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Q:
the epilogue asserts that computers a. are best used for higher-order thinking b. take time away from sensory development c. rob children of their independence d. all of the above
Q:
which factor may account for the relation between childrens observing violence in the media and their later likelihood of showing aggression? a.the children learn how to be aggressive. without media, they would not know how to be aggressive. b.media reinforce the childrens biological tendency toward aggression. c.individuals who engage in violence in the media are typically rewarded, and thus the observing children are also vicariously reinforced. d.there is no relation between observing violence in the media and the later likelihood of showing aggression.
Q:
a mother is tying her own shoes in front of her toddler. she is using exaggerated, slow movements to tie her shoes. she is: a.imitating b.mirroring c.demonstrating d.reinforcing
Q:
the epilogue argues that children need more opportunities a. in the arts b. for play c. to explore nature d. all of the above
Q:
maslows phenomenological bent places him closest to
a. piaget
b. schachtel
c. gesell
d. rousseau
Q:
as discussed in the text, banduras study of childrens play habits with the bobo doll provided evidence that: a.learning is dependent on consequences b.meme-based learning can be transmitted observationally c.aggressive behavior can be learned through observation d.intracranial self-stimulation can activate reward circuits
Q:
evidence for observational learning in nonhumans is present in all of the following examples except: a.lab-raised monkeys becoming fearful of a snake after watching a wild monkeys reactions b.a puppy learning to get into the cupboard with the dog food after watching an older dog open the door c.animals that injure rather than kill their prey in order to teach their young how to hunt d.a cat learning to come at the sound of a can opener because the sound predicts food
Q:
briefly contrast the views of locke and rousseau on how children develop.
Q:
in the epilogue, the authors main objection to standardized testing centers on
a. lack of preparation time
b. the effects on love of learning
c. well-documented test biases
d. time away from nature studies
Q:
ian, age 2, was watching his father hammer a nail. his father hit his own thumb and then used several expletives. as his father went in the house for a band-aid, ian went over to the nail, picked up the hammer, pretended to hit his finger and repeated the expletives. this scenario is an example of what kind of learning? a.meme learning b.observational learning c.operant learning d.classic learning
Q:
when one learns the consequences of an action by watching another person perform the action, this type of learning is called: a.vicarious learning b.indifferent learning c.occupational learning d.amplitude learning
Q:
in the epilogue, the authors discussion of difficult instruction a. draws on the ideas of werner b. draws on the ideas of rousseau c. suggests how we can raise the bar d. suggests more time is needed in outdoor nature
Q:
what type of learning occurs when ones behavior is modified simply through exposure to others performing a behavior? a.meme learning b.observational learning c.operant learning d.classic learning
Q:
describe gesells concept of maturation.
Q:
briefly describe one (1) of the criticisms of gesell.
Q:
how does the transmission of cultural memes relate to learning? a.they can be learned by reinforcement, by association, or by observation. b.they are useful economic models for explaining behavior. c.they are innate and reflexive. d.they operate only after consequences.
Q:
memes are to genes as: a.culture is to society b.nurture is to nature c.biology is to neurons d.dna is to rna
Q:
briefly describe gesells philosophy of child-rearing. give a specific example of his approach.
Q:
choose one (1): a, b, or c.
a.infant crying is often viewed as an expression of discomfort, or a simple reflex, or mere fussing. how does an ethological perspective add to our understanding of it?
b. a 2-year-old girl is taken by her parents to the hospital for an operation. when the parents begin to leave, the child dries desperately. prior to bowlby, we might have supposed the child was immature. how has bowlbys theory cast such behavior in a new light?
c.people see the infants early social smiles as very cute, but think nothing more about them. how does bowlbys theory add to our understanding of the early social smile?
Q:
montessori said the young childs thought and behavior are frequently quite different than ours. give two (2) examples, basing your answers on her observations at two (2) sensitive periods.
Q:
what is the term for the cultural transmission of knowledge from one generation to another? a.epic b.era c.meme d.gene
Q:
tolmans research with rats running mazes demonstrated that reinforcement affects: a.learning more than performance b.performance more than learning c.learning and performance equally d.neither learning nor performance
Q:
a new mother wants to help her daughter learn to walk. what advice would montessori give the mother?
