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Psychology
Q:
summarize three of mahlers phases of development. put them in sequence and give an example of each phase you describe.
Q:
if your license getting suspended for driving too fast makes you less likely to speed when you get it back, the suspension is an example of: a.positive reinforcement b.negative reinforcement c.positive punishment d.negative punishment
Q:
(a) contrast the positions of bandura and chomsky on how children develop language. (b) how does either evidence on motherese or on creoles bear on this debate?
Q:
a 50-year-old businessman appears successful in every way. he had done well in his work, has a fine family, and is a respected member of his community. but he starts feeling very empty and depressed. he also is troubled by strange dreams which include mysterious female figures. what would jung say is going on?
Q:
if you wanted your dog to stop barking unnecessarily, which of the following is the best possible approach? a.a positive reinforcer when the dog is barking b.a negative reinforcer when the dog is barking c.a positive punishment when the dog is quiet d.a negative reinforcer when the dog is quiet
Q:
breifly describe a basic similarity between the views of maslow and x number of the following:
a. rousseau
b. gesell
c. piaget
d. schachtel
e. jung
f. werner
Q:
positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement are similar in that both: a.produce an increase in the probability of a behavior b.produce a decrease in the probability of a behavior c.involve the administration of a stimulus d.involve the removal of a stimulus
Q:
an 8-month-old boy says, ba ba ba ba. why is he doing this?
Q:
if getting $1 for every correct answer on this test makes you study harder, being given $1 would be a form of: a.positive reinforcement b.negative reinforcement c.positive punishment d.negative punishment
Q:
what did schachtel mean by infantile amnesia, and how did his explanation of it differ from freuds?
Q:
according to your textbook, what would be the best parenting method to encourage your child to do well in school? a.swift punishment for poor performance b.taking away privileges for anything less than a b c.ignoring the child until he or she gets high grades d.praising the child for appropriate academic behavior
Q:
receiving a reduced jail sentence for good behavior is a form of: a.positive reinforcement b.negative reinforcement c.positive punishment d.negative punishment
Q:
if rousseau were alive, how highly would he regard schachtels work? explain.
Q:
navario is refusing to do his homework because he wants to go out to play. his mother tells him he is not allowed to play until the homework is finished. his mother is using: a.positive punishment b.biological preparedness c.the premack principle d.the principle of shaping
Q:
a 2-year-old girl displays a strong need for order. if, for example, she sees a shoe out of place, she puts it back where it belongs. why do you think she shows this strong desire for order?
Q:
money is not a primary reinforcer because: a.it is important only to adults b.its value depends on how wealthy you are c.it does not satisfy a biological need d.using it as a reinforcer only teaches you to want more
Q:
a 12-month-old girl tries to walk. at first she falls, but gets up again and keeps trying. why does she do this?
Q:
reinforcement is to punishment as _____ is to _____. a.increase; decrease b.decrease; increase c.before; after d.awareness; wariness
Q:
classical conditioning is attributed to
a. bandura
b. skinner
c. pavlov
d. all of the above
Q:
which of the following items would most likely be defined as a primary reinforcer? a.a new set of china dishes b.a bottle of water c.a vacation d.money
Q:
todays standards movement implores all of us to do a better job of preparing children for the future. what does crain, the textbook author, say about this goal?
Q:
food is considered a primary reinforcer, whereas _____ is a secondary reinforcer. a.water b.sex c.money d.none of the above
Q:
scaffolding a. gradually removes assistance to the child b. is a form of inner speech c. refers to instruction in scientific concepts d. all of the above
Q:
contemporary vygotskians see childrens make-believe play as a. requiring initial adult support b. spontaneous c. basically autistic d. much as piaget saw it
Q:
primary reinforcers: a.come first in second-order conditioning b.satisfy biological needs c.are the first behaviors to be rewarded in shaping d.represent symbolic value
Q:
which of the following could be classified as a reinforcer? a.getting a cookie after washing the dishes b.cowering when the teacher places her fingernails on the blackboard c.not walking under ladders d.having a sunny day for your wedding
Q:
which reflex illustrates the principle of functional asymmetry?
