Q&A Hero

Q: our early ancestors seem to have foraged about in small groups and were threatened by large predators. bowlby referred to this as a.the early period of attachment formation b.early proximity-seeking behavior c.the pre-technological period d.the environment of adaptedness

Q: a mental procedure that focuses attention on an external object or sense of awareness is called: a.hypnosis b.automated behavior c.meditation d.concentrative consciousness

Q: ethologists believe instincts a. are released by specific external stimuli b. are released by a variety of internal and external stimuli c. are what we ordinarily call drives d. lack external stimuli

Q: which of the following phenomena does not provide evidence supporting the dissociation theory of hypnosis? a.brain imaging studies that show evidence of different brain activation patterns during hypnosis b.data showing faster color naming during a stroop test in subjects who were given a posthypnotic suggestion that they would be seeing meaningless symbols rather than actual words c.data showing that individuals typically act as they think a hypnotized person should act, even if their belief regarding hypnosis is incorrect d.data from a study in which individuals were given a posthypnotic suggestion to feel disgust over a certain word and then reported feeling disgust at that word

Q: according to the dissociation theory of hypnosis, people under hypnosis: a.merely act out what they believe is expected of them b.take on a role of following directions of the hypnotist simply to gain attention c.experience a trancelike state in which there is separation or dissociation from conscious awareness d.enter a dreamlike or rem-like state of consciousness

Q: some contemporary ethologists prefer the term sensitive period to critical period to convey a.greater sensitivity to children b.more flexible boundaries c.preprogrammed infant sensitivity d.all of the above

Q: bowlby believed that a. there is a form of imprinting in humans b. instincts are never found in humans c. ainsworths research was over-rated d. all of the above

Q: according to the socio-cognitive theory of hypnosis, people who are hypnotized are: a.merely acting out what they believe is expected of them b.simply following directions of the hypnotist to gain attention c.in a different socio-cognitive state of consciousness in which they become more compliant d.in an altered state of consciousness, which reduces their social and cognitive abilities

Q: bowlbys theory draws on the work of a. locke b. rousseau c. lorenz d. all of the above

Q: according to the sociocognitive theory, hypnosis is: a.a trancelike state b.a dissociative state c.an act d.none of the above

Q: ethologists a. initially like to observe each species in natural settings b. prefer to study the evolution of physical behavior c. prefer to study behavior under scientific conditions in laboratories d. all of the above

Q: which of the following is not a potential clinical use for hypnosis? a.analgesia b.relief from chronic pain c.speeding surgical recovery d.altering personality over a long time frame

Q: the study by wheatley and haidt (2005), in which individuals were given posthypnotic suggestions to feel disgust over a certain word, provided evidence that posthypnotic suggestions: a.are not real b.may actually have an influence on behavior c.work only if the individual knows about the posthypnotic suggestion d.are effective only in women

Q: according to darwin a.wallace was wrong and lamarck was right b.evolution hinges on differential reproduction c.newly learned skills are passed on to the next generation d.evolution usually occurs in quick spurts

Q: which of the following individuals is most likely to be hypnotized easily? a.suzanne, who scores high on the suggestibility screening test b.mark, who scores low on the suggestibility screening test c.ann, who is easily distracted d.chen, who shows low imaginative skills

Q: darwin a.showed little promise as a child b.was fascinated by wildlife c.waited many years before publishing his famous work d.all of the above

Q: darwin believed that a. species evolved b. humans and nonhuman animals share many traits c. nonhuman animals can show intelligent behavior d. all of the above

Q: gerdie volunteers for a demonstration on hypnosis. the hypnotist makes a series of suggestions to her, and she appears to enter a hypnotic state. the hypnotist then asks her to perform a series of silly behaviors, and she appears to willingly engage in these. the hypnotist then tells her to forget all that she did on stage. later, she appears to have forgotten. her forgetting is due to the effects of: a.delusions induced by the hypnotist b.posthypnotic suggestions c.unconscious forgetting d.nothing; she really does remember

