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Psychology
Q:
in pavlovs experiments, what was the conditioned response? a.salivation to the food b.salivation to the metronome c.the food d.the sound of the metronome
Q:
what is a conditioned response? a.an innate response b.a response that has been learned c.an automatic response d.a reflex
Q:
in kohlbergs most recent scoring manual, the stage most affected was a.stage 2 b.stage 4 c.stage 5 d.stage 6
Q:
studies that interview the same subjects every so often are called a.longitudinal b.cross-sectional c.replicative d.sequential
Q:
what is a conditioned stimulus? a.something that naturally elicits a response b.something that elicits a response only after learning c.a previously extinct stimulus d.a second-order pairing of learned relations
Q:
what type of learned response occurs when a formerly neutral object begins to elicit a reflexive (or highly similar) response after it has been paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits that response? a.orienting reflex b.classical conditioning c.consequence conditioning d.unconditioned stimulus
Q:
the united states constitution, with its rights and procedures, illustrates moral thinking at kohlbergs a.stage 3 b.stage 4 c.stage 5 d.stage 6
Q:
a person says, everyone has their own perspective on right and wrong, so just do what is best for you. this person is probably reasoning at kohlbergs a.stage 1 b.stage 2 c.stage 3 d.stage 4
Q:
you are conducting an informal study in which, for a month, you play a particular song just before you serve dinner to your best friend. eventually, you play just the song to see what will happen, and your friend begins to salivate and says that she has hunger pains. in this scenario, what is the unconditioned response? a.salivation in response to food b.salivation in response to the song c.hunger pains in response to the song d.salivation to either the food or the song
Q:
a teacher tells his students they should be nice to others because they might one day want others to return favors to therm. the teacher is probably reasoning at kohlbergs a.stage 2 b.stage 3 c.stage 4 d.stage 5
Q:
what is an unconditioned response? a.something that naturally elicits a response b.a response that has been learned c.something that elicits a response only after learning d.a reflex
Q:
what is an unconditioned response? a.a learned pairing between two stimuli b.a nervous system reflex c.an unlearned, automatic behavior to a stimulus d.something that elicits an automatic behavior
Q:
a person who says we ought to keep all promises out of a respect for the equal worth of all individuals is probably reasoning at kohlbergs a.stage 3 b.stage 4 c.stage 5 d.stage 6
Q:
what observation by pavlov led to the development of classical conditioning as a model of learning? a.dogs showed reflexes highly similar to people. b.dogs had to be conditioned to salivate. c.dogs salivated in anticipation of the food. d.dogs salivated after receiving the reward of the food.
Q:
an emphasis on social order and organization characterizes moral thought at kohlbergs a.stage 3 b.stage 4 c.stage 5 d.stage 6
Q:
a person who reasons at kohlbergs third stage is likely to say that fighting is wrong because a.it is against the law b.it disrupts the social order c.it is mean and injures others d.it violates a universal principle
Q:
you are conducting an informal study in which, for a month, you play a particular song for your best friend right before you serve dinner to her. eventually, you play the song, and then wait to see how your friend responds. she begins to salivate and says she has hunger pains. in this scenario, what is the unconditioned stimulus? a.the song b.the food c.the time of day d.salivation
Q:
which of the following is not a point piaget made? a.logic is a very internalized form of motor action b.the first symbols are motor actions, not words c.the rates of development vary from child to child d.preoperational thought inspires artistic creativity
Q:
what is an unconditioned stimulus? a.a learned response b.a reflexive action to a biologically relevant situation c.something that elicits a learned response d.something that elicits an unlearned response
Q:
