Q&A Hero

Q: melinda is an extremely successful surgeon. which of gardners multiple intelligences does she therefore possess in abundance? a.verbal and logical/mathematical b.spatial and kinesthetic c.spatial and interpersonal d.logical/mathematical and interpersonal

Q: theories of general intelligence, like gardners theory, see intelligence as being expressed in areas such as math and language. the important difference in gardners theory is that the intelligences: a.are correlated b.are biological c.are independent d.differ quantitatively

Q: people who are very mathematical are often also very musical. for which theory of intelligence is this a problematic finding? a.sternbergs b.spearmans c.gardners d.both a and c

Q: if companies want to encourage people to stay in the workforce as they age, they can create jobs that involve more use of _____ and less use of _____. a.creative thinking; logical knowledge and skills b.existing knowledge and skills; quick and flexible thinking c.understanding of daily routines; analytical thinking d.verbal skills and knowledge; spatial skills and knowledge

Q: chelsea has a strong base of knowledge about psychology. this knowledge allows her to apply psychological concepts to familiar problems she attempts to solve. this ability is most consistent with the concept of: a.metacomponents b.crystallized intelligence c.knowledge-acquisition d.fluid intelligence

Q: joel is fantastic at solving logic problems and analogies, but he does not have a very good vocabulary and could not find most countries on a map. joel would probably score _____ on a test of crystallized intelligence and _____ on a test of fluid intelligence. a.low; low b.low; high c.high; high d.high; low

Q: merle is very good at learning new things, but does not have a lot of general knowledge. sue is the oppositeshe knows lots of things but is not very good at learning to do new things. thus merle is higher in _____ intelligence than sue, but sue is higher in _____ intelligence than merle. a.crystallized; fluid b.fluid; crystallized c.fluid; creative d.general; crystallized

Q: fluid intelligence has been argued _____ adaptive; crystallized intelligence has been argued _____ adaptive. a.to be; not to be b.to be; to be c.not to be; to be d.not to be; not to be

Q: as people get older, their crystallized intelligence _____ decline and their fluid intelligence _____ decline. a.will not; will b.will; will not c.will; will d.will not; will not

Q: as the pace of technological change increases, which kind of intelligence should become ever more important? a.practical b.logical/mathematical c.fluid d.emotional

Q: _____ intelligence is involved in reasoning, processing novel events, and thinking flexibly. a.pragmatic b.crystallized c.fluid d.analytic

Q: mikhail is a high achiever in the fields of math and science. according to spearmans theory of general intelligence (g), mikhails performance in literature and history: a.should not be very good b.may be completely unrelated c.should be fairly average d.should also be very good

Q: what is the main concept behind spearmans theory of general intelligence (g)? a.one main intelligence factor is supplemented by smaller factors. b.one intelligence factor operates in all intellectual tasks. c.the main intelligence factor is composed of many small intelligence factors. d.both a and c represent the main concept behind spearmans theory of general intelligence.

Q: the idea that one intelligence factor is involved in all intellectual tasks is known as a.general intelligence b.single intelligence c.crystallized intelligence d.fluid intelligence

Q: high levels of general intelligence (g) are associated with better: a.parenting b.marriages c.physical health d.mental health

Q: correlations among test items that create clusters of related items have been identified using: a.factor analysis b.qualitative research c.controlled experiments d.regression analysis

Q: taking an abstract concept and treating it as though it referred to something that objectively exists is called: a.reification b.objectification c.representation d.signification

Q: which of the following potential questions for an iq test would show the least cultural bias? a.filling in a missing word b.finding the next shape in a sequence c.completing an analogy problem d.doing an arithmetic problem

Q: an important problem with the cross-cultural use of iq tests is that iq tests measure abilities that: a.are not present in all cultures b.are defined differently across cultures c.are not adaptive in all cultures d.are not equivalent across cultures

Q: a major source of cultural bias in iq tests is that members of different cultures may: a.understand english with different degrees of sophistication b.have different levels of knowledge of american culture c.be evaluated differently by the people giving and scoring the test d.both a and b