Q: according to research on hypnosis, what is the most important factor for hypnosis to work? a.the ability of the hypnotist b.the suggestibility of the individual who is to be hypnotized c.both the suggestibility of the individual to be hypnotized and the ability of the hypnotist d.neither, as little evidence supports hypnosis as a real phenomenon

Q: the text is most sharply critical of gesell when discussing a.his definition of maturation b.his philosophy of child rearing c.new insights into the capacities of newborns d. his use of age norms

Q: a study by bell and ainsworth suggests that when parents consistently respond to young infants cries, the infants at one year of age are a.quite spoiled b.relatively independent c.vigorous criers d.insecurely attached

Q: a social interaction during which a person responds to suggestions to experience changes in memory, perception, and voluntary action is also called: a.a hallucination b.an illusion c.unconsciousness d.hypnosis

Q: a pediatrician expects the infant to demonstrate the pincer grasp at a.birth b.six months c.ten months d.twelve months

Q: which of the following statements concerning hypnosis is true? a.hypnosis is the same as sleeping. b.someone else is controlling the hypnotized person. c.hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness. d.none of the above is true.

Q: in gesells view, the environment a.supports inner growth but does not pattern it b.alters the sequences and patterns of behavior c.is only important for personality development d.plays no significant role in development

Q: consciousness can by altered through: a.hypnosis b.meditation c.drug use d.all of the above

Q: hypnosis, meditation, and drug use allow an individual to: a.escape the self b.achieve flow c.alter consciousness d.both a and c

Q: gesell suggested that individual differences in growth rates are associated with differences in a.introversion and extraversion b.self-control c.professional success d.temperament

Q: according to the evolutionary hypothesis of dreaming, which of the following statements does not describe a function of dreams? a.dreams serve as a means to simulate threatening events to allow people to rehearse coping strategies. b.dreams help people develop adaptive strategies to increase survival. c.dreams may be the result of unconscious processing of freudian slips. d.dreams may involve practicing resolution of negative emotions.

Q: a 4-year-old who had begun drawing in a clockwise direction shifts to a counterclockwise preference. the childs behavior illustrates the principle of a.functional asymmetry b.individuality c.temporary disequilibrium d.reciprocal interweaving

Q: according to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, dreaming is the result of: a.neural stimulation, which activates mechanisms that normally interpret visual input b.neural inhibition, which inhibits mechanisms that normally interpret visual input c.inhibition of the amygdala d.stimulation of the amygdala to process visual information

Q: gesell did not believe that a.individual growth rates are controlled by maturation b.some children grow more slowly than others c.developmental sequences may vary from child to child d.children alternate between periods of stability and instability

Q: gesells main advice to parents was to a.let children guide you b.guide children in a firm but loving manner c.raise children according to set schedules early on d.focus on your own image of you want children to be

Q: esther dreams that she is flying. esthers psychoanalyst suggests that such a dream represents a hidden desire for sexual intercourse. which of the following statements is true? a.flying is a symbol. b.flying is the latent content. c.sexual intercourse is the manifest content. d.esther wishes to fly.

Q: gesells theory is most sympathetic to that of a.locke b.rousseau c.the preformationists d.aries

Q: gesell said maturation can be defined as a.the attainment of a final or complete state b.the process by which development is governed by the genes c.physical as opposed to mental development d.all of the above

Q: latent content is to _____ as manifest content is to _____. a.seeing a tower in a dream; the psychological meaning of the tower b.the psychological meaning of a tower; seeing a tower in a dream c.the ability to identify a ladder in a dream; the ability to physically climb the ladder d.the ability to physically climb a ladder; the ability to identify a ladder in a dream

Q: gesell said children a.are like miniature adults b.have an inner wisdom about what they are ready to do c.learn primarily through rewards and punishments d.are best raised according to standard, culture-wide expectations

