sign generally are more advanced in speech b.it is generally believed that hominid brain size increased long before the human vocal tract evolved c.children deprived of a language model invent spoken languages more readily than signed languages d.present-day humans still use gesture to accompany speech

Q: later chimp language studies focused on: a.teaching chimps a simpler form of signing b.whether chimps could teach signs to younger chimps without human intervention c.socializing chimps so that they have a more natural need for communication d.teaching chimps to sign in the wild

Q: electronic signs create an illusion of movement by illuminating small adjacent lights in rapid succession. this phenomenon is an example of: a.induced movement b.phi movement c.compensatory movement d.movement aftereffects

Q: the gardners used american sign language with washoe because: a.it is easier to videotape than english b. chimpanzees are better equipped, physiologically, to handle a manual language than an oral language c.it is simpler than english, and thus a good place to begin language training d.asl is more iconic than english

Q: when a ballerina pirouettes, images of the room move rapidly across her retina. she does not perceive the room as spinning wildly around her while she dances because: a.she has learned to disregard the retinal motion b.she is moving too rapidly for the brain to register the changing images c.the circular movement keeps the firing rates of all motion detectors even d.her brain adjusts perceived movement for actual head movement

Q: criticism of chimp language studies focus on: a.how well chimps were able to sign, given the shape and mobility of their hands b.the period of time that chimps could remember particular signs c.the point at which the chimps would be able to switch to spoken language d.how much of the chimps signing was imitative

Q: the size of an objects retinal image is _____ correlated with _____. a.negatively; the amount of attention we pay to it b.negatively; its distance c.positively; the amount of attention we pay to it d.positively; its distance

Q: at the 1863 conference of the linguistic society of paris, research on the evolution of language was: a.the main topic of debate b.protested by religious groups c.protested by animal rights activists d.banned because of the unscientific theories presented in the contributed papers

Q: in the ponzo illusion, cues to size and to distance conflict. the fact that an illusion of size is created suggests that: a.monocular depth cues cannot operate correctly with conflicting cues to size b.the cues to distance are more accurate here than the cues to size c.perceived size is computed from perceived distance d.perceived distance is computed from perceived size

Q: hominids split from the chimpanzee and bonobo lines approximately: a.2,000,000 years ago b.150,000 years ago c.2,000 years ago d.6,000,000 years ago

Q: gervase is staring at the blades of his ceiling fan, searching for inspiration for a paper that he is writing. when he turns off the fan, he is very surprised that the blades appear to be rotating in the opposite direction. to reassure gervase that he is not hallucinating, you could tell him about: a.stroboscopic motion b.motion aftereffects c.compensatory motion d.motion parallax

Q: the system of communication used by vervet monkeys: a.is generally considered equivalent in complexity to human language b.includes separate calls to signal the presence of different kinds of predators c.displays displacement and duality of patterning, two hallmarks of human language d.is taken as evidence that the vervets possess a theory of mind

Q: prolonged exposure to movement in one direction _____ the motion detectors responsive to that direction. when the movement stops, the baseline firing rate of detectors for the opposite direction of motion will be _____ than the firing rate for the detectors that responded to the prolonged movement, leading to motion aftereffects. a.sensitizes; higher b.sensitizes; lower c.fatigues; higher d.fatigues; lower

Q: individuals who have undergone removal of the left hemisphere prior to speech: a.never develop language at all b.show very subtle language deficits c.eventually develop normal language d.show deficits in semantic processing

Q: anna is reading her psychology text. the activation of receptors in her retina is called _____; her interpretation of the stimuli as particular words is termed _____. a.sensation; sensation as well b.sensation; perception c.perception; sensation d.perception; perception as well

Q: according to the text, studies of dichotic listening, evoked potentials, and anatomical studies ___________ that hemispheric lateralization is present at birth. a.strongly suggest b.provide extremely weak evidence c.neither refute nor support d.clearly refute

Q: _____ is the bodys detection of external or internal sensory stimuli, whereas _____ is its further processing, organizing, and interpreting of those stimuli. a.sensation; perception b.perception; sensation c.transduction; perception d.perception; transduction

Q: hemispheric lateralization of species-specific vocalizations appears to be: a.uniquely human b.present in humans and primates, but absent in all other species c.present in humans, primates and many other species, including birds d.present in every species on the earth

Q: taj wants to create a robot that has sensation but not perception. the robot should: a.react to light but not to the stimuli for taste, smell, or touch b.detect external energy sources but not interpret them c.understand what things are but be unable to respond to them d.construct useful information but be unable to remember it

Q: our perception of the world is most like a: a.digital camera that takes snapshots b.cell phone camera that takes movies without sound c.video camera that takes movies with sound d.film that has been edited to convey a theme

Q: the right hemisphere appears to be better than the left at: a.interpreting conversational remarks in a pragmatically appropriate manner b.automatically activating lexical information c.preserving discourse coherence d.all of the above