a.moro
b.babinsky
c.tonic neck
d.sucking
Q:
the text most strongly criticizes vgotskys educational approach for a. ignoring piaget b. lack of clarity c. overemphasizing social learning d. fostering dependence
Q:
you are trying to get your roommate to keep things neater, so you leave a nice note after she makes any attempt to pick things up. after a while, you leave a note only after she has stacked the dirty dishes, then only after she has brought them to the kitchen, and finally only when she puts them in the dishwasher. this process is an example of: a.shaping b.punishing c.chaining d.generalizing
Q:
the text suggests vygotsky described the interactions between inner and outer forces behind development a.in a clear and precise way b.in an imbalanced way c.in a clearer manner with respect to language than school instruction d.in a clearer manner for older than younger children
Q:
in what technique are successive approximations used? a.shaping b.taste aversion c.biological preparedness d.punishment
Q:
when using shaping, it is important to reinforce: a.the first behavior the animal performs b.the last behavior the animal performs c.both the first and last behavior the animal performs d.successive approximations of the desired behavior
Q:
you want your dog to learn to lie down when you are about to give him a treat. if you first reinforce his behavior when he sits, then when he sits and stays, then when he lies down, you are using the technique called: a.shaping b.the operant chamber c.the premack principle d.negative reinforcement
Q:
what is a skinner box? a.a diagram of reward contingencies b.a special criblike device skinner used for raising his children c.a special kind of rat maze d.a chamber used for testing animal learning
Q:
which of the following behavioral terms is used to describe something that will increase the likelihood of a behavior? a.positive b.negative c.reinforcement d.punishment
Q:
in _____, learning occurs because of the consequences that follow the behavior. a.classical conditioning b.operant conditioning c.observational learning d.imitation
Q:
luria found that neurological patients who have difficulty regulating their own behavior often display a. excessive independence from the environment b. long-term memory losses c. short-term memory losses d. perseveration
Q:
the premack principle explains why: a.shaping desirable behaviors leads to accurate conditioning b.a favored activity can be used to reinforce a less favored activity c.reward is preferred to punishment for effective learning d.the law of effect works
Q:
thorndikes studies with cats led him to state that behavior that led to a satisfying state of affairs is likely to occur again, whereas behavior that leads to an annoying state of affairs is not likely to occur again. this principle is known as: a.classical conditioning b.the law of effect c.reinforcement d.latent learning
Q:
one of vygotskys laws was that a.behavior begins as action and then become increasingly verbal and logical b.the dialectic of history manifests itself in the cognitive conflicts between individuals c.children first learn the social forms of behavior, then apply it to themselves d.logic is simply interiorized action
Q:
skinners earliest work was conducted with rats in: a.mazes b.shoe boxes c.cages d.operant chambers
Q:
vygotsky was perhaps the first to advance many concepts. which is not among the list? a.mediation b.metacognition c.repression d.inner speech
Q:
what is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? a.classical conditioning uses reward-based learning, whereas operant conditioning is caused by reflexive actions. b.classical conditioning is caused by reflexive actions, whereas operant conditioning requires cognitive evaluation. c.classical conditioning requires learning two events are related, whereas operant conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence. d.classical conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence, whereas operant conditioning is caused by reflexive actions.
Q:
what is the fundamental characteristic of operant conditioning that sets it apart from classical conditioning? a.it accounts for more variability in the conditioned response. b.it is skinnerian rather than pavlovian. c.it is reflexive rather than cognitively controlled. d.it involves an association of consequence with behavior.
Q:
in vygotskys theory, inner speech a.contradicts werners concept of microgenesis b.articulates dimly formed thoughts and feelings c.emphasizes the precise meanings of words but not their feeling- tones d.uses excessive words
Q:
the idea that the consequences of our actions determine the likelihood they will be performed in the future underlies: a.operant conditioning b.classical conditioning c.the rescorla-wagner model d.the social learning model
Q:
luria found that when young children try to give themselves verbal commands a.they can immediately regulate their behavior b.they respond to the meaning of their words rather than their words signaling function c.they respond primarily to familiar words d.they behave as if all commands initiate behavior
Q:
five-year-olds seem to talk to themselves aloud more often as their work becomes increasingly difficult. this finding supports a. piaget b. vygotsky c. both piaget and vygotsky d. neither piaget nor vygotsky
Q:
according to skinner, what consequence is most conducive to learning? a.untrained b.reflexive c.punishment d.reward
Q:
what is the name commonly applied to the type of learning that skinner studied? a.classical conditioning b.operant conditioning c.antecedent learning d.optional learning
Q:
engels argued that early tool use promoted the development of a.language b.abstract thinking c.cooperation d.all of the above
Q:
imagine you are trapped in a cage. every time you press a button, you get a drink of water. every time you pull on a string, you get shocked. soon, you understand that you should press the button, but leave the string alone. this example follows the theory of: a.the law of effect b.effective learning c.the law of learning d.effective law
Q:
the tools of the mind project tries to teach a. abstract thinking b. self-regulation through play c. grammar d. moral concepts through fairy tales
Q:
thorndikes rule that actions resulting in good outcomes will be repeated and bad outcomes will not be repeated is known as the: a.mass action rule b.law of effect c.tenet of behavioral reciprocity d.operant theory of cognition
Q:
