Q&A Hero

Q: conditioned food aversions are especially likely to occur when the stimulus is a(n): a.familiar food b.unfamiliar food c.light d.sound

Q: bandura disagrees with piaget over the extent to which children a.learn from moderately novel events b.learn through intrinsic motivation c.go through general stages d.all of the above

Q: when humans feel threatened, they tend to freeze first and then run. this reaction is an example of: a.conditioned aversion b.the equipotentiality principle c.biological preparedness d.the law of effect

Q: studies on pro-social behavior suggest that a.preaching can have strong short-term effects but can backfire b.modeling a behavior for children always has stronger effects than issuing orders c.practicing and preaching have about the same effects d.preaching is always more effective than modeling a behavior

Q: the theory that animals are genetically programmed to fear particular things that threaten their survival is known as: a.tolerance conditioning b.biological preparedness c.evolutionary significance d.second-order conditioning

Q: according to siegels research, drug tolerance is greatest when the drug is taken in the same location as a prior use because: a.contextual cues make the drugs effects begin before the drug is even taken b.the body alters neurochemistry or physiology to metabolize the drug before the drug is even taken c.the reward system preactivates the dopamine response d.drug addicts are fearful of new contexts

Q: over the years, bandura has come to view piagets theory as a.similar to his own b.still wrong in major respects c.correct about external standards d.correct about stages

Q: the psychologist shepard siegel recommends that treatment for drug addiction involve exposing addicts to certain drug cues, such that subsequent exposures no longer produce drug cravings. what behavioral process studied by pavlov is implicated in this recommendation? a.craving b.withdrawal c.extinction d.phobias

Q: which of the following is not on banduras list of variables strongly influencing self-efficacy appraisals? a.vicarious experiences b.physiological cues c.non-judgmental acceptance d.pep talks

Q: behaviorism has helped psychologists gain an understanding of drug tolerance by showing that: a.cues in the environment predictive of the drug can produce physiological reactions similar to actions of the drug b.increased levels of reward produced by the drug itself become needed for responding to any reinforcement over time c.punishment is an effective but controversial treatment for overcoming drug withdrawal d.drug therapies such as methadone need to be conditioned to be effective

Q: in banduras theory, direct reinforcements primarily affect a.general classes of behavior rather than specific behavior b.aggressive behavior rather than other kinds of behavior c.altruistic behavior rather than other kinds of behavior d.performances rather than the acquisition of responses

Q: when our previously learned responses are more likely to occur after watching the consequences that follow others behavior, the process is called a.symbolic reinforcement b.disinhibition c.vicarious facilitation d.vicariously enhanced performance

Q: which of the following does not reflect the role of classical conditioning in drug addiction? a.the feel of a needle in the skin eliciting the effects of heroin b.contextual cues increasing drug cravings c.the effectiveness of treatment centers in getting addicts to quit d.the smell of coffee eliciting arousal

Q: according to the work of shepard siegel, an addicts usual large dose is most likely to produce an overdose in which setting? a.in a novel setting b.in a familiar setting c.the setting is unimportant d.none of the above

Q: the text considers research on televised aggression as a.weak b.fairly weak c.fairly conclusive d.supporting some theorists but not others

Q: piagetians generally believe that bandura a.is in agreement with them, except for minor details b.is more in agreement with freudian thinking than their own c.has demonstrated the effects of classical conditioning d.underestimates the power of spontaneous interests

Q: when children pick up the rules underlying modeled behavior, bandura calls the process a.cognitive modeling b.observational learning c.abstract modeling d.rule-induced modeling

Q: research by shepard siegel and colleagues has shown that tolerance to a drugs effects is most likely to be greatest in which setting? a.where the drug is most frequently used b.where the drug has not been used before c.tolerance is generally the same under all locations d.none of the above

Q: the process by which an individual needs increasing amounts of the drug to achieve the same psychological or physical effects is known as: a.addiction b.tolerance c.sensitization d.withdrawal

Q: bandura says a positive sense of self-efficacy a.promotes independence from peers b.promotes patience and tolerance of others c.gives one energy to persist with tasks d.all of the above