Q: one probable reason that children with more affluent parents tend to have higher iqs is that these children are more likely to: a.be genetically predisposed to be more intelligent b.attend better schools and have more enrichment c.be familiar with the information on iq tests d.take classes to prepare them for iq tests

Q: when an immigrant group places a high priority on success in school, children in that group routinely have higher levels of achievement in school than their iq scores would predict. this fact suggests that: a.effort can mediate the effects of iq on achievement b.the iq tests were culturally biased against these children c.iq tests are an inaccurate measure of academic intelligence d.the correlation between iq and achievement is weak

Q: shaina, maria, and lavonne are all about the same age and work for the same company. shaina is a secretary. maria and lavonne are both advanced programmers, but lavonne is two grades higher and makes more money. given the data on work and iq scores, you would expect their iq scores to be ranked from lowest to highest as: a.shaina, lavonne, maria b.lavonne, shaina, maria c.maria, shaina, lavonne d.shaina, maria, lavonne

Q: iq scores typically predict how much of the variation in work or school performance? a.10 percent b.25 percent c.50 percent d.70 percent

Q: jos, who is 7 years old, takes the stanford-binet test and scores at the level of a 9-year-old. joss intelligence quotient would be _____, and jos would be considered _____ in intelligence. a.128; above average b.77; below average c.128; below average d.77; above average

Q: brianna received an overall iq score of 117 on the wechsler scale. this number means that brianna has scored _____ standard deviation(s) above the mean iq score of _____. a.2; 90 b.1; 110 c.2; 75 d.1; 100

Q: the average result on an iq test is assigned the value of 100. all other test results are assigned scores based on their distance from that average score. this method means that iq scores measure: a.absolute intelligence b.absolute differences in intelligence c.ranked orders of intelligence d.relative differences in intelligence

Q: the stanford-binet iq test assesses the difference between which two factors? a.analytical and emotional intelligence b.verbal and mathematical skills c.mental and chronological age d.analytical and pragmatic intelligence

Q: fatima received an overall score of 132 on an iq scale. this number means that her score was higher than _____ percent of the population. a.95 b.68 c.53 d.50

Q: the stanford-binet test provides an inaccurate measure of intelligence in adults because chronological age _____ mental age. a.can be more accurately measured than b.increases more rapidly than c.continues to increase without an increase in d.is unitary, and there are multiple forms of

Q: the miller analogy test uses analogies such as fingers are to hands as toes are to _____ to predict: a.academic performance b.creativity c.crystallized intelligence d.both a and b

Q: if the majority of people score within one standard deviation of the mean on an iq test, the scores may range from: a.75 to 105 b.89 to 109 c.85 to 115 d.80 to 120

Q: which intelligence test involves measuring verbal skills and performance skills? a.miller analogy b.binet c.stanford-binet d.wechsler

Q: dr. bellasouva gives 500 students a battery of standardized tests. he analyzes the results to see which kinds of skills allow good performance on different parts of the exam. what approach is dr. bellasouva using toward the study of intelligence? a.biological b.analytical c.psychometric d.cognitive

Q: the law school admissions test (lsat) is designed to measure someones ability to think logically. this ability is predictive of success in law school and as a practicing attorney. the lsat is a(n) _____ test. a.aptitude b.achievement c.general ability d.standardized

Q: the final exam that you will take in your psychology class is a(n) _____ test. a.aptitude b.achievement c.general ability d.standardized

Q: who was the first to develop a method of assessing intelligence? a.cattell b.galton c.binet d.gardner

Q: our ability to learn, understand ideas, use knowledge to solve problems, and adapt to our environments is called: a.thought b.intelligence c.cognition d.insight

Q: josh was trying to decide which of two people to hire for a job. donna told him a story about her parents deciding to get two cats when they could not decide which one to buy. josh recognized that hiring both people would solve his problem as well. josh has: a.restructured his problem b.worked backward from an end state c.used an appropriate analogy d.overcome a mental set

