Q&A Hero

Q: what is the challenge for cognitive psychologists? a.making sense of social phenomena after tragic events b.accounting for peoples overt behavior c.understanding the nature of our everyday mental representations d.understanding cultural differences in the way people behave

Q: after hurricane katrina, many people became afraid during rainstorms, even when it was unlikely that a storm would become serious. these people were experiencing the phenomenon known as: a.harm risk b.phobic fear c.irrational fear d.dread risk

Q: joannas boyfriend, kyle, has been arrested for robbery. joanna believes that kyle was with her all that day. however, a teacher claims that joanna was on a field trip. if the police had an fmri scanner, they could evaluate joannas memory. if joannas memory is accurate, then her recalling the day of the robbery should activate: a.the areas of the brain involved in telling the truth b.the same areas as other memories of being with kyle c.different areas than remembering the field trip d.both b and c

Q: maria goes to see a therapist. she is depressed because her romantic relationships do not last. her therapist specializes in disorders rooted in childhood abuse and uses special techniques to uncover repressed memories of this abuse. a potential problem for maria in seeing this therapist is that: a.she may not be able to handle remembering the abuse b.the therapist may not be able to address other problems c.she may deliberately describe false cases of abuse to please her therapist d.the therapist may unintentionally create false memories of abuse

Q: suzanne goes into therapy because she is continually anxious and has trouble sleeping due to disturbing nightmares. her therapist diagnoses suzanne with posttraumatic stress disorder and encourages her to talk about distressing childhood memories. eventually, suzanne recalls having been abused by her uncle as a child. the problem that this recovered memory poses is that: a.her therapist has implanted a false memory b.no one will believe that her kind uncle was abusive c.it will distract her from her real problems d.it is difficult to know whether her memory is accurate

Q: people listening to eyewitness testimony are likely to believe: a.eyewitnesses who are experts b.eyewitnesses who recall many trivial details c.eyewitnesses who give detailed accounts d.most eyewitnesses

Q: charles suffered brain damage in a traumatic accident. as a result, he no longer recognizes his family members. even when he is shown photos of himself with these individuals, he believes they have been created through trickery. charles most likely suffers from _____, which is an extreme example of _____. a.suggestibility; distortion b.capgras syndrome; distortion c.confabulation; bias d.capgras syndrome; confabulation

Q: in a classic science fiction novel, alien pods grow into exact duplicates of people. the people then die, and the duplicates take their places. the family members of the replaced people are sure that these people are not their relatives, but no one believes them. the family members feel exactly like people suffering from: a.tasacks syndrome b.capgras syndrome c.tourettes syndrome d.korsakoffs syndrome

Q: hsiao-an is in a serious accident that damages areas of her frontal lobes and limbic system. when her husband comes to see her at the hospital, she maintains that he is not her husband, only someone pretending to be her husband. the accident has left hsiao-an with: a.tasacks syndrome b.capgras syndrome c.tourettes syndrome d.korsakoffs syndrome

Q: alejandro is lost in the woods and thinks he hears a bear. he climbs a tree to see if he can find a way home. a week later, he tells his friend with absolute sincerity that he climbed the tree to escape the bear. alejandro is experiencing: a.confabulation b.false recognition c.absentmindedness d.memory bias

Q: damage to the frontal lobes and limbic system can cause the dissociation of a visual image from the associated emotional content. this problem is thought to be the cause of: a.tasacks syndrome b.capgras syndrome c.tourettes syndrome d.korsakoffs syndrome

Q: capgras syndrome is an extreme case of: a.confabulation b.false recognition c.absentmindedness d.memory bias

Q: if you are recalling an episode that never really happened, you are experiencing: a.confabulation b.false recognition c.absentmindedness d.memory bias

Q: the process of getting information out of memory storage is called: a.encoding b.rehearsal c.retrieval d.storage

Q: what are the three steps in memory information processing? a.input, storage, retrieval b.encoding, storage, retrieval c.encoding, retrieval, storage d.input, processing, output

Q: the information processing model of memory is based on computer functioning and consists of all of the following stages except: a.retrieval b.storage c.encoding d.processing

Q: yesterday you taught your dog to crawl across the floor while barking. if the dog is to perform this fabulous trick tomorrow, then he will need to _____ the trick, then _____ the trick, then _____ the trick. a.encode; store; retrieve b.store; encode; retrieve c.rehearse; store; retrieve d.store; rehearse; retrieve

Q: the storage phase of information processing lasts: a.a fraction of a second b.several seconds c.several minutes d.variable amounts of time

