Q&A Hero

Q: like rousseau, schachtel a. offered a detailed plan for educating the child b. took a dim view of the well-socialized adult c. wrote at length about the forces underlying development d. said reason develops more slowly than we usually think

Q: when people look at faces of people of their own race there is more activation of the _____ than when they look at faces of people of other races. a.frontal cortex b.medial temporal cortex c.parietal face area d.fusiform face area

Q: according to the text, research suggests childhood amnesia a. really exists b. isnt well documented c. is valid prior to the age of 2 years d. is still just a tentative hypothesis

Q: people are especially bad eyewitnesses when: a.they do not feel confident about their testimony b.the person who committed the crime is of the same race as the eyewitness c.they are asked to recall an event that occurred in the real world d.the person who committed the crime is of a different race than the eyewitness

Q: asking an eyewitnesses how tall or how short the suspect was could result in: a.repressed memories b.confabulation c.suggestibility d.cross-ethnic identification

Q: which most bothered schachtel? a. the way adults label things for children b. adults failure to explain things to children c. adult failures to teach children the ways of society d. excessive adult indulgence of childhood curiosity

Q: jung called the striving for psychic integration, as well as the separation from the mass culture, a. maturation b. individuation c. personal integration d. healthy development

Q: four witnesses see a truck hit a small car. if they all saw the same thing, who is likely to give the highest estimate of the trucks speed when testifying in court? a.sue, who was asked, how quickly was the truck going when it hit the car? b.bob, who was asked, how quickly was the truck going when it smashed into the car? c.tom, who was asked, what speed was the car going when the accident happened? d.both a and b

Q: a likely way in which suggestibility might cause new information to change an old memory is through: a.retroactive interference b.reconsolidation c.elaborative rehearsal d.proactive interference

Q: jung believed that depression in mid-life is basically a. a natural part of development b. due to social failure c. self punishment d. the work of the animus principle

Q: a man constantly complains about the one thing i cannot stand in people. to jung, the complaint is likely to reflect a. the collective unconscious b. the negative archetype c. a projection of the shadow d. all of the above

Q: mandalas express the archetype of the a. self b. ego c. anima d. personal unconscious

Q: alex sees a girl stealing a candy bar in a convenience store. when the police question him, alex says the thief was wearing a red shirt. later in the interrogation, the officer asks what candy the girl in the blue shirt stole. months later, when alex testifies in court, he describes the girl as having worn a blue shirt. alexs testimony at the trial shows the influence of: a.suggestibility b.cryptomnesia c.source misattribution d.the sleeper effect

Q: in a young womans dream, an evil female is likely to be a. an animus figure b. a shadow figure c. a persona figure d. all of the above

Q: false memories occur because: a.everyone is absentminded b.people have memory biases c.consolidation is an imperfect process d.encoding is a selective process

Q: if you try to remember a list of words that relate to the idea of sleep and later report remembering that you heard the word sleep in the list (even though it was not there), you are suffering from a(n): a.repressed memory b.sleep disorder c.false memory d.engram

Q: for jung, the man within the woman is called the a. animus b. anima c. persona d. shadow

Q: chomsky a. is an innovative linguist b. is a foreign affairs scholar c. was initially bored in college d. all of the above

Q: a lie and a false memory are: a.essentially the same thing b.different in intentionality c.different in intensity d.different in structure

Q: as a participant in a memory experiment, shamithia has been given a list of words: candy, sugar, tart, pie, and honey. when she is later asked to recall the words on this list, shamithia incorrectly recalls one of the words. which of the following words is she most likely to falsely recall? a.sweet b.cake c.bee d.tort

Q: the text suggests that contemporary research supports jung on a. the shadows role in modern culture b. religious strivings in old age c. transpersonal meaning d. gender reversals in adulthood

Q: jaimie has a very vivid memory of her first birthday party. she remembers that she wore a frilly pink dress, had a cake shaped like a pony, and received a big white teddy bear as a gift. jaimies detailed memory is probably due to: a.the uniqueness of the memory b.the strong emotional content c.stories her family told her d.an abundance of retrieval cues

Q: in jungs view a. development in the first half of life is naturally one-sided b. adults should get beyond the self c. people should remain youthful as they grow older d. images of the afterlife interfere with individuation

Q: according to jung, what is not true of archetypes? a. they are basically unknowable b. they are universal tendencies in all of us c. they include the self d. they reside in the personal unconscious

Q: treys girlfriend wants to bake a birthday cake and trey is buying the ingredients. his girlfriend told him to buy flour, sugar, baking powder, eggs, chocolate, baking soda, and vanilla. trey also buys frosting because he is sure it was on the list. this type of misremembering is an example of: a.confabulation b.false recognition c.absentmindedness d.memory bias

Q: mirtas boyfriend has five roommates. last saturday, she was at a party with her boyfriend and four of his roommates attended. a week later mirta confidently tells a friend that all five of the roommates had been at the party. mirta is experiencing: a.confabulation b.false recognition c.absentmindedness d.memory bias

Q: in chomskys theory, structure dependence is a. an example of the childs helplessness b. proof that languages vary from society to society c. an example of surface structure d. an example of an innate constraint

Q: chomsky argued that grammar acquisition a. is primarily the result of parental modeling b. is guided by an innate design c. varies with the ability of parents to teach grammar d. depends solely on the societys particular language

Q: memory researchers often ask participants in their studies to try to remember lists of words. which of the following statements is a finding from these kinds of studies? a.memory is a nearly exact copy of original events. b.people can be sure whether a word appeared on a list or not. c.women are much less prone to inaccurate memory than men are. d.people sometimes falsely remember information and do not realize it.