what is the proper order of events that need to take place in order for classical conditioning to occur? a.unconditioned response presentation conditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the unconditioned stimulus after many trials, the unconditioned response elicits the conditioned stimulus b.conditioned response presentation unconditioned response presentation, which elicits the conditioned response after many trials, the conditioned response elicits the unconditioned stimulus c.unconditioned stimulus presentation conditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the conditioned response after many trials, the unconditioned stimulus elicits the unconditioned response d.conditioned stimulus presentation unconditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the unconditioned response after many trials, the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response
Q:
the five to seven shift refers to a.the transition to concrete operations b.uneven development in the attainment of concrete operations c.a very broad shift in thinking at this age period d.a time of day when children find it difficult to study
Q:
piaget said most people reach the highest stages of reasoning a.only in societies with educational systems b.primarily in areas of special interest or ability c.in most areas of thinking d.in most technologically developed societies, but not in simple, village societies
Q:
piagets educational views differ from montessoris on
a.the importance of spontaneous discovery
b.the importance of social interactions
c.the need to consider the distinctive qualities of the childs thought
d.all of the above
Q:
in _____, learning occurs when two types of events are paired closely in time. a.classical conditioning b.operant conditioning c.observational learning d.social learning
Q:
this scientist won a nobel prize for his work on the digestive system, work that made a fundamental contribution to the study of conditioned responses. a.john watson b.ivan pavlov c.b. f. skinner d.daniel kahneman
Q:
piagets ideas on developmental change
a.emphasize cognitive conflict
b.are dialectic
c.emphasize social interactions
d.all of the above
Q:
piaget said cognitive behavior develops in sequences because a. it becomes more differentiated, complex, and comprehensive b. the sequences are genetically determined c. this is simply the best way to describe the data d. maturation governs intellectual development as much as motor development
Q:
pavlovian conditioning is also referred to as: a.behavior modification b.operant conditioning c.classical conditioning d.consequence-oriented conditioning
Q:
for what area of research did ivan pavlov receive the nobel prize? a.classical conditioning b.animal training c.salivary reflex and digestion d.biological boundaries of learning
Q:
the process by which an environmental stimulus and a behavior are connected is known as: a.cognition b.episodic memory c.conditioning d.behavior modification
Q:
when children consider rules fixed and unchangeable, piaget used the term
a. moral absolutes
b. hierarchical thinking
c. moral heteronomy
d. moral autonomy
Q:
which of the following is not an example of learning? a.the second time she gets her eyes tested, sammy blinks when the buzzer rings because she predicts a puff of air is coming after the buzzer. b.a baby begins to reach and fuss when his mother opens the refrigerator to get the bottle out. c.a baby can sit up at six months, but rarely can at two months. d.your cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of a can opener.
Q:
piaget paid considerably more attention to
a. infancy than childhood and adolescence
b. childhood than infancy
c. the structure of thought than movement from stage to stage
d. social thought than scientific thought
Q:
the best definition of learning is that learning: a.results entirely from maturation rather than experience b.must result in adaptation of behavior, but does not have to be enduring c.always results in adaptations in behavior d.is relatively enduring and results from experience
Q:
kamiis constructivism
a.uses worksheets for self-paced learning
b.produces very high scores on the math items of standardized tests
c.allows children to invent their own math strategies (pp. 145-146)
d.relies on algorithms techniques that ensure correct answers
Q:
in the piagetian view, stages
a. always occur in the same sequence
b. represent general patterns of thought and behavior
c. are qualitatively different from one another
d. all of the above
Q:
a relatively permanent change in behavior that is not due to maturation but is due to experience is called: a.operant shaping b.habituation c.learning d.behaviorism
Q:
a child who can find a completely hidden object but cannot follow visible displacement is in what stage of sensorimotor development? a. stage 3 b. stage 4 c. stage 5 d. stage 6
Q:
piaget most often linked the various forms of preoperational thought to a. egocentrism b. hierarchic integration c. a lack of conservation d. transductive thinking