Q: using an analogous solution helps in problem solving only when the problem: a.is very specific and well defined b.cannot be restructured in a useful way c.is recognized to be similar to an earlier one d.is difficult to solve by working backward from an end state

Q: if people cannot restructure a problem that they are having trouble solving, they could try the easier approach of finding a(n): a.effective algorithm b.appropriate analogy c.useful heuristic d.working frame

Q: khoury has very little food in his kitchen. rather than inventorying his ingredients before starting dinner, he considers recipes and looks to see if he has the required ingredients. khoury is solving the problem of making dinner by: a.restructuring b.working backward c.developing an analogy d.using an algorithm

Q: you get home only to find you have lost your keys. instead of trying to think of every place that you have been that day, you try to remember the last time you saw your keys. this strategy is a good analogy for: a.restructuring b.working backward c.developing an analogy d.using an algorithm

Q: cara is a mechanic at the local garage. this morning she has seen three cars that would not start, all of which needed new batteries. when a fourth car that will not start is brought in, cara assumes the problem is the battery. caras assumption reflects _____. if the problem is actually with the cars transmission, cara will need to _____ to solve the problem. a.functional fixedness; restructure b.her mental set; restructure c.functional fixedness; reframe d.her mental set; reframe

Q: gerardos old girlfriend used to cheat on him. he knew when she was being unfaithful because she would be gone a lot, claiming that she needed to work. when his new girlfriend tells him that she has a lot of work to do and will not be able to see him as much right now, he assumes she is seeing another man. gerardos suspicions result from his: a.insight b.emotional heuristic c.mental set d.affective forecasting

Q: a surgical team was operating in a rural hospital without a backup electrical generator. the power went out. to provide light for the surgery, they collected all the cell phones in the hospital and turned them on. the operation was able to proceed because the surgical team avoided _____ and _____ the problem. a.functional fixedness; restructured b.mental sets; correctly analyzed c.affective forecasting; gained insight into d.the availability heuristic; reframed

Q: restructuring a problem often reveals a new and more successful approach to solving the problem. this fact suggests that a critical step in problem solving is: a.analysis of subgoals b.brainstorming strategies c.replicating potential solutions d.formulating the problem

Q: jack and kate, a married couple, have demanding jobs and too little time for their relationship. they decide that one of them needs to step down in his or her career, but they cannot agree on who should do it. their marriage counselor is trying to get them to see that other solutions are possible. in doing this, the counselor is encouraging them to _____ their problem. a.gain insight into b.minimize the impact of c.rationalize d.restructure

Q: lakshmi has been trying to work out her class schedules for the fall and spring semesters. no matter what she tries, she cannot seem to work in all the classes she needs to take. she suddenly realizes that she could also take some classes during the summer session, and she is able to quickly work out her schedules. lakshmi solved the problem by using: a.restructuring b.validity c.subgoal analysis d.framing

Q: the solution to a problem appears to occur spontaneously, through insight. however, it is clear that the solution was arrived at through several steps. these facts suggest that insight involves: a.implicit subgoal analysis b.holistic processing c.unconscious processing d.suppressed awareness

Q: after struggling to solve a math problem, you suddenly see the solution. for no apparent reason, the method for solving the problem just came to your mind. you have experienced: a.insight b.clarity c.restructuring d.fixedness

Q: a critical property of insight is that the solution to the problem: a.has clear subgoals b.emerges in a single step c.emerges over several steps d.develops clear subgoals

Q: when the countries of the world met to negotiate the kyoto accords, they shared the goal of reducing greenhouse gases. a final accord that all the countries could sign was never reached. one reason for this failure may be that the countries: a.had different base rates b.had different subgoals c.used normative decision making models d.used descriptive decision making models

Q: marco never had to study in high school and he starts college the same way. after his first exams, he realizes he needs to study. he decides to go to the library every night and study for six straight hours. when he cannot study for that long, he does not know what to do and gives up. marcos approach to solving his problems with studying failed because: a.he was using inductive reasoning inappropriately b.his solution was conscious and lacked insight c.he did not establish reasonable subgoals d.he did not have a clearly defined goal

