Q&A Hero

Q: according to your text, how do successive rem periods change as the night progresses? a.successive rem periods become shorter. b.successive rem periods become longer. c.successive rem periods are less likely to involve dreaming. d.successive rem periods are more likely to involve dreaming.

Q: you have been asleep for approximately 90 minutes. what sleep stage are you likely to begin to enter? a.slow-wave sleep b.theta wave sleep c.k-complex sleep d.paradoxical sleep

Q: why is rem sleep called paradoxical sleep? a.the person is not really asleep. b.the persons body is asleep, but the persons brain is active. c.the person has no awareness of being asleep. d.none of the above is correct.

Q: rem sleep is characterized by: a.increased brain activity b.body paralysis c.dreaming d.all of the above

Q: if you were relaxed with your eyes closed and were given an eeg, what type of brain waves would show up on your eeg? a.beta waves b.alpha waves c.theta waves d.sleep spindles

Q: sleep spindles are indicative of which stage of sleep? a.stage 2 b.stage 1 c.rem d.stage 4

Q: a person can be easily awakened in this stage of sleep: a.stage 2 b.stage 3 c.stage 1 d.rem

Q: a person whose eeg shows predominantly theta waves is most likely: a.awake b.in stage 1 sleep c.in stage 4 sleep d.in stage 2 sleep

Q: as you get older, you have fewer (less) _____ during sleep, suggesting that your brain actively has to work to keep you sleeping. a.sleep spindles b.delta waves c.k-complexes d.synchronization

Q: at what sleep stage does your breathing become more regular and your awareness of external stimulation decrease? a.rem b.stage 4 c.stage 3 d.stage 2

Q: fast, short desynchronized brain waves are an indication of: a.alertness b.epilepsy c.seizure d.hypertension

Q: why are humans typically able to remain in the bed during sleep? a.your brain signals the body to become paralyzed during the night so you do not move off the bed. b.the brain is still processing information about its surroundings, thus you are aware of the boundaries of the bed. c.you are consciously aware of the beds boundaries at all times during sleep. d.most people typically fall out of bed, but because they are unaware of it they do not report it.

Q: you and your friends are having a sleepover. one of the friends falls asleep and is snoring. the rest of you are talking loudly without waking her, but when you begin to make cookies, the smell jolts her from sleep immediately. how can this be? a.the brain blocks out most stimuli even though it is processing the information; a good smell was worth attending to. b.the brain can block out stimuli for only a limited time. the friend would have awakened even without the cookie smell. c.talking at any volume is soothing, so people can sleep through that but not the strangeness of baking. d.the brain cannot block any stimuli from reaching the cortex; the friend waking was unrelated to the smell of cookies.

Q: it has gotten dark, and soon the whole family is feeling tired. this shared experience occurs because everyone has: a.had a lot of exercise that day b.participated in a chain reaction of yawning c.increased their melatonin production over the course of the day d.increased their serotonin levels over the course of the day

Q: which of the following is not involved in regulating sleep/wake cycles? a.pineal gland b.reticular formation c.melatonin d.frontal cortex

Q: an altered state of consciousness in which the brain remains active but the individual is unaware of its activity is known as: a.sleep b.daydreaming c.insomnia d.hypothyroid

Q: which of the following brain areas is responsible for secreting melatonin? a.pineal gland b.suprachiasmic nuclei c.reticular formation d.substantia nigra

Q: which of the following actions does not happen during sleep? a.analyzing danger b.controlling body movements c.experiencing conscious awareness d.finding comfortable positions

Q: which of the following statements is most accurate regarding consciousness? a.stimuli can influence our thoughts even if they are experienced unconsciously. b.unconscious dreams are the only form of the subconscious that is capable of influencing our thoughts and actions. c.unconscious stimuli are rarely able to influence thoughts and actions. d.the study of the effects of unconscious stimuli on consciousness remains very mysterious to scientists and so far has been unable to be studied.

Q: which of the following is true regarding unconscious decision making? a.research has shown that unconscious thought conditions result in the best decisions regarding complex choices. b.research has shown that conscious thought conditions result in the best decisions regarding complex choices. c.research suggests that thinking about something for a long time results in better decision making than making a quick decision. d.research suggests that people are unable to make wise unconscious decisions.

Q: which of the following statements regarding the brain during sleep is not correct? a.sleep is an altered state of consciousness. b.the brain shuts down during sleep. c.complex thinking can occur during sleep. d.conscious experience of the outside world is largely turned off during sleep.