Q:
according to watson, children are born as a blank slate, or tabula rasa. which of the following characteristics should a child then possess from birth? a.the potential for cognition, but not the experiences necessary to use cognitive thought b.basic reflexes through which he or she can have sensory experiences c.associations between action and effect d.the ability to free associate through nonverbal response
Q:
when a child begins to master conservation and classification tasks, she begins to attain a. tertiary circular reactions b. formal operations c. preoperational thought d. concrete operations
Q:
according to watsons view, which is not necessarily considered accurate today, what is the only valid indicator of psychological activity and why? a.overt behavior, because it alone can be studied using the scientific method b.self-report, because it is the most accurate measurement of subjective states c.psychoanalysis, because individuals do not know the drives of their own subconscious d.classical conditioning, because it demonstrates innate learning abilities
Q:
according to watsons famous quote regarding the rearing of children, if given a dozen infants and control of their world, he could: a.guarantee ahead of time their iq, based on their early infant behavior b.train them to be any type of specialist he wanted c.shape their early childhood but have little impact on later development d.ensure that they grew up without discrimination and hatred
Q:
recent research suggests a. children cannot be taught conservation b. piagets sequences are wrong c. piagets stages arent too general across tasks d. all of the above
Q:
the school of behaviorism was based on the belief that: a.anything can be learned by any living organism b.animals and humans are born with the potential to learn just about anything c.behavior is conditioned, unlike cognitions of the mind d.animals learn via behavioral principles, whereas humans learn via cognitive principles
Q:
for piaget, which of the following is not an example of egocentrism? a.selfishness b.collective monologues c.not considering anothers viewpoint d.failing to realize that others cant see ones dreams
Q:
you know that genetics has given your new baby sister innate traits, such as how to suckle and cry. yet some people tell you that she is born knowing nothing. these people believe in _____, which says that the environment teaches infants everything. a.pure minds b.tabula rasa c.a clean start d.white space
Q:
in piagets view, children master conservation a.by recognizing the contradictions in their own thought b.through specific instruction c.when they go to school d.all of the above
Q:
at the stage of primary circular reactions, infants a.coordinate two body actions b.engage in trial and error experiments c.repeat newly imitated behavior over and over d.think with motor symbols but not words
Q:
one of the earliest and strongest proponents of learning theory was: a.john watson b.sigmund freud c.joseph wolpe d.john garcia
Q:
a child strikes a table several times, sometimes more loudly, sometimes more softly. this behavior illustrates a.secondary circular reactions b.tertiary circular reactions c.the coordination of secondary schemes d.the beginning of thought
Q:
who founded the school of behaviorism? a.skinner b.watson c.pavlov d.bandura
Q:
learning involves all of the following except: a.changes in behavior b.consequences of actions c.associations between events d.maturation
Q:
an answer that includes the consideration of all hypothetical possibilities is at the level of a.the sixth stage of sensorimotor development b.preoperational thought c.concrete operations d.formal operations
Q:
an infant who accidentally pushes an object and then pushes it again and again to see the interesting sight last demonstrates a.primary circular reactions b.secondary circular reactions c.tertiary circular reactions d.the coordination of secondary schemes
Q:
which sentence below best defines the concept of tabula rasa? a.an infant comes into the world with a genetic blueprint. all the knowledge the infant subsequently acquires is determined by the infants genetic code. b.an infant comes into the world with a genetic blueprint, but his or her knowledge can be shaped through sensory experiences in the world. c.an infant comes into the world knowing nothing. the infants genetic blueprint largely overrides the knowledge acquired through his or her sensory experiences in the world. d.an infant comes into the world knowing nothing. the infant then acquires all of his or her knowledge through sensory experiences in the world.