Q: the phase of information processing that is most similar to a google search is: a.encoding b.storage c.retrieval d.rehearsal

Q: even though manuel has watched his psychology professor lecture three times a week for 10 weeks, he does not know what color her hair is. this lack of knowledge most likely represents a failure of: a.sensation b.encoding c.retrieval d.rehearsal

Q: you witness an accident and see one of the cars driving away from the scene. even though you have just seen the license plate, you cannot remember the number. the license plate was probably not initially: a.encoded b.ignored c.rehearsed d.processed

Q: the idea that memory is distributed throughout the brain is called: a.concurrent storage b.equity of distribution c.connectivity d.equipotentiality

Q: lashleys idea that memory is distributed throughout the brain is contradicted by the idea of: a.equipotentiality b.consolidation c.fire together, wire together d.concurrent storage

Q: sleep disturbances disrupt memory because of: a.consolidation b.transience c.consciousness d.analogies

Q: memory is stored in which area of the brain? a.hippocampus b.cerebellum c.amygdala d.all of the above

Q: when you recall a memory of your best friends face, you are activating the cortical circuits in the _____ cortex involved in _____ her face. a.visual; storing b.visual; perceiving c.spatial; storing d.spatial; perceiving

Q: when you are studying for an exam, the part of the brain that is responsible for coordinating and strengthening the connections among neurons is the: a.medial temporal lobe b.posterior parietal lobe c.left frontal lobe d.right temporal lobe

Q: changes in the strength of neural connections and construction of new synapses is the process of: a.retrieval b.encoding c.consolidation d.rehearsal

Q: research on memory consolidation reveals that memories: a.are aided by sleep b.are stored as exact copies of experience c.are easy to duplicate d.none of the above

Q: uchenna has been studying for his philosophy midterm all day. it is now 3:00 am, and the exam is at 8:00 am the same morning. the best thing that uchenna can do now to increase his chances of doing well on the exam is to: a.keep reviewing the material b.relate the material he has learned to his own life c.get some sleep d.write some sample essays

Q: recent research suggests that negative memories may be erased through: a.blocking of reconsolidation b.lack of sleep c.schemas d.fmri studies

Q: memory requires attention. if you want to remember something well, it is best to _____ because _____. a.attend to only one thing at a time; attention is limited b.attend to only one thing at a time; attention is unlimited c.keep attention relatively unfocused; attention is limited d.do only easy tasks; attention is unlimited

Q: digitally editing a photograph on a computer is analogous to which memory process? a.spreading activation b.elaborative rehearsal c.reconsolidation d.retrieval

Q: why is memory not a perfect record of everything we see and experience? a.we need to remember details of events. b.it would take up too much of our limited long-term memory storage. c.attention is limited. d.neural networks are too limited.

Q: in treismans model of visual attention, primitive features can be analyzed in parallel because: a.a single system can handle all features simultaneously b.separate systems analyze different features simultaneously c.separate systems do rapid serial processing that mimics parallel processing d.a single system focuses on a small subset of features simultaneously

Q: processing multiple types of information at the same time is referred to as: a.encoding b.parallel processing c.multitasking d.reconsolidation

Q: you are at a college basketball game and are watching the court carefully, but suddenly you are distracted by someone talking about an upcoming organic chemistry exam. this distraction is most likely due to the _____ of the discussion about the exam. a.loudness b.silliness c.personal relevance d.shadowing

Q: as a participant in a psychology experiment, michael is shadowing a physics passage in his right ear while hearing a novel being read in his left ear. michael wants to get done so he can go home and watch the big game. if a sentence giving the score in the game is inserted into the passage from the novel, michael is most likely to: a.shadow the right ear material and attend to the left ear material b.shadow the right ear material and ignore the left ear material c.shadow the left ear material and ignore the right ear material d.shadow the left ear material and attend to the right ear material

Q: filter theory was developed to explain: a.change blindness b.the selective nature of attention c.the processing of personally irrelevant information d.shadowing

Q: children with attention deficit disorder are distracted by everything in the environment rather than being able to choose what they want to focus on. these children are lacking in: a.divided attention b.automatic processing c.selective attention d.controlled processing

Q: broadbents filter theory of attention assumed that selective attention was necessary because people have limited _____ capacity and thus must focus on the most _____ information. a.short-term memory; important b.sensory memory; important c.short-term memory; transient d.sensory memory; transient

Q: change blindness seems _____ because it makes us_____ information. a.adaptive; focus on important b.adaptive; limit confusing c.maladaptive; reduce the amount of d.maladaptive; miss critical