Q: annie is moving from one apartment to another. she has three cats and only one cat carrier. she puts one cat in the carrier, the second inside her large crock-pot, and the third under a laundry basket on the passenger seat of her car. annie clearly does not have a problem with: a.mental sets b.functional fixedness c.working backward d.restructuring

Q: people tend to become closed minded when asked to find a different use for an object that has a clear purpose. this mind-set is a result of: a.mental sets b.restructuring c.working backward d.functional fixedness

Q: steve was trying to determine the likelihood that it would rain on saturday. he was thinking of the fact that it had rained the past three saturdays in a row. if he uses these memories in making his judgment, he will be using the _____ heuristic. a.mental set b.memory c.strategic d.availability

Q: in a psychology study, people are asked which is more likely: an earthquake that kills 100,000 people or an earthquake in california that kills 100,000 people. far more people will say that the earthquake in california is more likely, even though there are clearly more earthquakes than there are earthquakes in california. this way of thinking is an example of the: a.confirmation bias b.framing effect c.representativeness heuristic d.availability heuristic

Q: when mandy and joe meet, joe tells her that he loves math and computers and his favorite hobbies have always involved building things. mandy concludes that joe must be an engineering student rather than a liberal arts student, even though there are many more liberal arts than engineering students at their school. mandy is using the _____ heuristic and ignoring _____. a.representativeness; base rates b.availability; base rates c.representativeness; subjective likelihood d.availability; subjective likelihood

Q: nkeis decides to buy a small car because it is good for the environment. when she goes to look at small cars, she is surprised that they come in luxury versions, because she expected them to be very basic and uncomfortable. nkeis has been using: a.confirmation bias b.the framing effect c.the representativeness heuristic d.the availability heuristic

Q: the availability heuristic can cause people to incorrectly assess the probabilities of various events because: a.the most available event is not always the most frequent b.the most likely event is not always the most frequent c.it is too difficult to compute joint probabilities of events d.it is too difficult to distinguish between probabilities and likelihoods

Q: when a friend asks you to recommend a restaurant, you send her to the place where you ate last saturday because it comes most quickly to mind. this way of thinking is an example of: a.confirmation bias b.the framing effect c.the representativeness heuristic d.the availability heuristic

Q: sahndra and yosef each need to buy cereal. sahndra goes to the convenience store that stocks only three kinds of cereal. yosef goes to the grocery store that stocks fifteen kinds. if the brands in each store represent at least reasonable choices, who is more likely to buy cereal? if they both buy cereal, who is more likely to be happy with the cereal? a.sahndra; sahndra b.yosef; yosef c.yosef; sahndra d.sahndra; yosef

Q: if you are shopping for a bathrobe and buy the first soft robe you see, you are likely a(n) _____. if you go on to look for robes in every store in town before purchasing one, you are likely a(n) _____. a.minimizer; optimizer b.optimizer; minimizer c.maximizer; satisficer d.satisficer; maximizer

Q: to buy cheese, bobby goes to a large grocery store with many different types of cheese from all over the world. his friend ted goes to a much smaller store with only a few choices. given what you know about choice, who is more likely to buy cheese, and why? a.bobby, because he is more likely to find a cheese he likes b.ted, because the smaller store has fewer choices c.bobby, because the larger store has a greater variety d.ted, because the smaller store is more pleasant to shop in

Q: what is the paradox of choice? a.not having any choices is what makes us happiest. b.having a lot of choices makes us happy. c.having unlimited choices makes us happiest. d.having some choice is better than none, but too many choices can make us unhappy.

Q: lucia won the bronze medal in gymnastics. what might you expect her to say to reporters after the ceremony about her feelings? a.if only i had. . . . b.things might have been different if. . . . c.i cant stop thinking about how close i came. . . . d.i am glad that at least i won a medal. . . .