Q: the amygdala is an important neural structure in which long-term potentiation (ltp) plays a role in learning. since the amygdala is part of the limbic system, which of the following is most likely mediated by ltp-related learning in the amygdala? a.fear learning resulting in freezing behavior b.orienting responses resulting in fight-or-flight behavior c.anger initiation resulting in an adrenaline release d.defensive reactions resulting in an opiate release

Q: chomskys theory includes the concept of a. universal grammar b. vicarious learning c. systematic conceptualization d. the zone of proximal development

Q: in chomskys view, childrens mastery of grammar a. is best explained by piagets theory b. is best explained by banduras theory c. occurs in clearly defined maturational spurts d. is a remarkable achievement

Q: derek bickerton argues that creoles a. refute chomskys general theory b. are full grammars created by children c. demonstrate the importance of parental input d. all of the above

Q: which of the following reasons does not support long-term potentiation (ltp) as a cellular basis for learning? a.ltp is prominent in the hippocampus. b.drugs that block learning also block ltp. c.conditioning produces neurochemical effects similar to those of ltp. d.ltp permanently activates the synapse.

Q: what evidence suggests that the nmda receptor is responsible for associative learning? a.nmda activates only in long-term potentiated neurons. b.only multiple neurons firing simultaneously can activate the nmda receptor. c.only glutamate can activate nmda receptors. d.only high-frequency firing can activate nmda receptors to cause long-term potentiation.

Q: the text describes 4-year-old adams tag s to illustrate a. the various kinds of transformations b. the amazing nature of young childrens accomplishments c. the role of parental feedback in grammar development d. the interactions between logical and linguistic development

Q: when discussing the innate factors that might guide language learning, chomsky emphasizes a. universal deep structures b. universal transformations c. constraints d. all of the above

Q: long-term potentiation (ltp) has also been demonstrated to function outside the hippocampus. what brain structure uses ltp for fear-specific learning? a.amygdala b.septum c.thalamus d.basal ganglia

Q: long-term potentiation is defined as the: a.action of glutamate opening nmda receptors b.summation of potentials on an axon hillock c.strengthening of a synaptic connection d.sustained release of neurotransmitters in a synapse

Q: which of the following is given little weight in chomskys theory? a. species specific faculty b. genetic program c. structure dependence d. general cognitive capacity

Q: what treatment might help memory disorders such as alzheimers disease in the future by altering neuronal functions? a.inducing chemical suppression of long-term depression b.artificial mrna replicas of glutamate transcription in the soma c.forced intake of gaba agonists small enough to cross the blood-brain barrier d.causing increased gene expression for nmda receptors

Q: chomsky proposes parameter-setting to explain a. learning the rules of particular languages b. universal grammar c. the acquisition of structure dependence d. the transformation of deep structure to surface structure

Q: hebbian learning, or alterations in synaptic connections as a result of learning, has been summed up in the saying: cells that fire together, _____. a.learn forever b.learn together c.wire together d.form a tether

Q: research with the bonobo chimpanzee kanzi shows that a. bonobos can learn some human language b. grammar is unique to humans c. sentence production outpaces comprehension d. language instruction should be like formal classroom instruction

Q: what neuronal process does the nmda receptor facilitate? a.vesicle release b.long-term potentiation c.influx of calcium in terminals d.protein kinase

Q: which of the following does not seem to be universal? a. early babbling b. structure dependence c. overregularizations d. transformations

Q: childrens early negatives suggest that a. child language is different from adult language b. language acquisition matures at an incredible speed c. the principle of structure dependence is indeed valid d. all of the above

Q: habituation and sensitization come about because of: a.a physical connection that forms between two neurons b.growth of additional neurons c.changes in neurotransmitter release in the presynaptic neuron d.changes in neurotransmitter release in the postsynaptic neuron

Q: the key to whether presentations of a stimulus will lead to sensitization or habituation is: a.whether the stimulus is potentially harmful b.whether the stimulus is potentially rewarding c.whether it is a sound d.both a and b

Q: chomsky says children do not break up a. noun phrases b. single words c. verbs and their auxiliaries d. all of the above

Q: the text suggests the educational implication of chomksys work is a. to speak clearly to young children b. to increase childrens vocabulary through lots of talk to them c. to admire childrens spontaneous achievements d. to keep language spoken to children one step ahead of their spontaneous speech

