Q&A Hero

Q: shushant makes up a rhyme to remember what she needs to buy at the grocery store, garrett said to buy milk and bread. shushant is trying to remember her list by using: a.maintenance rehearsal b.acoustic rehearsal c.elaborative rehearsal d.linkage rehearsal

Q: suppose you need to learn the following list: pen, ship, log, cup, paper, radio, rose, sun, chair, glass, fork, wave. which of the following types of study would lead you to the best recall? a.count the number of vowels in each word b.relate each word to a fond childhood memory c.think about whether each word rhymes with den d.passively listen to the list while counting backward from 100 by 3s

Q: geoff is trying to remember his shopping list by repeating the items over and over again to himself. he is using: a.maintenance rehearsal b.acoustic rehearsal c.elaborative rehearsal d.linkage rehearsal

Q: research has shown that memories can be distorted because of beliefs that people already hold when the memory is formed. these earlier beliefs are part of cognitive: a.nodes b.schemas c.biases d.frames

Q: sergio tells monica that his roommate goes to a lot of parties. after this conversation, monica tells genevra that sergios roommate drinks a great deal. monica believes this about sergios roommate because: a.she used her schema of a party person b.she did not remember what sergio had told her c.she is biased against people who like to party d.her elaboration made the story more interesting

Q: your friend james asks you to entertain his younger sister when she comes to visit him at school. he tells you that his sister is great fun but quite shy. as a result, you decide to take his sister to a concert rather than to a big party. in making this decision, you used your: a.episodic memory of things you had enjoyed in high school b.semantic memory of things to do on campus c.schemas in memory of people who are shy d.autobiographical memories of visiting your older brother

Q: students taking an introductory class in a subject that is completely new to them often find that the material seems very disorganized and confusing at the beginning. as the class progresses, the information seems to become better structured, and the students find it easier to integrate and interpret new material. one important reason for this happy change is that the students are developing _____ that allow them to make sense of, organize, and utilize information in memory. a.prototypes b.schemas c.frames d.feature lists

Q: cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process, and use information are referred to as: a.sensory memory b.schemas c.working memory d.none of the above

Q: a psychologist who agreed with associative network theories would suggest that the best way to set up a computer hard drive to mimic human memory would be to organize the information into: a.alphabetically tagged files b.nested files c.temporally flagged files d.hierarchical files

Q: according to associative network theories, concepts in memory are localized in: a.nodes b.associations c.feature lists d.feature hierarchies

Q: according to the network of association theory, what words would come to mind when you hear the trigger word red ? a.rose; fire engine b.flower; vehicle c.cherry; police car d.pansy; toy wagon

Q: on his way to get an afternoon snack, jed walks by a billboard advertising hamburgers. he had intended to order an ice cream cone, but instead orders french fries. according to the spreading activation model, the hamburger made jed want french fries because: a.hamburgers and french fries are part of the prospective memory b.hamburgers activated the nodes for french fries c.hamburgers were encoded with french fries d.hamburgers and french fries are part of the same procedural memory

Q: consider a psychology experiment where someone is asked to say, as rapidly as possible, whether a sentence appearing on a computer screen is true or false. research has shown that people will be faster to say that it is true that a sandal is a shoe than to say that it is true that a sandal is a piece of clothing. which model of human memory could easily account for this finding? a.levels of processing model b.modal memory model c.prototype model d.spreading activation model

Q: when jon visits his grandmothers house, he always thinks about his childhood. something about the way her house smells triggers the memory. this phenomenon is referred to as: a.context-dependent memory b.an association network c.memory nodes d.none of the above

Q: karls grandmother, who came from poland, died when he was three. he can remember very little about her. in fact, he has no conscious memories of the wonderful polish food she used to cook. one day, karl walks by a polish restaurant and is flooded with memories of his grandmother. the food served as a _____ for karls memories of his grandmother. a.mnemonic b.mental image c.frame d.retrieval cue

Q: the encoding specificity principle states that: a.only similar kinds of information can be encoded together b.anything encoded with information can be a retrieval cue for that information c.similar kinds of information are encoded into common schemas d.associative networks are formed of similarly encoded pieces of information