Q: yelizaveta is talking to one of the caterers setting up for her sisters wedding. while yelizaveta is answering her cell phone, a different member of the catering staff takes over. when yelizaveta turns back to the conversation, she completely fails to notice that she is now talking to a different person. yelizaveta is experiencing: a.divided attention b.change blindness c.selective attention d.serial processing

Q: marianna takes the bus to school every day. one morning, a different bus is used on her route. marianna does not notice the change, even though her usual bus is blue and white and the new bus is green and black. marianna is showing: a.change blindness b.tip-of-the-tongue c.blocking d.transience

Q: it could be argued that change blindness is adaptive because it: a.saves space in working memory b.prioritizes important information c.decreases encoding time and effort d.reduces the need for rehearsal

Q: who is least likely to show change blindness? a.college-age adults b.older adults c.people who are from the same racial group as the person they are speaking to d.people who can maintain attention

Q: short-term memory: a.has a limited capacity b.has an unlimited capacity c.retains information for up to an hour d.lasts a lifetime

Q: storage in this memory system is brief and represents a sensory experience: a.short-term memory b.long-term memory c.sensory memory d.all of the above

Q: you see all of a written word simultaneously, but you hear a spoken word over time. the memory that accumulates the sound of a word until it is formed as a unit is: a.iconic memory b.sensory memory c.working memory d.short-term memory

Q: to remember more information, _____ can be used to organize information into meaningful units. a.cognitive maps b.chunking c.association networks d.none of the above

Q: when you read, your eyes fixate for a fraction of a second, and then jump to a new point in the text. your reading experience is continuous because during the jump, the information from the last eye fixation is held in: a.short-term memory b.working memory c.sensory memory d.echoic memory

Q: animation works by presenting still pictures rapidly enough that they merge in iconic memory. how much time can elapse between each successive picture if animation is to work? a.several minutes b.1/1000th of a second c.1/3 of a second d.variable amounts of time

Q: in order for us to experience the world as a continuous stream of information, one experience is kept in the brain while we move to the next experience. this overlap is a function of: a.short-term memory b.long-term memory c.working memory d.sensory memory

Q: a childrens flipbook consists of a series of pictures of mickey mouse with his feet in slightly different positions. if you look at the pages one at a time, slowly, all you see are the individual pictures of mickey. however, if you flip the pages quickly, you see mickey running. this illusion is due to storage of the successive pictures in: a.sensory memory b.echoic memory c.working memory d.short-term memory

Q: while you are at the movies, the person sitting next to you coughs so loudly that you cannot hear part of an actors line. however, you believe that you have heard the entire sentence, including the part masked by the cough. your perception is possible because of: a.long-term memory b.sensory memory c.iconic memory d.maintenance rehearsal

Q: as a friend gives you her new address over the phone, you realize that you do not have a pen to write it down. approximately how long do you have to find a pen before her address will vanish from your short-term memory? a.about half a minute b.several minutes c.less than half a second d.less than 1 second

Q: you are reading a book, and your friend john asks you a question. by the time you ask, what did you say? you hear his question. this effect is due to storage of information in the _____ for audition. a.short-term memory b.long-term memory c.working memory d.sensory memory

Q: students frequently learn the big five personality model by using the acronym ocean, where each letter of the word corresponds to the first letter of one of the factors (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism). these students are using: a.hierarchies b.linkage c.chunking d.primitive features

Q: colt is an excellent quarterback. one skill that contributes to his ability is that he sees the players not just as individuals, but as units that can be called on to make different plays. this skill enables him to process the game more efficiently and to hold more information about the game in his short-term memory. colt is using the memory strategy of: a.visualization b.imaging c.chunking d.linking

Q: the brain is selective about the information that gets stored in long-term memory. this selectivity may be evolutionarily advantageous because: a.only a limited amount of space is available in long-term memory b.information that aids in reproduction and survival is emphasized c.increased selectivity is associated with greater intelligence d.selectivity improves the organization of information in long-term memory

Q: even though he has already memorized his notes, hao reviews them every night for the two weeks before the exam. this strategy is likely to _____ his performance due to _____. a.hurt; cramming b.hurt; spreading out his practice c.help; cramming d.help; spreading out his practice

Q: harry was reading the textbook for his potions class and was trying to relate the material to his own experiences. according to the levels of processing model of memory, this would be considered: a.deep processing b.consolidation c.shallow processing d.transfiguration