Q:
what is the name of the best-selling novel by b. f. skinner in which he described a utopian society grounded in basic behavioral principles? a.walden b.walden two c.1984 d.erehwon
Q:
in piagets theory, deferred imitation is an example of a.primary circular reactions b.secondary circular reactions c.the coordination of secondary schemes d.the beginning of thought
Q:
which of the following is not a likely contributor to the development of addiction? a.learning by watching others abuse a drug or alcohol b.being a risk taker c.escape from pain or avoiding problem areas in ones life d.personal views as to whether addiction is a disease or a choice
Q:
all of the following are examples of preoperational thought except a.egocentrism b.animism c.reversible operations d.the view that dreams are real
Q:
two areas of the brain that have been critically linked to the development of addiction include the: a.dopamine system and the insula b.dopamine system and the forebrain c.opiate system and the insula d.opiate system and the forebrain
Q:
piaget emphasized childrens lack of conservation as a quality of a. infancy b. stage 6 of sensorimotor thought c. preoperational thought d. formal operations
Q:
the difference between physical dependence and psychological dependence is that: a.psychological dependence involves habitual and compulsive substance abuse despite the consequences, whereas physical dependence refers to tolerance and withdrawal b.physical dependence refers to habitual and compulsive substance abuse despite the consequences, whereas psychological dependence involves tolerance and withdrawal c.psychological dependence is a choice; physical dependence is a disease d.physical dependence results in harm; psychological dependence is just a bad habit
Q:
piaget emphasized the importance of a.early schooling b.biological maturation c.adult teaching d.independent thinking
Q:
the need for continued use of a drug to avoid symptoms of withdrawal is: a.tolerance b.withdrawal c.addiction d.dependence
Q:
in piagets view, young people in formal operations can a. think abstractly b. consider hypothetical possibilities c. engage in scientific experiments d. all of the above
Q:
egocentrism is a characteristic of a .preopertional thought b. concrete operations c. stage 4 of sensorimotor development d. formal operations
Q:
byron drinks five or more cups of coffee each day during the week. on saturday and sunday mornings, when he sleeps in late, he often has a headache when he gets up, and it only goes away after he drinks some coffee. it is likely that byron is experiencing _____ to the coffee. a.tolerance symptoms b.psychological dependency c.withdrawal symptoms d.contextual cravings
Q:
piaget said the mastery of conservation indicates a. sensorimotor development b. preoperational thought c. concrete operations d. formal operatons
Q:
when terry stopped using oxycontin, he had chills, cramps, and diarrhea. which term offers the most specific description of terrys experience? a.tolerance b.withdrawal c.dependence d.addiction
Q:
the text says werner is valuable today a.because he formulated the concept of formal operations b.because he pointed to the flaws in rousseaus character c.his concepts shed light on our primordial connections to nature d.his three levels of development are the focus on enormous research
Q:
giacomo has used crystal methamphetamine for a while. to feel the effects of the drug, he now needs to take a couple of lines instead of just one. which term best describes giacomos experience? a.tolerance b.dependence c.withdrawal d.addiction
Q:
physical dependence on a drug is referred to as: a.tolerance b.withdrawal c.addiction d.dependence
Q:
regarding the concept of addiction, which statement most nearly captures your texts position? a.physical dependence is necessary for addiction. b.both physical and psychological dependence are necessary for addiction. c.physical dependence is sufficient for addiction. d.psychological dependence is sufficient for addiction.
Q:
an example of synesthesia is a.hearing a sound as yellow b.remembering dreams in vivid detail c.viewing a triangle as alive d.remembering a scene in precise detail
Q:
the text criticizes werner for a.being unclear on the discontinuity issue b.not taking clear stands c.overvaluing artistic development d.being too phenomenological
Q:
werner said creative thinking a.involves microgenetic mobility b.utilizes primitive as well as advanced modes of thinking c.begins with undifferentiated impressions and images d.all of the above
Q:
the need to use a drug regularly is termed: a.dependence b.habituation c.addiction d.abuse
Q:
werner said discontinuity refers to a.only qualitative change b.both qualitative and quantitative changes that are sudden or abrupt c.only qualitative changes that are sudden or abrupt d.both quantitative and quantitative changes, regardless of their abruptness
Q:
the compulsive use of a drug despite negative consequences is referred to as: a.tolerance b.withdrawal c.addiction d.dependence