Q:
learning without direct reinforcement is known as: a.delayed learning b.extinction c.spontaneous recovery d.latent learning
Q:
summarize the three attachment patterns ainsworth found in the strange situation.
Q:
aldo cannot get the answer to a chemistry problem, even after sitting at his desk for an hour. he gets up and goes for a walk. suddenly, the answer comes to him, even though he appears to have stopped thinking about it for a while. this phenomenon is called: a.insight learning b.latent learning c.cognitive map learning d.economic principled learning
Q:
(a) what do ethologists such as lorenz mean by imprinting on a parent-figure? (b) what observations led bowlby to suggest that imprinting occurs in human infants? that is, what parallels between human infants and other species did he point to?
Q:
a cognitive map is a(n): a.analogy for neural representations of learning b.spatial representation of the environment c.analogue of the neural net d.decision treetype process of economic learning
Q:
for children to learn, we must praise their correct responses and correct their mistakes. would montessori agree? explain.
Q:
learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement is known as: a.economic learning b.nonoperant conditioning c.cognitive acquisition d.latent learning
Q:
what did werner mean by physiognomic perception? give an example. in what groups is it dominant, in werners view?
Q:
tolmans work on learning without reinforcement resulted in the theory of: a.partial-reinforcement learning b.nonoperant learning c.latent learning d.serial positioning
Q:
what did werner mean by microgenesis and microgenetic mobility? give examples. discuss some valuable aspects of these concepts.
Q:
which of the following would not be an example of biological constraints rather than learned behavior? a.an ant following a food trail through a maze b.a horse rearing up in order to receive a carrot c.a raccoon picking up and washing a coin d.a pigeon flying up and over a wall
Q:
layla wants to teach a mouse to put half its food in a small box. its reward will be to get twice as much food later. why will this be difficult? a.mice are not responsive to positive reinforcement. b.it will not be difficult; any animal can be trained to do this. c.layla would need to select a special breed of mouse. d.evolutionary adaptations make the mouse want to keep all its food.
Q:
using conservation as an example, describe the major difference between preoperational and concrete operational thought.
Q:
(a) define and give an example of egocentrism. (b) is it the same as selfishness? explain.
Q:
why is b. f. skinners dream of solving all social problems through operant conditioning impossible? a.biology places constraints on our learning. b.operant conditioning is not effective for learning. c.operant conditioning does not apply to social learning. d.operant conditioning does not take into account learning from classical conditioning.
Q:
token economies are widely used in _____, an area that involves the application of operant-conditioning procedures to help people engage in better behaviors. a.classical conditioning b.social learning c.behavior modification d.observational learning
Q:
how does werners holistic and organismic approach bear on todays widespread push for early literacy?
Q:
compare the views of piaget and gesell on how developmental change occurs.
Q:
if you were a professor, how would you best get your students to study regularly? a.by requesting politely that they study b.by making the midterm difficult c.by giving pop quizzes d.by providing a detailed syllabus
Q:
golf course owners put their sprinklers on a _____ schedule so that people can know when they can play on the course without getting wet. a.fixed b.variable c.ratio d.continuous
Q:
getting paid monthly is what type of reinforcement schedule? a.fixed interval b.fixed ratio c.variable interval d.variable ratio
Q:
piagets critics charge that he made the preoperational child appear too inept. briefly review their evidence and discuss the textbooks response to this charge.
Q:
setting dates exactly one month apart for exams is an example of testing on a: a.variable interval b.variable ratio c.random assignment d.fixed interval
Q:
gambling on a slot machine involves rewards on a _____ schedule. a.fixed interval b.fixed ratio c.variable interval d.variable ratio
Q:
describe how, according to piaget, a child masters conservation.
Q:
briefly contrast banduras view of learning with skinners view.
Q:
the term _____ is used to describe intermittent or occasional reinforcements. a.partial reinforcement b.continuous reinforcement c.positive reward d.negative punishment
Q:
contrast the views of piaget and bandura on how children develop.
Q:
john wants to teach his pet to do a trick. based on the partial-reinforcement extinction effect, what type(s) of reinforcement should he use if he wants to ensure enduring, stable behavior? a.continuous b.partial c.first continuous, then partial d.first partial, then continuous
Q:
piagets critics charge that he made development appear too slow. discuss this criticism with respect to either: a) object permanence, b) conservation training, or c) kamiis teaching methods. then, describe the piagetian response.