Q: eric kandels study of learning in invertebrate animals provided evidence for neuronal alteration during the behaviors of: a.habituation and sensitization b.fight-or-flight response c.orienting and defensive reactions d.reward and punishment

Q: which research has most seriously challenged chomsky? a. parents simplified speech to young children b. parental feedback to childrens errors c. studies of pidgins and creoles d. research on operant conditioning

Q: you are driving to school when suddenly an ambulance rushes past you with its sirens blaring, shocking you so much that you fear that you might lose control of your car. a minute later, you hear sirens in the distance and increase your vigilance to be prepared for another emergency vehicle on the road. what change has come over your normal reaction to sirens? a.hebbian learning b.sensitization c.habituation d.fight-or-flight response

Q: what term is used to describe an increase in a behavioral response after exposure to a threatening stimulus? a.habituation b.sensitization c.orienting d.aplysia

Q: one of chomskys basic disagreements with piaget concerns the extent to which language a. involves symbols b. is spontaneously created by the child c. is a specialized activity d. possesses universal properties

Q: which of the following develops after all the others? a. negatives b. transformations c. agent-action-object categories d. pauses that show a sensitivity to phrase structure

Q: the first time you pick up your pet hamster it recoils in fear, but after a week of handling, your hamster is not bothered anymore. what change came over your hamster through the simple act of repetitive handling? a.long-term potentiation b.learned helplessness c.sensitization d.habituation

Q: what term is used to describe a decrease in a behavioral response after repeated exposure to nonthreatening stimuli? a.habituation b.sensitization c.orienting d.aplysia

Q: maslow said psychology should give more attention to thinking that is a. goal directed b. objective and detached c. computer-based d. fresh and nave

Q: a term sometimes used to represent the storage of learning by the neural systems of the brain is: a.habit b.engram c.bias d.dividend

Q: maslow found that self-actualizers, compared to most people, are a. free from pressures to conform b. rebellious against social conventions c. intellectual d. motivated by a hierarchy of needs

Q: olds and milner utilized intracranial self-stimulation in rats to investigate: a.the process of pain responses b.pleasure centers in the brain c.motor control to electric shocks d.the opiate system

Q: one could characterize aspects of maslows thinking as a. romantic b. taoistic c. anti-socialization d. all of the above

Q: which theory is least like maslows? the theory of a. rousseau b. piaget c. schachtel d. bandura

Q: why would a dopamine blocker be prescribed to someone with tourettes syndrome or other involuntary behaviors? a.the dopamine system also facilitates motor control. b.the dopamine blocker would block the rewarding aspects of involuntary behavior. c.the dopamine blocker would block negative reinforcement feedback loops. d.the dopamine system is involved in speech production.

Q: food tastes better when you are hungry than when you are not because: a.more dopamine is released by your amygdala b.less dopamine is released by your amygdala c.more dopamine is released by your nucleus accumbens d.less dopamine is released by your nucleus accumbens

Q: maslows faith in the positive nature of intrinsic growth forces is similar to the position of a. rousseau b. jung c. bettellheim d. all of the above

Q: the neural structure responsible for releasing dopamine in response to reinforcement is the: a.nucleus accumbens b.insula c.raphe system d.orbitofrontal cortex

Q: when maslow said babies have a biological wisdom, he echoed a. piaget b. gesell c. werner d. j. b. watson

Q: humanistic psychologists believe that the recent cognitive science movement a. has finally brought piaget to the forefront b. supports behaviorism c. gives a one-sided picture of humans d. all of the above

Q: the neurotransmitter that is most important for reinforcement learning is: a.serotonin b.glutamate c.dopamine d.norepinepherine

Q: imitation learning is facilitated by special parts of the brain known as: a.motor cortices b.sensory cortices c.mirror neurons d.nmda receptors

Q: who among the following sees no value in regression to childlike thinking? a. werner b. kohlberg c. maslow d. some psychoanalysts

Q: chomskys position differs from that of a. piaget on the extent of genetic control b. bandura on the influence of models c. werner on the specialized nature of language d. all of the above

Q: if a person has the following characteristics, which one will not necessarily facilitate that persons serving as a model for ones behavior? a.attractiveness b.high status c.similarity to oneself d.extroversion

Q: the text says that individual differences in childrens abilities a. has been a focus of the developmentalist tradition b. has not been a focus of the developmentalist tradition c. is found in the work of maslow and many of his followers d. characterizes many but not all in the developmentalis tradition

Q: in the epilogue, the textbook author argues that clear and high goals for our childrens future a. need broader community support b. need to be tied to rigorous tests c. must be better defined for use in empirical research d. divert us from the special strengths of childhood

Q: billy has watched many movies in which the hero smokes cigarettes. when billy identifies with these heroes and begins to smoke, what psychological term might be used to describe his behavior? a.vicarious reinforcement b.modeling c.positive reinforcement d.meme-based transmission

Q: the imitation of observed behavior is known as: a.operant learning b.play learning c.monkeying d.modeling