Q: kate has suffered right hemisphere damage. which of the following tasks is least likely to be affected? a.achieving feng shui in her living room by rearranging the couch and the tv b.balancing her checkbook c.reading that look on her boyfriends face d.drawing a picture for her niece

Q: trevor is scratching his head, trying desperately to solve a verbal analogy as part of a standardized entrance examination; sienna, meanwhile, is giving an oral presentation in a political science class. which of the following statements best describes the relative activity of the brains two hemispheres in these two students? a.for trevor, the left hemisphere is more active than the right. for sienna, the two hemispheres are equally active. b.the two hemispheres are equally active for both students. c.the left hemisphere is more active than the right for both students. d.the right hemisphere is more active than the left for both students.

Q: a freudian slip can best be described as a(n): a.conscious thought that was verbally misleading b.conscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time c.unconscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time d.unconscious thought that was meant to be expressed moments later

Q: the processing of information by sensory systems without conscious awareness is referred to as: a.the smart unconscious b.subliminal perception c.split brain d.none of the above

Q: in sera et al.s (2002) study of gender marking, ________ children were more likely to assign a voice to an object based on the grammatical gender of the object: a.english b.german c.french d.mayan

Q: according to your text, the interpreter effect refers to the: a.propensity of the right hemisphere to construct a world that makes sense b.propensity of the left hemisphere to construct a world that makes sense c.ability of the right hemisphere to begin to interpret language d.ability of the left hemisphere to interpret language for the right hemisphere

Q: in a study of the effects of grammatical gender on cognition, boroditsky, schmidt, and phillips (2003) found that when spanish speakers were asked to describe objects that were masculine in their language they: used fewer inanimate words used words such as big, dangerous, strong, and sturdy used fewer gestures used longer and less-frequent words

Q: what part of the brain is known as the interpreter? a.the right hemisphere, in that it likes to construct a world that makes sense. b.the parietal lobe, because it regulates all information and helps translate speech. c.the left hemisphere, because it is vital in constructing a world that makes sense. d.the frontal lobe, because it deals with higher-order thinking.

Q: in yucatec, the plural morpheme: a.is used obligatorily with animate and discrete referents b.is used optionally with animate and discrete referents c.is used optionally with animate but not discrete referents d.is used obligatorily with animate but not discrete referents

Q: lucys studies of the object-substance distinction in english and yucatec speakers found that: a.yucatec speakers specified the number of inanimate objects more than english speakers b.yucatec speakers grouped objects on the basis of material c.english speakers grouped objects on the basis of material d.despite differences in their languages, english and yucatec speakers grouped objects in an almost identical fashion.

Q: phrases that reference object coordinates, as in front of the post or to the left of her are examples of _____ spatial terms. a.absolute b.conditional c.relative d.intrinsic

Q: split-brain patients can walk, talk, think, and interact as though nothing major has happened. why might this be? a.brain function remains normal for only a short time before the person lapses into a comatose state. b.all brain functions are left intact. since each hemisphere controls only half of the body, it does not matter much that the two hemispheres are not connected. c.the brain hemispheres do not feel the separation for up to a week after the surgery. d.each part of the brain must realize what has happened; in the meantime, all functions behave normally until each hemisphere can regenerate the neurons.

Q: in sum, the research on cross-linguistic color, number, object, and spatial naming: a.provides no support for whorfs hypothesis b.fully supports whorfs hypothesis c.provides some support for whorfs hypothesis d.should not be evaluated relative to a whorfian framework

Q: a split-brain patient is shown a frog in her right visual field. she is asked to identify what she sees. she would most likely be able to: a.point to the frog with her left hand b.point to the frog with her right hand c.say what she saw d.say what she saw and then point with her right hand

Q: studies of counterfactual reasoning in english- and chinese-speaking individuals have demonstrated that: a.chinese speakers cannot solve counterfactual reasoning problems b.english speakers make more errors on counterfactual reasoning problems than chinese speakers c.even though the english and chinese languages are so different, speakers of both languages reasoned in precisely the same way. d.variations in materials and subjects in these studies have made it difficult to interpret the results

Q: after split-brain surgery, jerad is able to verbally identify an image flashed to his right visual field, but is unable to name the object when it is presented to his left visual field. why is jerad able to name the objects under one condition but not the other? a.his left hemisphere has been removed in the surgery. the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, and so he is unable to move his mouth to name objects. b.his right hemisphere has been removed in the surgery. the right hemisphere controls the right side of the head, and so he is unable to move his mouth to name objects. c.the corpus callosum has been severed. the right hemisphere language areas are unable to process visual information from the right eye, but are able to process visual information from the left eye. d.the corpus callosum has been severed. the left hemisphere language areas are unable to process visual information from the left visual field, but are able to process visual information from the right visual field.