Q: bandura says that observation often affects a.acquisition rather than performances of new responses b.motor reproduction process c.operant conditioning of behavior in experimental settings d.all of the above

Q: how might behavioral techniques help treat phobias? a.by removing the central nucleus of the amygdala b.by conditioning a new unconditioned stimulus to the conditioned response, thus removing the initial conditioning c.by systematically desensitizing the threat through the introduction of new conditioned responses d.by punishing unwanted conditioned responses to the phobic unconditioned stimulus

Q: katie is afraid of clowns. she has been trying to overcome this fear by getting into a very relaxed state and then going to the circus. after months of this exposure, she is no longer afraid when she sees a clown. what anti-phobia treatment is this action similar to? a.reconstruction theory b.extinctive training c.advocate theory d.systematic desensitization

Q: when we learn from the consequences that follow the actions of others, the process is called a.modeling b.symbolic modeling c.consequence observation d.vicarious reinforcement

Q: why was little albert not counterconditioned, or systematically desensitized, for his acquired fear of rats? a.once learned, a phobia is permanent. b.systematic desensitization has been shown to be ineffective for treating fear. c.his mother removed him from the study. d.the scientific community considered the experiment unethical and ended it abruptly.

Q: according to classical-conditioning theory, phobias develop as the result of: a.cultural learning b.biological preparedness c.specification of a fear experience d.generalization of a fear experience

Q: according to bandura, observational learning from models, compared to operant conditioning, is frequently a.more scientific b.faster c.more influenced by schedules of reinforcement d.more easily extinguished

Q: banduras observational learning theory differs from skinners operant theory a.on the need for experimental research b.on the value of general stages c.on the need to directly act to learn d.on the existence of direct rewards and punishments

Q: according to bandura a. cognition plays no role in learning b. we often learn by simply observing others c. the best motto is, try things and see what happens d. modeling is an outmoded concept

Q: dante was sitting on a rock to rest during a hike. suddenly he felt immense pain and looked down to see a snake had bitten him in the leg. he is now terrified of anything that even resembles a snake. dante has developed a(n): a.identification ability with regard to snakes b.phobia of snakes c.distrust of snakes d.disinterest for snakes

Q: what is believed to have happened to little albert? a.albert spent the rest of his life fearful of all white objects. b.albert was later diagnosed with clinical depression. c.albert died of meningitis at age 6. d.albert eventually committed suicide as a teenager.

Q: an example of a discriminative stimulus is a boy who a.is startled by the sight of a dog b.works only when immediately rewarded c.cries to get attention d.works hard only when the teacher says, this paper will be graded

Q: according to the text, the most basic difference between skinner and the developmentalists has to do with a.the issue of stages b.the source of developmental changeinner or outer c.the continuity-discontinuity issue d.the importance of emotions in the developmental process

Q: watsons study of little albert was one of the first studies on what clinical phenomenon? a.overeating b.phobias c.ocd d.adhd

Q: skinner argued that internal events such as thoughts a.have no place in behaviorism b.should only be studied if they can be observed and measured c.are less important than pavlov said they are d.are less important than watson said they are

Q: as discussed in the text, in the fear conditioning of little albert, john b. watson used the following stimuli: a.unconditioned stimulusloud sound; conditioned stimulusrat b.unconditioned stimulusrat; conditioned stimulusloud sound c.unconditioned stimulusfear; conditioned stimulusrat d.unconditioned stimulusloud sound; conditioned stimulusfear

Q: constraints on learning refer to the finding that a.organisms are constrained by stimuli and reinforcement b.organisms are constrained by reflexive responses c.in classical conditioning, animals are less free than in operant conditioning d.organisms learn some things more readily than others

Q: what anxiety disorder is seen as an acquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat? a.generalized anxiety disorder b.a phobia c.obsessive-compulsive disorder d.panic disorder

Q: skinners attitude toward the theory of natural selection seemed basically a.positive b.negative c.mixed d.unclear