Q: studies of comprehension of humor have shown that: a.patients with either right- or left-hemisphere damage have difficulty processing humor b.patients with right-hemisphere damage have greater difficulty than those with left-hemisphere damage c.patients with left-hemisphere damage have greater difficulty than those with right-hemisphere damage d.the ability to process humor remains intact despite damage to either hemisphere

Q: the physical properties of a stimulus are translated into neural impulses in a process called: a.sensory coding b.transduction c.sensation d.coarse coding

Q: lennenberg (1967) hypothesized that hemispheric differences did not exist at birth (i.e., developed throughout childhood) based on evidence that: a.damage to the right hemisphere in the first two years of life resulted in as much disruption of speech development as damage to the left hemisphere b. isolated and feral children were eventually able to learn some language c. infant brains are better able to reorganize function after injury d.removal of the right hemisphere results in less language disruption than removal of the right hemisphere.

Q: amadi is listening to john play the guitar. when john plays a note, the vibrations of the air are picked up by auditory receptors in his ear and sent to his brain. in amadis brain, the information from the receptors is analyzed to produce the experience of a musical note. the pickup of information by receptors in the ear is _____; the processing to produce the experience of a musical note is _____. a.sensation; perception b.bottom-up processing; sensation c.perception; sensation d.top-down processing; bottom-up processing

Q: after transduction, most of the sensory neural information passes through which structure? a.hypothalamus b.hippocampus c.thalamus d.amygdala

Q: evoked potentials are measures of: a.how well a patient will recover from stroke b.muscle activity anywhere in the human body c.brain activity after presentation of a stimulus d.the true linguistic abilities of patients who have difficulty producing speech

Q: because the brain cannot process physical stimuli directly, it must convert the stimuli into chemical and electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. this process is known as: a.coarse coding b.signal detection c.transduction d.sensory adaptation

Q: woods (1975) study of evoked potentials found right-ear advantages when speech stimuli were presented and: a.the stimuli were semantically meaningful b.the stimuli were familiar c.the task was linguistic in nature d.the stimuli were processed holistically

Q: according to bever (1980), experienced musicians have a greater tendency than novices to show _____ advantages for _____. a.left-ear, music b.right-ear, music c.left-ear, speech d.right-ear, speech

Q: hannah is having dinner at a mexican restaurant. when she tries the three kinds of sauces to see how hot they are, she is assessing _____ differences. when she compares the taste of her margarita to the taste of her friends mexican beer, she is assessing a _____ difference. a.qualitative; qualitative b.qualitative; quantitative c.quantitative; quantitative d.quantitative; qualitative

Q: gazzaniga and hillyard (1971) found that the right hemisphere of split-brain patients adequately dealt with which grammatical distinction? a.present versus future b.singular versus plural c.affirmative versus negative d.all of the above

Q: sensory qualities are coded by only a few different types of receptors, each of which responds to a broad range of stimuli. this is an example of a phenomenon called: a.sensory coding b.transduction c.sensation d.coarse coding

Q: during transduction, most sensory information is transmitted first to the _____ before it is sent to the _____, where it is interpreted as sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste. a.thalamus; cortex b.cortex; thalamus c.thalamus; amygdala d.amygdala; cortex

Q: in dichotic listening studies, split-brain patients show _____ right-ear advantages for speech stimuli compared with normal individuals. a.exaggerated b.equal c.diminished d.intermittent

Q: which is not a specialty of the right hemisphere? a.visuospatial functions b.facial recognition c.holistic tasks d.language processing

Q: which subfield of psychology studies the relationship between physical stimuli and the psychological experiences they produce? a.psychophysiology b.behavioral genetics c.behavioral neuroscience d.psychophysics

Q: ____________ pathways enable each half of the brain to control the opposite side of the body. a.ipsilateral b.contralateral c.dichotic d.dissociation

Q: dr. breiland examines the relationship between the physical properties of light, such as its amplitude and wavelength, and humans perception of color. which of the following terms most accurately describes dr. breilands field of study? a.sensation b.psychophysics c.perception d.cognitive psychology

Q: research in this area has shown that earlier research in psychophysics ignored the key variable of human judgment. a.webers law b.psychoacoustics c.psychophysiology d.signal detection theory

Q: information from the _______ is sent first to the right cerebral hemisphere. a.right visual field b.left retina c.right half of each retina d.corpus callosum

Q: a psychophysicist would be most directly concerned with: a.our psychological reactions to physical stress b.the effects of genetics on the endocrine system c.the effect of neurotransmitters on depression d.the relation between the wavelength of light and the experience of color

Q: when presented with a picture of a spoon in her left visual field, the split brain patient: a.saw the spoon, but could not name it b.named the spoon but was unable to pick it up c.saw the spoon and named it accurately d.saw the spoon, but called it a pencil