Q: which hemisphere controls speech? a.left b.right c.occipital d.parietal

Q: carroll and casagrande (1958) examined form perception in navaho-speaking children and english-speaking children. they found that: a. navaho-speaking children focused more on form than color than the english-speaking children did b. english-speaking children focused more on form than color than the navaho-speaking children c.navaho-speaking children on a reservation focused more on form than color than english-speaking children on the reservation, but not more so than the english-speaking suburban children d.there were no differences in form perception between english-speaking and navaho-speaking children

Q: what disorder may call for the corpus callosum to be surgically removed? a.dementia b.epilepsy c.brain damage d.alzheimers

Q: angie has undergone some significant brain surgery to reduce her out-of-control seizures. as a result of this surgery, she is able to walk, talk, and think at near normal levels. she is, however, unable to report the name of an object shown to the left side of her visual field. she does not show the inability to name the object if it is shown to her right visual field. based on this information, it is likely that angies surgery involved: a.severing of the corpus callosum b.severing of the frontal lobe c.severing of the temporal lobe d.a hemispherectomy

Q: _____ terms indicate the relationship between an object in space and a person. a.absolute b.conditional c.relative d.intrinsic

Q: after split-brain surgery, a picture of a chair is shown to the right hemisphere of a patient. when asked what she saw, the patient states she saw _____, but when given a pencil she draws _____. a.a chair; nothing b.nothing; a chair c.a chair; a chair d.nothing, nothing

Q: after surgery, split-brain patients typically seem very normal. why? a.it takes time for the brain to realize what has happened; the patients soon become disorganized. b.neurogenesis occurs rapidly and repairs the brain after the surgery. c.while the two hemispheres cannot talk to each other without external cues, the incoming perceptions provide sufficient cues for normal functioning. d.the two hemispheres usually fight for control; once the surgery occurs, the brain relaxes as each hemisphere can control itself.

Q: whereas english makes a distinction between putting things in and putting things on, korean makes a distinction between: a.putting large versus small objects into containers b.putting things in tight versus loose containers c.putting things temporarily versus permanently into containers d.putting things into round versus rectangular containers

Q: the names for numbers 11 and 12 are dissimilar to the names for the numbers 1 and 2 in: a.all languages b.english c.chinese d.eskimo

Q: when the corpus callosum is severed, the result is: a.loss of consciousness b.death c.split brain d.inability to form new memories

Q: studies of counting have found that chinese preschoolers are superior to american preschoolers in counting: a.from 1 to 10 b.from 11 to 99 c. from 99 up d. in all numbers

Q: the superiority of asian children in acquiring early counting skills can be attributed to: a.more rigorous teaching standards b.genetic factors c.strategies for teaching place value d.a higher cultural regard for mathematics

Q: the band of fibers connecting the two hemispheres is known as: a.the central sulcus b.the information superhighway c.i-10 d.the corpus callosum

Q: berlin and kay (1969) found that _____ color terms appear in all languages: a.over 1100 b.over 100 c.11 d.3

Q: according to the _____ model, consciousness should be a function of _____. a.sensory neglect; the degree of damage to particular areas b.blindsight; visual processing c.global workspace; which brain circuits are active d.consciousness; the level of arousal

Q: cross-linguistic studies of the color domain suggest that: a.different languages are remarkably similar in the color words they use b.languages differ randomly in the color words they use c.there is a hierarchy of color terms d.cultures determine whether color is perceived categorically or discretely

Q: which of the following statements would be consistent with the global workspace model? a.a person is blinded and seems acutely aware of his or her blindness. b.a person with hemineglect searches for the affected body part. c.if a person cannot see something, she or he does not believe it exists. d.if a person cannot see something, she or he does not feel compelled to search for it.

Q: berlin and kay (1969) referred to the most representative basic colors (such as blue) as: a.referential b.primary c.absolute d.focal

Q: roschs research with the dani found that: a.the dani learned the names for color categories best when focal colors were at the center of the categories b.the dani preferred nonfocal colors to focal colors c.focal colors influenced the performance of english speakers but not dani subjects d.nonfocal colors are more perceptually salient than focal colors

Q: according to research on patient outcomes following split-brain surgery, which of the following tasks is likely to improve with time? a.right hemisphere language capabilities b.left hemisphere language capabilities c.left hemisphere spatial capabilities d.right hemisphere spatial capabilities

Q: research on cross-cultural color naming __________ the _______ version of the whorfian hypothesis. a.supports; weak b.supports; strong c.refutes; weak d.refutes; strong

Q: frank tong and colleagues superimposed a house onto a face and asked participants to make judgments about what they saw. what were the participants brain responses? a.the brain activity changed depending on whether participants reported seeing a house or a face. b.the brain noticed both equally, meaning that eventually everything becomes conscious. c.the unconscious brain became confused and thus the participants were unable to see either the house or the face. d.the brain emitted large, slow-wave activity equally for both images.