Q: the memory enhancement that occurs when the situations during encoding and recall match is called _____ memory; the memory enhancement that occurs when the internal states during encoding and recall match is called _____ memory. a.context-dependent; state-dependent b.semantic; episodic c.episodic; semantic d.state-dependent; context-dependent

Q: if you study in the same room in which you take an exam, you will probably do better on the exam than if you had studied somewhere else. this outcome occurs because of _____ memory, which is a form of _____. a.context-dependent; hierarchical storage b.state-dependent; hierarchical storage c.context-dependent; encoding specificity d.state-dependent; encoding specificity

Q: samantha has just broken up with her boyfriend and is feeling very sad. she resolves to change her mood by thinking about happy things, but finds that she just keeps remembering other sad things. samanthas experience can best be explained in terms of: a.context-dependent memory b.cognitive schemas c.depth of processing d.state-dependent memory

Q: people usually remember how many days there are in the months of september, october, and may by using: a.verbal mnemonics b.episodic memory c.semantic memory d.elaborative retrieval

Q: an older view of human memory argued that all memories were essentially of the same type. newer views disagree, arguing that memories involve different: a.strengths b.types of neurons c.interacting systems d.independent processes

Q: if someone asks you who is running for president, you will answer from your _____ memory. if someone asks who you plan to vote for, you will answer from your _____ memory. a.episodic; semantic b.semantic; episodic c.procedural; explicit d.explicit; procedural

Q: the memory of your wedding day is an example of a(n): a.procedural memory b.declarative memory c.episodic memory d.semantic memory

Q: akilas brother asks her if she knows the names of the capitals of texas and montana. she instantly knows that the capital of texas is austin, and she does not know the capital of montana. akila is using her _____ memory to retrieve _____ memories. a.explicit; declarative b.implicit; tacit c.episodic; autobiographical d.procedural; semantic

Q: if you can remember exactly what you did yesterday but have trouble remembering the names of the 50 states, then you have excellent _____ memory but somewhat poor _____ memory. a.episodic; semantic b.semantic; episodic c.procedural; explicit d.explicit; procedural

Q: one of the best ways to remember factual information is to relate it to something personal. in this way, you are taking advantage of your _____ memory to aid retrieval from your _____ memory. a.implicit; explicit b.semantic; episodic c.episodic; semantic d.explicit; implicit

Q: understanding how to serve a ball in tennis involves _____ memory, but actually serving the ball involves _____ memory. a.declarative; procedural b.episodic; procedural c.procedural; declarative d.procedural; episodic

Q: patient h.m. suffered from seizures and had part of his medial temporal lobes removed. as a result, he could no longer: a.remember his past b.form new implicit memories c.form new explicit memories d.remember anything at all

Q: people find it very easy to put on a button-down shirt but much harder to list the steps involved in putting on that shirt. this difference suggests that _____ memory is more useful in getting dressed than _____ memory. a.declarative; procedural b.procedural; declarative c.episodic; semantic d.semantic; episodic

Q: as a research participant, you read a list of names of unknown individuals. on another day, you read a list that includes some of those names, and you are asked if anyone on the list is famous. according to the _____, you will remember the individuals from the first list as famous. a.procedural memory schema b.prospective memory effect c.shadowing effect d.false fame effect

Q: on the bus last week, kyohei heard two women talking about someone named enisa for the entire 30 minutes of the trip. today, the woman sitting next to kyohei in class told her friend that enisa was coming. kyohei assumed that enisa was someone famous and wondered why she did not know her. kyohei is experiencing the: a.misinformation effect b.repetition priming effect c.false fame effect d.source attribution effect

Q: attitude formation falls under which memory category? a.implicit b.explicit c.semantic d.episodic

Q: many movies involve product placement. for example, the main character in a movie may drink only dr. pepper. companies pay for product placement because they assume that it increases the likelihood that audience members will later buy the product. if a persons shopping is unconsciously influenced by the appearance of a product in a movie, this effect is likely due to existence of the item in: a.explicit memory b.semantic memory c.implicit memory d.procedural memory

Q: ivaylo goes skiing after many years away from the sport. what kind of memory makes it possible for him to get back on the slopes without taking new skiing lessons? a.declarative memory b.episodic memory c.explicit memory d.procedural memory

Q: remembering how to ride a bike is an example of which type of memory? a.declarative b.procedural c.sensory d.explicit