Q:
hummingbirds feed on a _____ schedule because they revisit each flower at specific times of the day to get the sweetest nectar. a.timed b.operant c.interval d.relaxed
Q:
compare conventional and postconventional morality in kohlbergs theory.
Q:
what type of reward schedule extinguishes the fastest? a.partial reinforcement b.variable ratio c.continuous reinforcement d.fixed interval
Q:
they disagree over the forces that underlie developmental change. piaget believed that children develop out of an intrinsic curiosity in moderately novel events. bandura denies this. he argues that children learn as a result of environmental factorsteaching, external reinforcements, and modeling influences. bandura has softened his environmentalism over the years, but he still rejects piagets view of intrinsically motivated learning.
Q:
of the following, which schedule of reinforcement leads to fastest acquisition? a.ratio b.interval c.continuous d.fixed
Q:
briefly describe one (1) main difference between classical and operant conditioning. (15 minutes; moderately difficult)
Q:
of the following, which schedule of reinforcement leads to fastest extinction? a.fixed b.partial c.interval d.continuous
Q:
what does the text consider to be the major difference between skinner and piaget?
Q:
compare the views of piaget and vygotsky on school instruction in abstract concepts.
Q:
token economies are an example of the ways mental hospitals and other training centers use: a.primary punishment b.primary reinforcement c.continuous reinforcement d.secondary reinforcement
Q:
compare and contrast the views of piaget and vygotsky on egocentric speech.
Q:
piaget and bandura also disagree on the topic of stages. piagets theory is a stage theory. piagetians believe the stage concept even helps explain modeling. children are most interested in models whose behavior is moderately noveljust beyond their current stage. this is why we frequently see a child tagging along after a slightly older child, trying to do the same interesting things.
Q:
what is an example of a token economy that a fourth-grade teacher might use for her students? a.giving candy for a job well done b.giving a detention for bad behavior c.giving a candy after 10 stars are acquired on homework papers d.giving extra recess for staying quiet through lunch hour
Q:
(a) why did vygotsky believe the zone of proximal development provides a better indication of students potential than conventional achievement tests? (b) in the evaluation section, the textbook author presents a rousseauist critique of this concept. discuss one (1) of the points the author makes.
Q:
according to your text, what characteristics must a punishment have to be effective? a.unexpected, unpleasant, immediate b.unexpected, painful, continuous c.reasonable, pleasant, immediate d.reasonable, unpleasant, immediate
Q:
positive punishment and negative punishment are similar in that both: a.produce an increase in behavior b.produce a decrease in behavior c.involve the administration of a stimulus d.involve the removal of a stimulus
Q:
if you want to stop being lazy and exercise more often, what would be a good strategy for making this change? a.punishing yourself for not doing the desired behaviors b.monitoring yourself and using reinforcers c.punishing yourself swiftly for being so lazy d.rewarding yourself for every moment that you are not being lazy
Q:
(a) describe freuds theory of the oedipal crisis and its resolution in the boy and the girl. (b) summarize a major criticism of freuds theory of the oedipus complex (with respect to either the boy or the girl).
Q:
which of the following terms is used to describe the removal of a stimulus? a.positive b.negative c.reinforcement d.punishment
Q:
taking away a childs video games for bad behavior is a form of: a.positive reinforcement b.negative reinforcement c.positive punishment d.negative punishment
Q:
must we go through all the stages in eriksons theory? in piagets theory? explain.
Q:
how has erikson expanded freuds stages? illustrate with respect to the oral stage.
Q:
negative reinforcement and negative punishment are similar in that both: a.produce an increase in the probability of a behavior b.produce a decrease in the probability of a behavior c.involve the administration of a stimulus d.involve the removal of a stimulus
Q:
(a) contrast the positions of bandura and chomsky on how children develop language. (b) how does either evidence on motherese or on creoles bear on this debate?
Q:
how is the therapeutic approach of bettelheim to austistic children similar to the child-rearing philosophy of gesell?
Q:
being fined for overdue books is a form of: a.positive reinforcement b.negative reinforcement c.positive punishment d.negative punishment
Q:
in both freudian theory (including freud and erikson) and piagetian theory, the 8-year-old child is generally more stable, logical, and realistic than the 5- or 6-year old. how does each theoryfreudian and piagetianaccount for this change?