Q: the manifest content of a dream: a.consists of symbols b.is the dream you remember having c.directly reveals the dreamers unconscious wishes d.both a and b

Q: the dream the way a dreamer remembers it is referred to as: a.latent content b.manifest content c.freudian content d.ideological content

Q: the text most clearly criticizes rousseau because a. he played down the extent to which children are socially oriented b. he believed society applies only weak pressures c. he failed to discover the concept of maturation d. he unfairly misrepresented lockes writings

Q: the text says locke a. ignored his own insight that children have their own nature b. never clearly defined his terms c. minimized the extent to which children are interested in the social world d. was wrong to overlook individual differences in children

Q: the symbolic meaning of a dream is referred to as: a.latent content b.manifest content c.freudian content d.ideological content

Q: dreams occurring during rem sleep are _____; dreams occurring during non-rem sleep are _____. a.dull and mundane; bizarre and highly emotional b.bizarre and highly emotional; dull and mundane c.likely to include visual hallucinations and illogical content; likely to include auditory hallucinations d.likely to include auditory hallucinations and loss of time and space; likely to include visual hallucinations and illogical content

Q: linnea said that she had dreams about what she was going to wear and what pencil to bring to class. what type of sleep was she probably in? a.non-rem b.rem c.luna d.scn

Q: the textbook suggest that the first major force to weaken preformationism was a.changes in artistic perspective b.changes in the occupational world c.the writings of locke and the enlightenment d.changes in christian theology

Q: rousseau primarily disagreed with locke over a.the extent to which children are curious b.the extent to which children are innately wicked or innocent c.whether social factors can influence behavior d.the extent to which children should be guided by adults

Q: sean, who is 18 years old, complains that he never dreams. he asks if this could be possible. based on what you know about dream behavior, you are likely to: a.agree with him because you do not dream either b.disagree with him because he is 18 and everyone can dream after the age of 12 c.disagree with him because we all have dreams unless we have a specific brain injury or are on a certain kind of medication d.agree with him because not everyone has dreams in rem sleep

Q: which of the following statements is not true? a.chronic sleep deprivation can affect attention and short-term memory. b.animal studies show that extended sleep deprivation may compromise the immune system and lead to death. c.microsleeps may occur with severe sleep deprivation. d.the effects of sleep deprivation are most likely permanent.

Q: if rousseau were alive today, he probably would look most favorably on a book titled a.let children be children b.teaching your preschooler to read the simple way c.the rational infant d.preparing children for success

Q: sleep deprivation may lead to: a.immune system suppression b.problems in mood c.problems in cognitive performance d.all of the above

Q: which of the following is not associated with rousseaus thought? a. romanticism b. child-centered education c.metacognition d.recapitulation

Q: rousseau strongly opposed lessons that are a.too difficult b.mere games c.purely sensory d.unrelated to future tasks

Q: being deprived of sleep for two to three days does not hinder a persons _____ performance, but does affect _____ performance. a.athletic; mundane task b.mundane task; complex task c.mundane task; athletic d.athletic; complex task

Q: which of the following statements concerning the adaptive nature of sleep is true? a.sleep enables the brain to restore itself. b.activity is limited during sleep, thereby reducing threats of harm. c.sleep strengthens neural connections. d.all of the above are true.

Q: a child raised by rousseaus method at the age of 10 or 12 would not be a.athletic b. happy c. spontaneous d. sophisticated

Q: your text suggests that from infancy through adolescence, hours of sleep per night is probably _____ correlated with age in years. a.negatively b.not c.positive d.perfectly

Q: locke believed the best rewards and punishments are a.immediately administered b.gradually administered c.physical d.praise and disapproval

Q: locke discussed a. models b. rewards and punishments c. small steps d. all of the above

Q: which of the following is not likely a purpose of sleep? a.strengthening of neuronal connections that serve as the basis for learning b.consolidation of information c.maintenance and strengthening of the immune system d.reducing the likelihood of schizophrenia

Q: why do humans sleep at night instead of during the day? a.there is most danger at night, when we cannot see well. b.there is least danger at night, so we are safe to sleep. c.our bodies, particularly our eyes, are not capable of functioning properly at night. d.there is no reason; it just became habitual in humans.