Q: dr. shaw has a patient with a phobia to spiders. the patient enjoys doing puzzles. dr. shaw exposes the patient to spiders briefly while having the patient complete a fun puzzle. what technique is dr. shaw using? a.fear conditioning b.modeling c.systematic desensitization d.counterconditioning

Q: the ability to respond with an appropriate conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus and with no response to a very similar yet substantially different stimulus is known as: a.valence differentiation b.salience response c.stimulus generalization d.stimulus discrimination

Q: the text indicates how skinner discussed emotions as the effects of a.reinforcement schedules b.shaping c.discriminative stimuli d.behavior chains

Q: allie is afraid of her neighbors large dog. she then becomes afraid of any dog she sees on the street, and eventually she fears even pictures of dogs or toy dogs. this change in her fear of dogs represents: a.second-order conditioning b.generalization c.discrimination d.reconditioning

Q: the fact that little albert learned fear toward not only a white rat but also a ball of wool and a rabbit represents: a.second-order conditioning b.generalization c.discrimination d.reconditioning

Q: responses that are intermittently rather than continuously reinforced are a.less likely to generalize b.less subject to negative reinforcement c.more difficult to extinguish d.all of the above

Q: in light of problems posed by the concept of drive, premack, one of skinners followers, proposes we consider reinforcement a.in terms of the length of extinction b.in terms of the power of discriminative stimuli c.as ratios between positive and negative reinforcement d.as the momentary probability of a response

Q: when slight differences in the form of conditioned stimuli still produce the same conditioned response, the learning phenomenon of _____ is occurring. a.generalization b.discrimination c.second-order conditioning d.operant conditioning

Q: shaping a.is technically similar to negative reinforcement b.is a method of small steps c.is the method for getting the organism in shape for the experiment d.is a form of punishment

Q: what does the occurrence of spontaneous recovery tell you about the functional properties of extinction? a.extinction is a new form of learning, but it only inhibits rather than deletes the learned association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. b.extinction is an adaptive response to delete spurious information from memory associations. c.extinction is a useful tendency to try to readapt old learning strategies to novel problems. d.extinction is the basis of cognitive learning, when applied to reappraisal strategies.

Q: since the 1960s, strict skinnerian theory has lost much popularity because psychologists have become increasingly interested in a.cognitive events b.drive theories of motivation c.classical conditioning of emotions d.psychoanalytic theory

Q: the statement once you classically condition an animal it is impossible to completely terminate the association is: a.false b.true c.false only in humans d.true only in humans

Q: skinners programmed instruction seemed to agree with montessoris belief in a.sensitive periods b.an innate language mechanism c.the use of sensory materials d.making learning a positive experience

Q: once a week, a cats owner used an electric can opener to open a can of tuna, and then fed the cat out of the can. the cat learned to salivate at the sound of the opener, but then the opener broke. while the appliance was in the repair shop, the owner used a manual can opener. the cat did not salivate at the sound of the manual opener. once the owner was using the electric opener again, the cat again salivated at the sound. this salivation after the repair is an example of: a.habituation b.spontaneous recovery c.sensitivity d.extinction

Q: in skinners view, punishment a.can also be called negative reinforcement b.often produces unwanted side effects c.is an effective way to eliminate attention-getting behavior d.is rare in the modern world

Q: when, after extensive extinction trials, the presentation of the conditioned stimulus briefly produces a conditioned response, this process is known as: a.classical conditioning b.extinction reversal c.second-order conditioning d.spontaneous recovery

Q: shaping a. is associated with the work of skinner b. is also known as the method of approximations c. can teach skills little by little d. all of the above

Q: j. b. watson a.applied classical conditioning to child development b.said there are no innate emotions c.provided new insights into the role of discriminative stimuli d.all of the above

Q: what causes extinction? a.the conditioned response is no longer rewarding to the organism. b.the unconditioned stimulus no longer evokes a response from the organism. c.the organism learns that the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus. d.spontaneous recovery fails to occur.