Q: your father has not ridden a bicycle since he was in college, about 20 years ago. your fathers remembering how to ride the bike without falling will call upon _____ memory. his remembering the names of the parts of the bike will call upon _____ memory. a.episodic; declarative b.semantic; episodic c.procedural; semantic d.declarative; episodic

Q: sue is trying to remember how to complete a motor task, joe is trying to remember an event that occurred in the past, and mark is trying to remember the capital of oklahoma. joe is using _____ memory, sue is using _____ memory, and mark is using _____ memory. a.procedural; semantic; episodic b.episodic; semantic; procedural c.episodic; procedural; semantic d.episodic; declarative; procedural

Q: how does prospective memory limit the cognitive resources available for other tasks? a.it reduces the available capacity of working memory. b.it interferes with retrieval from long-term memory. c.it causes confusion in encoding items in short-term memory. d.it disrupts information in sensory memory.

Q: remembering that he needed to pick up milk on the way home from work, jon is using his _____ memory system. a.implicit b.procedural c.prospective d.explicit

Q: if a retrieval cue is present in the environment, then a(n) _____ process is used to recall a prospective memory. if a retrieval cue is not present, then a(n) _____ process is used to recall the prospective memory. a.automatic; automatic b.controlled; controlled c.controlled; automatic d.automatic; controlled

Q: which of the following actions is an example of prospective memory? a.learning history dates for your test tomorrow b.daydreaming about your date next friday night c.planning to stop for a library book on your way home d.deciding which of several things you will do this weekend

Q: when rhuju walks past the chemistry building, she remembers that she has a lab report due the next day. the chemistry building served as a _____ that _____ triggered her prospective memory. a.priming stimulus; automatically b.priming stimulus; consciously c.retrieval cue; automatically d.retrieval cue; consciously

Q: peter took an italian class in college, but forgot much of what he knew. before his honeymoon to italy, he took another class so that he could get along while there. if he learns information more quickly this time around, you would say that _____ is helpful because it results in _____. a.recognition; traces b.relearning; return c.relearning; savings d.reconstruction; savings

Q: the inability to retrieve information from long-term memory is: a.forgetting b.memory loss c.inattention d.none of the above

Q: aaron took calculus as a freshman in high school, but he is now taking it again as a college senior to fulfill requirements for his major. based on your knowledge of memory, you could predict that the material would take _____ in his college class as it did in his high school class. a.as much effort and as much time to learn b.less effort but as much time to learn c.as much effort but less time to learn d.less effort and less time to learn

Q: according to schacter, blocking is a type of _____, whereas misattribution is a type of_____. a.forgetting; distortion b.distortion; forgetting c.forgetting; forgetting d.distortion; distortion

Q: freud thought the ego a.delays impulses b.includes cognitive functions c.has no energy of its own d.all of the above

Q: which of the following is not one of the seven sins of memory? a.blocking b.bias c.absentmindedness d.boredom

Q: you memorize your four-digit pin number for your bank card, but you also store this number on your phone. you keep your bank card and your phone in your backpack, and a thief steals your backpack. when you get your new bank card, you have to make up a new pin, but every time you try to withdraw money, you can only remember the old pin. what best explains this combination of remembering and forgetting? a.schemas b.decay c.amnesia d.interference

Q: forgetting over time is referred to as: a.bias b.blocking c.transience d.absentmindedness

Q: anna freud said the most powerful defense mechanism, which frequently works in conjunction with the other defenses, is a. projection b denial c. repression d. displacement

Q: in classic freudian theory, the defense mechanisms a.operate unconsciously b.include suppression c.are the work of the id d.all of the above

Q: a distinctive defense mechanism in adolescence, anna freud said, is a.repression b.asceticism c.denial d.identification

Q: most forgetting is due to _____ not _____. a.decay; interference b.interference; transience c.transience; absentmindedness d.absentmindedness; transience

Q: you are following the plot of a complicated shakespeare play quite clearly while you are watching it. however, the next week you find that you cannot remember the details. your loss of memory is most likely due to: a.transience b.interference c.blocking d.absentmindedness

Q: your school requires you to change your e-mail password every 3 months. now, when you try to remember the new password, you can only remember the old one. this effect is most likely due to: a.blocking b.transience c.interference d.anterograde amnesia