Q: rousseau believed the aim of education should be for children a.to learn the skills necessary to become useful members of society b.to learn to think for themselves c.to learn self-control d.learn to read at an early age

Q: circadian rhythms can best be described as: a.special heartbeats that trigger the heart to increase or decrease the circular flow of blood b.the rise and fall of the sun each day c.biological clocks controlling hormone levels, temperature, and the sleep cycle d.the ancient art of star tracking, which is used today to figure out sleep patterns

Q: some recent research suggests that newborn infants think like adult scientists. if valid, this research would support the position of a.locke b.the preformationists c.rousseau d.learning theory

Q: rousseau a.was considered a master classroom teacher b.was inspired by montessori c.was a failure as a father d.was dedicated to preformationism

Q: sleep deprivation can increase the activation of _____ receptors in the brain, which in turn can alleviate symptoms of _____. a.serotonin; depression b.dopamine; insomnia c.norepinepherine; alzheimers d.marijuana; stress

Q: which of the following disorders may be helped by sleep deprivation? a.chronic insomnia b.depression c.hypertension d.adhd

Q: locke thought children a.are like blank slates b.are preformed at birth c.grow according to an inner timetable d.develop in a series of stages

Q: which theory of sleep would explain why jon slept an extra four hours after running a marathon? a.circadian rhythms theory b.facilitation of learning theory c.restorative theory d.all of the above

Q: the restorative theory is used to explain which of the following phenomena? a.plasticity b.sleep c.hormone balance d.exercise

Q: which animal has unihemispherical sleep patterns? a.monkey b.shark c.human d.dolphin

Q: your friend has a child who wakes up during the first hour of sleep and walks around with a glassy-eyed look. the little girl can be walked back to bed and does not remember the episode in the morning. your friend is very worried that his child may have a severe sleep disorder. based on your knowledge of sleep, you reply that the child: a.has narcolepsy and should be seen immediately by a physician b.has an rem behavior disorder and this could be very dangerous c.has insomnia, and the parent should implement a better sleep routine d.likely is sleepwalking, and this condition is typical for her age group

Q: evan was born prematurely. because he may stop breathing for temporary periods while asleep, he is given oxygen at night to compensate for his lowered oxygen levels and sleep disruption during these episodes. it is likely that evan has: a.sleep apnea b.sleep apraxia c.narcolepsy d.insomnia

Q: which of the following is the most likely cause of insomnia? a.disrupted sleep cycles b.altered theta waves c.narcolepsy d.worrying about sleep

Q: your friend has been complaining about her inability to concentrate and her irritability. she mentions that she has not been able to fall asleep. what condition might your friend have? a.dementia b.insomnia c.melatonin d.paradoxical sleep

Q: occasionally, jon will fall asleep while working with a customer. jon is experiencing which sleep disorder? a.sleep apnea b.insomnia c.narcolepsy d.all of the above

Q: which sleep disorder is characterized by the inability to sleep? a.insomnia b.sleep apnea c.narcolepsy d.night terrors

Q: what brain regions have been linked to narcolepsy? a.motor cortex b.parietal lobe and spinal cord c.temporal lobe and frontal lobe d.hypothalamus

Q: rem sleep is paradoxical because: a.the brain is active, but the major skeletal muscles are paralyzed b.the skeletal muscles remain active, but the brain is inactive c.the brain is less active than it is during other sleep stages d.dreams occur more often during rem sleep than during other sleep stages

Q: rem sleep is sometimes called active sleep for all the following reasons except: a.brain activity is intense during rem sleep b.vivid dreams occur during rem sleep c.the activity of skeletal muscles increases during rem sleep d.the eyes move rapidly during rem sleep