Q: aphasics who display category-specific dissociations: a.are unable to read or write b.are unable to recognize faces c.are unable to process certain types of words or word categories d.cannot perform tasks that have a spatial component

Q: despite considerable language deficits, wernickes patients are surprisingly easily able to process: a.idioms, such as as easy as pie b.axial commands, such as turn around c.slang, such as buzz off d.metaphors, such as she was a ray of sunshine

Q: jasmine wants to get uchennas attention in the library. she whispers to avoid disturbing other students. however, she speaks so softly that uchenna cannot hear her and keeps reading. jasmines voice is: a.below uchennas absolute threshold b.below uchennas difference threshold c.above uchennas absolute threshold but below uchennas difference threshold d.below uchennas absolute threshold but above uchennas difference threshold

Q: the tendency for a psychological function to be located in one hemisphere is referred to as: a.dissociation b.displacement c.lateralization d.conduction

Q: a(n) _____ is the minimum intensity of sensory stimulation required before the sensation is detected 50 percent of the time. a.absolute threshold b.minimum threshold c.difference threshold d.sensory adaptation

Q: in split brain patients, the corpus callosum was surgically severed: a.to study how each hemisphere operates independently b.to relieve severe depression c.to control severe epilepsy d.to control parkinsons disease

Q: jason is doing a psychology experiment in which he is seated in an absolutely dark room. an initially undetected point of light in front of him is gradually made more intense. with each increase, he is asked if he can see the light. in this experiment, jasons _____ is being measured. a.difference threshold b.absolute threshold c.just noticeable difference d.psychophysical limit

Q: caramazza and zurif (1976) tested brocas, wernickes, and conduction aphasics on reversible and irreversible sentences. they found that: a.wernickes patients were able to process both types of sentences most accurately b.wernickes patients processed the reversible sentences but not the irreversible sentences. c.brocas aphasics were able to process both types of sentences most accurately d.brocas aphasics did well on irreversible sentences but not on reversible sentences

Q: the bundle of fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres is called the: a.angular gyrus b.association cortex c.arcuate fasciculus d.corpus callosum

Q: the minimum amount of change required for a person to detect a difference between two stimuli is referred to as the: a.absolute threshold b.minimum threshold c.difference threshold d.signal change

Q: kendra loves spicy curry, but her husband prefers a milder curry. starting with a bland curry, kendra increases the spiciness every time she cooks. one day her husband complains that the curry is too spicy. after that, kendra always makes the curry as spicy as the last time before her husband complained. kendra is assessing her husbands: a.difference threshold b.absolute threshold c.just noticeable difference d.psychophysical limit

Q: geschwinds model of language processing comes from: a.anthropological data b.studies of animal vocalizations c.studies of aphasia d.studies of normal brain function

Q: in research on signal detection theory, incorrectly detecting a stimulus that was not presented in a trial is called a: a.correct rejection b.false alarm c.response bias d.transduction

Q: patients who can process visual language but not auditory language are said to have: a.conduction aphasia b.pure-word deafness c.alexia d.aggrammatism

Q: __________refers to a dissociation between the brains visual regions and language areas. a.agraphia b.pure word deafness c.alexia d.aggrammatism

Q: _____ states that the more intense the original stimulus, the greater the change in intensity required to produce a just noticeable difference. a.matching law b.webers law c.signal detection theory d.sensory adaptation

Q: the inability to write is called: a.aphasia b.alexia c.agraphia d.pure word deafness

Q: the law that states that the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is based on a proportion of the original stimulus is: a.fechners law b.webers law c.koehlers law d.wernickes law

Q: prashanth is participating in a psychology experiment in which he is asked to gradually shrink the image of a square on his computer screen until he can see that it is smaller than a second square on the screen. prashanth is trying to create a _____ in order to allow measurement of a _____. a.just noticeable difference; absolute threshold b.psychophysical difference; absolute threshold c.just noticeable difference; difference threshold d.psychophysical difference; difference threshold

Q: holding up one finger to express that a speaker is not finished speaking is an example of a(n) ___________ gesture. a.interactive b.receptive c.paragrammatic d.referential

Q: according to signal detection theory, a persons perception is: a.an accurate reflection of the presence of a stimulus b.influenced by both the presence of a stimulus and a judgment about it c.not an accurate reflection of the presence of a stimulus d.dependent on the persons sensory threshold

Q: conduction aphasia is due to damage to the: a.corpus callosum b.arcuate fasciculus c.angular gyrus d.left cerebral hemisphere

Q: for which of the following pairs would it be easiest to discern a difference in weight? a.a 2-liter bottle of water and a 2.1-liter bottle of water b.a 5-pound free weight and a 5.5-pound free weight c.a 20-pound child and a 22-pound child d.a 1-pound bag of sugar and a 2-pound bag of sugar

Q: patients with conduction aphasia: a.have trouble producing grammatical sentences b.have trouble choosing the correct word for an object c.are unable to write d.cannot repeat what was said to them