Q: shannon has a biology exam next week. to be sure that she really knows the material, she should: a.cram the night before the test b.test herself on the material c.make up multiple-choice questions d.use maintenance rehearsal

Q: even though they probably look at coins on a daily basis, most people are unlikely to be able to correctly identify which coin is a real quarter from an array of possible quarters because: a.people do not pay attention to pennies b.people do not pay attention to quarters c.memories are transient d.other things interfere with the memory of the quarter

Q: people have better memories for events that involve negative emotions. according to an evolutionary perspective, this phenomenon suggests that negative emotions: a.make information easier to rehearse b.emphasize information important to survival c.increase consolidation of information d.act as mnemonics for information

Q: if you spend the same amount of time reviewing material as testing yourself on the material, you will learn more from _____ because of the increased _____ time. a.reviewing; rehearsal b.reviewing; retrieval c.testing; retrieval d.testing; rehearsal

Q: kumar is trying to remember who ran against john f. kennedy in the 1960 presidential election. kumars search for information to answer this question is being carried out in his: a.working memory b.sensory memory c.short-term memory d.long-term memory

Q: professor smith is doing research on fish. he refuses to learn his students names because he believes that the names take up space in his long-term memory, which could be better used for fish information. he is incorrect because: a.different types of information, such as facts about fish and names of people, are stored in different parts of memory b.the students names would have been stored in short-term memory c.long-term memory can hold essentially unlimited amounts of information d.the students names that are preserved in long-term memory could be replaced later with different information

Q: as a research participant, you study this list of words: curtain, book, anger, dirt, plant, hunger, paper, sadness, sunshine, music, disease, surprise, fired, love, test, pizza, electricity. when you are later asked to recall the list, which of the following words are you most likely to have trouble remembering? a.book b.pizza c.music d.curtain

Q: when remembering words on a list, people tend to remember words at the beginning of the list and words at the end of the list better than words in the middle of the list. this phenomenon is known as: a.the serial position effect b.retroactive interference c.motivated forgetting d.spreading activation effect

Q: in a serial position curve, words that are not part of either the primacy effect or the recency effect are: a.forgotten b.only partially learned c.stored but not consolidated d.unprocessed

Q: the best argument that long-term memory and short-term memory are separate entities is that: a.brain damage can leave one but not the other memory intact b.recent events are remembered better than most past events c.recalling past events requires retrieval cues but recalling recent events does not d.the recency effect can be disrupted but the primacy effect cannot

Q: when you hear a story about a person you know, you will _____, which may lead to _____. a.activate a script; additional recall of information you know about the person when you are asked to retell the story b.activate a schema; additional recall of information you know about the person when you are asked to retell the story c.activate a script; poorer understanding of the story d.attach it to existing memories about the person; perfect memory of the story

Q: memory for items presented at the beginning of a list and at the end of the list is referred to as: a.serial position effect b.association network c.chunking d.all of the above

Q: consider the many ways in which you could organize the books in your library. you could sort them into groups with the same color cover. you could alphabetize them by the authors last names or by the titles of the books. you could also sort them into groups with common themes. which of these ways of organizing your library would be most like the way in which memories are organized in long-term memory? a.alphabetize by title b.group by common theme c.alphabetize by authors names d.group by common color

Q: fayd is studying for his english literature exam. for each novel he has read for the course, he tries to think of how the novel relates to his own life. this activity requires that he really think about the themes and characters in the book. fayd is using the mnemonic strategy of: a.maintenance rehearsal b.practice c.chunking d.elaborative rehearsal

Q: elaboration is an effective mnemonic strategy because the information learned is processed more: a.often b.deeply c.intentionally d.automatically

Q: according to levels of processing theory, information that is encoded more deeply is remembered better than information that is encoded less deeply, because information encoded more deeply: a.has greater rehearsal b.is stored longer in short-term memory storage c.is more meaningful d.is entered into long-term memory more logically

Q: in a memory experiment, participants in group a are asked to just listen to a list of words. group b is asked to count the number of words that begin with the letter e. group c is asked to repeat each word as they hear it. group d is asked to use each word in a sentence. according to craik and watsons levels of processing model, which group would later remember more of the words on the list? a.group a b.group b c.group c d.group d

Q: yu-sheng, jocelyn, and juan are in three different introductory anthropology classes. yu-shengs class takes a multiple-choice midterm. jocelyns class takes a short-answer midterm. juans class takes an essay midterm. which student(s) take(s) the midterm that requires the greatest depth of processing? a.yu-sheng b.jocelyn c.juan d.jocelyn and juan