Q: pavlov was interested in how long salivation would occur once food no longer followed the metronome. what is the name of this behavioral process he studied? a.salivary reflexes b.generalization c.discrimination d.extinction

Q: what is the process whereby the conditioned response is weakened when it is no longer presented with the unconditioned stimulus? a.extinction b.reward c.second-order conditioning d.acquisition

Q: in operant conditioning a.the initial stimuli are always known b.the organism is often strapped to ensure reliable behavior c.a key measure of conditioning is the rate of response d.delayed reinforcement is highly effective

Q: a basic principle of operant conditioning is that a.the cs is the most powerful variable b.irradiation occurs c.behavior is governed by its consequences d.all of the above

Q: based on his work, pavlov believed that _____ was the critical element needed for acquisition to occur during conditioning. a.contingency b.contiguity c.reflexivity d.symmetry

Q: what is the term used by behaviorists to describe the gradual forming of an association between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus? a.generalization b.discrimination c.deviation d.acquisition

Q: classical conditioning deals with a.the pairing of stimuli that precede responses b.conditioning of reflexes and innate behavior c.extinction d.all of the above

Q: who believed that conditioning processes were the basis for how animals learned to adapt to their environments? a.john locke b.charles darwin c.ivan pavlov d.edward thorndike

Q: most urban middle class adults in the united states reason at kohlbergs a.stage 2 b.stage 3 c.stage 4 d.stage 5

Q: in kohlbergs just community approach a.moral dialogue and moral atmosphere frequently advance moral thinking two or more stages b.high school students are frequently friendlier to one another, but their moral thinking remains about the same c.there is little relationship between moral thought and moral behavior d.the moral thinking of high school students advances somewhat, primarily from stage 2 to 3

Q: when conditioning occurs due to the pairing of a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus (cs), resulting in a cs-cs learned association, this process is known as: a.stimulus generalization b.second-order conditioning c.additive conditioning d.an experimental error

Q: you are conducting an informal study in which, for a month, you play a particular song for your best friend right before you serve dinner to her. eventually, you play the song, and then wait to see how your friend responds. she begins to salivate and says she has hunger pains. in this scenario, what is the conditioned stimulus? a.the song b.the food c.the time of day d.salivation

Q: kohlberg said each stage in his theory a. is more cognitively adequate than the preceding stage b. is not more adequate, but simply a different way of thinking c. is not more adequate, but more differentiated and hierarchically integrated d. is not more adequate, but simply associated with age

Q: a startling noise will always cause the human eye to blink. if one has learned to associate a blue light with a startling noise, what is the resulting blue-lightelicited eye blink known as? a.an unconditioned stimulus b.a conditioned response c.an unconditioned response d.a conditioned stimulus

Q: a person who justifies decisions in terms of the moral authority of his or her religious group is probably reasoning at kohlbergs a.stage 3 b.stage 4 c.stage 5 d.stage 6

Q: in order for pavlovian learning to occur, what must the conditioned stimulus have been paired with? a.an unconditioned response b.a conditioned response c.an unconditioned stimulus d.a consequence

Q: kohlbergs stage 7 a. may include a spiritual sense of oneness with the cosmos b .has been found to be a clearer version of stage 6 c. is a highly rational, western moral orientation d. tries to show that life has no purpose

Q: a person says, you have to obey the law; otherwise you will get punished. this person is probably reasoning at kohlbergs a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. stage 4

Q: if you trained a rat to fear a flashing light by pairing it with a painful electric shock, what would be the conditioned stimulus? a.flashing light b.electric shock c.fear d.extinction

Q: according to kohlberg, martin luther king, immanuel kant, and john rawls thought about moral issues at a.stage 3 b.stage 4 c.stage 5 d.stage 6

Q: carol gilligans criticism of kohlberg a.gives strong empirical evidence for gender-bias in kohlbergs stages b.argues that womens morality is more relationship-oriented than mens c.argues that the idea of a postconventional morality is gender- biased d.all of the above

Q: what psychological principle did pavlovs experiments teach us? a.they demonstrated how a neutral stimulus can trigger the same response as a natural reflex. b.they demonstrated that all biological responses must be elicited by natural reflexes to stimuli. c.they demonstrated how learning could take place without the presence of punishment. d.they demonstrated that complex behaviors, such as fear of a stimulus, can be learned observationally.