Q: jacquelyns fianc broke up with her the week before their wedding. her friends and family are worried about her, because she seems to be suffering from depression. you could comfort them by telling them that over time, jacquelyn will: a.be happier than before he broke the engagement b.still be sad and upset but no longer in severe distress c.naturally return to her typical level of happiness d.never be as happy as before but will establish a good balance

Q: hoanhs mother dies at age 40. hoanh grieves intensely for her. according to the tenets of affective forecasting, in several months hoanh is likely to feel: a.even more upset as the permanence of the loss sinks in b.better as he realizes that her death has made him a stronger person c.roughly the same as the healing process occurs slowly over time d.better as he adjusts to the shock of her death

Q: ngwama has been asked to interview for a very prestigious job. she knows that very few people who are interviewed will be offered jobs by this company. she turns down the interview because she is afraid of how terrible she will feel if she interviews and is not offered a job. in refusing the interview, ngwama was influenced by: a.affective forecasting b.projected regret c.confirmation biases d.subjective likelihoods

Q: research has shown that people do not necessarily believe that time heals all wounds when something bad is about to happen to them. instead, people tend to use _____ and anticipate the worst. a.affective forecasting b.projected regret c.confirmation biases d.subjective likelihoods

Q: this concept states that people are not very good at trying to predict how they will feel about something in the future: a.availability heuristic b.representativeness heuristic c.loss aversion d.affective forecasting

Q: in terms of the process of affective forecasting, rationalizing and minimizing are two strategies that people use to _____ a negative event. a.avoid thinking about b.reduce the bad effects of c.make sense of d.both b and c

Q: two scenarios are written in which the probability of loss and gain is the same. scenario a is written so that the gain is emphasized, and scenario b is written so that the loss is emphasized. people will almost always choose scenario a. this outcome is predicted by one component of: a.prospect theory b.framing theory c.normative models d.descriptive models

Q: carols university puts a cap of $10,000 on the combined aid and scholarship money a student can receive. as a freshman, carol had received $7,500 in combined loans and scholarships. for her sophomore year, carol won a competitive $5,000 scholarship, and her previous aid package was reduced by $2,500. according to prospect theory, what will carols strongest feeling be? a.pride in winning the $5,000 scholarship b.happiness about the added $2,500 in her aid package c.sadness over losing $2,500 of her previous aid package d.happiness over having scholarship and aid money

Q: itzhak is trying to decide whether to take art history from professor nguyen or from professor molyneaux. when he looks into the professors past grading distributions, he discovers that both have given 50 percent as and bs. however, this information is further broken down: professor nguyen gives 20 percent as, and professor molyneaux gives 30 percent bs. if _____ influences itzhaks reasoning, itzhak will take the class from professor _____. a.the framing effect; molyneaux b.the framing effect; nguyen c.affective forecasting; molyneaux d.affective forecasting; nguyen

Q: the framing effect is so effective because it arranges the perceived situation so that: a.decisions can be easily evaluated against each other b.one decision seems more salient than the others c.decisions can be seen from multiple perspectives d.one decision seems clearly better than the others

Q: kim and abe participate in a psychology experiment. at the end of the study, they are offered either $10 or a chance to be entered into a drawing where there is a 10 percent chance of winning $100. kims parents are supporting her through college, paying her expenses, and giving her a generous allowance. abe is putting himself through school with jobs and loans. prospect theory would predict that kim will choose the _____ and abe will choose the _____. a.drawing; $10 b.drawing; drawing c.$10; $10 d.$10; drawing

Q: a grocery store owner places a new item at the front of each aisle every few days. he wants people to think that these items are in front because they are special or on sale. the grocery store owner is trying to use _____ to sell the items at the front. a.loss aversion b.framing c.confirmation bias d.prospect theory

Q: according to this component of prospect theory, losing $100 would have a disproportionately larger effect on utility than winning $100 would. this phenomenon is known as: a.the availability heuristic b.framing c.loss aversion d.affective forecasting