Q: which is not a common part of the resolution of the oedipus complex? a.identification b.sublimation c.internalization d.restitution

Q: jacob learned french in high school and is now learning spanish in college. he finds that sometimes when he intends to write a spanish word he instead writes a french word. jacobs problem is due to: a.blocking b.persistence c.proactive interference d.retroactive interference

Q: when we attribute our own feelings to others, the freudian defense mechanism is a.displacement b.projection c.repression d.reaction-formation

Q: what freudian agency of the mind criticizes us on moral grounds? a.the id b.the ego c.the superego d.the repression barrier

Q: the text says the story of hansel and gretel illustrates conflicts at a. the oral stage b. the anal stage c. the phallic stage d. the latency stage

Q: you study spanish during your freshman and sophomore years of college, but then take a portuguese class your senior year. you have trouble learning portuguese because of all the spanish you learned. this effect is most likely due to: a.proactive interference b.retroactive interference c.relearning d.both b and c

Q: freud first replaced hypnosis with a.the interpretation of dreams b.memory facilitating drugs c.the exploration of childhood fantasies d.free association

Q: jon is trying to remember his class schedule from last semester, but he keeps thinking of his current classes instead. this phenomenon is an example of which type of interference? a.retroactive b.proactive c.blocking d.absentmindedness

Q: sally used to live in a small town in iowa, but she moved to new york city about 10 years ago. when she sends holiday cards to her friends in iowa, she has trouble remembering their zip codes and can think of only ones in new york. this phenomenon is most likely due to: a.retroactive interference b.retrograde amnesia c.proactive interference d.anterograde amnesia

Q: nadia changed her computer password on monday. on friday, she realizes that she failed to change the password in one system. when she tries to get in with her old password, she cannot remember it; her new password keeps coming to mind. nadias problem is due to: a.blocking b.persistence c.proactive interference d.retroactive interference

Q: what most puzzled freud about the girls oedipus complex was a.why girls experience penis envy b.why girls arent as open as boys about sexual matters c.why girls feel a need to resolve the crisis d.why girls develop a masculinity complex

Q: freud would suggest that a young mans anxiety over competition probably reflects earlier problems at a.the first stage b.the second stage c.the third stage d.the fourth stage

Q: your roommate asks you which section of political science you are taking next semester. you have just registered, and you confidently turn to tell her the section. you are astonished to realize that you cannot remember. your memory lapse is an example of: a.change blindness b.tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon c.blocking d.absentmindedness

Q: you start to answer an exam question. even though you know the word for the answer, you cannot remember it. you can remember the shape of the word, the first letter, where on the page of your notes the word is, but not the word itself. you are suffering from: a.change blindness b.tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon c.suggestibility d.absentmindedness

Q: which defense mechanism is most typically at play in the anal stage? a.displacement b.substitution c.denial d.reaction-formation

Q: which is not a typical outcome of the anal stage? a. a person who is very neat and orderly b. a person who is extremely messy c. a person who is psychotic d. a person compulsively checks for errors

Q: a favorable resolution of the conflict between initiative and guilt in eriksons theory leads to a sense of a. competence b. purpose c. industry d. will

Q: the difference between absentmindedness and blocking is that in absentmindedness the information is: a.less deeply encoded b.lacking in hierarchical organization c.more vulnerable to suggestibility d.less well rehearsed

Q: a favorable resolution of the conflict between identity and role confusion leads to a sense of a. purpose b. ego integrity c. care d. fidelity

Q: why do people sometimes fail to remember an uncommon word, but have a feeling that it is on the tip-of-the-tongue? a.interference from words similar in sound b.blocking c.both a and b d.persistence

Q: for erikson, gaining maturity in adulthood primarily means a. caring for others b. finding ones unique identity c. persevering in ones goals d. gaining independence

Q: inattention and shallow encoding can often result in _____, which leads to forgetting. a.blocking b.transience c.absentmindedness d.all of the above

Q: eriksons stages, compared to piagets stages, are a. more universal b. more difficult to attain c. more maturationally governed d. all of the above

Q: sam has to buy his girlfriend something for her birthday. one of the main reasons that sam could forget to do this is _____ due to _____. a.absentmindedness; decay b.transience; chunking c.absentmindedness; shallow encoding d.transience; shallow encoding