which educator would be most impressed by vygotsky? an educator a.who believes in letting kids be kids b.who believes students need lots of time to figure things out for themselves c.who thinks children can initially profit from assistance d.who wants thinking to be spontaneous, unself-conscious process
Q:
luria found that patients who cannot use speech to regulate their behavior a.often have injuries to the frontal area of the brain b.usually suffer from generalized brain injury c.primarily suffer from injuries to the speech center d.show no particular pattern of cerebral damage
Q:
in 1898, a man named edward thorndike suggested that behaviors that lead to rewarded outcomes will be repeated. what is the name of thorndikes theory? a.the learning and reward effect b.the law of effect c.the reward of learning theory d.the law of conditional learning
Q:
the strongest associations between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus occur when: a.they are presented at the exact same time b.the unconditioned stimulus is presented slightly before the conditioned stimulus c.the conditioned stimulus is presented slightly before the unconditioned stimulus d.the conditioned response is presented during the conditioned stimulus
Q:
piaget and vygotsky most strongly disagreed over a.the definitions of scientific and spontaneous concepts b.the existence of egocentric speech c.the importance of children making their own discoveries d.all of the above
Q:
vygotsky created the zone of proximal development a.to assess childrens potential for new learning b.to give educators a true assessment of childrens current intelligence c.to distinguish between the truly gifted and other children d.to indicate the childs potential for independent learning
Q:
in the rescorla-wagner model, the more surprising the unconditional stimulus is, the greater the need for an organism to _____ it using a conditional stimulus. a.condition b.fear c.predict d.reinforce
Q:
the rescorla-wagner cognitive model of conditioning does not explain why: a.a conditioned stimulus that occurs before the unconditioned stimulus is optimal for learning b.a delay between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is optimal for learning c.evolutionarily significant conditioned stimuli are easier to condition d.the conditioned stimulus needs to be a good predictor of the unconditioned stimulus
Q:
vygotsky, compared to piaget, believed it can be productive a. to use iq scores in education b. to restrict childrens play c.. to teach concepts beyond the childs grasp d. all of the above
Q:
when an animal hears a new sound or sees a novel object in the distance, its first reaction will be a(n): a.orienting response b.fight-or-flight response c.defensive reaction d.appetitive reaction
Q:
vygotsky argued that self-directed speech a.begins developing after social speech b.starts out spoken and gradually becomes internalized c.becoming increasingly abbreviated during the ages 6 to 8 years d.all of the above
Q:
vygotsky, compared to piaget, viewed egocentric or self-directed speech a.more cognitively b.more positively c.similarly d.more tentatively
Q:
which factor is responsible for why animals easily learn to associate an initially unexpected or surprising stimulus with a us, such as food? a.orienting response b.blocking c.occasion setter d.overshadowing
Q:
vygotsky believed egocentric or self-directed speech a. is useless to children b. is useful to children c. is a perceptual failure d. refutes the zone of proximal development
Q:
vygotsky thought of play as a. useless b. involving rules c. totally impulsive d. totally free
Q:
the rescorla-wagner model of the cognitive components of conditioning states that the strength of the conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus association depends on how _____ the unconditioned stimulus is. a.rewarding b.evolutionarily significant c.fearful d.unexpected
Q:
according to the rescorla-wagner model, animals are able to learn about new things in their environment because these novel events lead to a(n): a.superstition b.conditioned food aversion c.orienting response d.blocking effect
Q:
vygotsky believed that culture and society a. are the causes of human misery b. contribute powerfully to peoples thinking c. are useless d. are utopian dreams
Q:
marx argued that peoples ideas and values a. are important in their own right b. are important forms of metamemory c. reflect peoples economic interests d. all of the above
Q:
this learning model emphasizes that the surprising or unexpected nature of the predictor stimulus is what is responsible for the strength of the us-cs connection. a.classical-conditioning model b.operant-conditioning model c.observational learning model d.rescorla-wagner model
Q:
to which food would you be more likely to show conditioned taste aversion? a.a highly familiar food, because it was unusual for this food to make you ill b.a highly familiar food, because you have learned that this food is safe c.a novel food, because its characteristics are new to you and easily become paired with your becoming ill d.a novel food, because its characteristics are new to you and easily become paired with the foods safety
Q:
in conditioning birds and rats, you find that it is easier to condition birds with vision-relevant stimuli than with taste-relevant stimuli, and it is easier to condition rats with taste-relevant stimuli than with vision-relevant stimuli. these results are true because: a.unlike rats, birds rely on vision more than taste for food selection b.birds are the only species that lack the ability for learned food aversions c.unlike rats, birds have no taste buds d.birds and rats evolved separately
Q:
vygtrosky was a. committed to marxism b. opposed to marxism c. opposed to engels d. opposed to marxs dialectical theory
Q:
vygotsky was interested in speech and memory aids as a. aspects of iq tests b. products of biological maturation c. psychological tools d. created by individuals apart from society
Q:
a 3-year-old child enthusiastically imitates the behavior of a slightly older child. this imitation most clearly supports the theory of a.piaget b.bandura c.skinner d.watson
Q:
sunil wishes to classically condition his dog to fear skunks so he does not get sprayed again. this task should be much easier than teaching him to fear a houseplant because: a.the dog is biologically prepared to fear certain types of objects b.the dog has high intelligence c.the dog is biologically conditioned to fear skunks d.the dogs mind cannot physically be trained to fear plants