Q: _______ states that the more frequent a words usage, the shorter the words length. a.the relativity hypothesis b.sapirs theory c.whorfs hypothesis d.zipfs law

Q: demarco has been diagnosed as being in a minimally conscious state. which of the following behaviors is demarco most likely to exhibit? a.higher levels of consciousness, including the ability to identify his family members b.deliberate movements, such as following a pencil with his eyes c.opening and closing his eyes, but with no awareness of his surroundings d.no eeg brain activity

Q: codability is defined as: a.the time take to name a color b.the frequency of usage of a word in a language c.the length of a verbal expression d. the similarity of labels given by different individuals to the same object

Q: according to your text, consciousness is necessary for each of the following except: a.complex actions b.higher-level thinking c.automatic processing d.communicating with others

Q: one example of an automatic process is: a.walking b.taking a test c.driving in stormy weather d.threading a needle

Q: which of the following actions is least likely to occur unconsciously? a.swinging your arms b.chewing gum c.walking to the store d.following gps directions

Q: which of the following is not a mass noun? a.air b.water c.rain d.solid

Q: raya has been driving for over 10 years, but recently bought a new car. given your knowledge about consciousness and behavior, you are likely to conclude that driving in general is a(n) _____ process, whereas driving in the new car is a(n) _____ process. a.conscious; unconscious b.automatic; controlled c.unconscious; conscious d.controlled; automatic

Q: comparing ___________ would provide evidence to test whorfs hypothesis. a.how many words a language has for a given concept b.whether languages mark words for gender c.how different languages mark words for number d.whether pronouns are obligatory across languages

Q: the ethical issue surrounding the terri schiavo case was whether or not terri was: a.in a persistent vegetative state or a minimally conscious state b.able to make current medical decisions for herself c.more dependent on her parents or her husband d.able to vocalize her choices

Q: the strong form of the whorf hypothesis holds that: a.languages differ in the ease with which certain ideas can be expressed b.the presence of linguistic categories creates cognitive categories c.language influences specialized modes of thought d.ultimately, all languages express reality in the same way

Q: whorf used the term regular analogy to emphasize: a.our normal, habitual way of interpreting everyday experience b.the analogy we draw from one languages expressions to another languages c.the similarity between adult and child language usage d.the basic-level terms we first learn as children

Q: whorf was chiefly concerned with: a.cross-cultural weather terms b.how individuals thought and spoke about dangerous situations c.grammatical differences among languages d.language and intelligence

Q: a space-time irregularity catapults four early psychologists to this years apa conference. while freud seeks a conduit back to 1900, james, titchener, and watson discuss the conferences proceedings thus far. recall the discussion of historical perspectives in psychology from chapter 1 in your text. which of the three psychologists would be comfortable with the current focus on consciousness in psychology? a.james b.titchener c.watson d.both a and b

Q: english sentences typically obey the _____ order. a.subject-object-verb b.verb-object-subject c.object-verb-subject d.subject-verb-object

Q: an example of an english construction that does not obey the s-v-o order is: a.the question form b.the declarative sentence c.the negative sentence d.all of the above

Q: what do contemporary psychologists generally believe with respect to the relationship between the mind and the brain? how does the modern view relate to descartes position? a.contemporary psychologists believe that consciousness exists in the brain. this view contrasts with descartes dualism. b.contemporary psychologists believe that consciousness exists in the brain. this view accords with descartes dualism. c.contemporary psychologists believe that consciousness is separate from the brain. this view contrasts with descartes dualism. d.contemporary psychologists do not believe that consciousness exists. this view contrasts with descartes dualism.

Q: which of the following is an example of consciousness? a.moment-by-moment subjective experience b.paying attention to your surroundings c.reflecting on your thoughts d.all of the above

Q: the notion that a language determines certain nonlinguistic cognitive processes is referred to as: a.linguistic relativity b.linguistic determinism c. linguistic differentiation d. linguistic convention

Q: which of the following statements is not true? a.consciousness is associated with brain activity. b.consciousness is synonymous with awareness. c.consciousness reflects subjective experience. d.consciousness is not always necessary for information processing.

Q: when we say that languages differ in their degree of differentiation of semantic domains, we mean that: a.speakers of different languages think about words in different ways b.speakers of different languages use different words to express themselves, but think in similar ways c.there are more words in a given domain in some languages than in others d.it is fundamentally impossible to translate certain words and expressions from one language to another