Q&A Hero

Q: joey can sort objects on the basis of their color, their shape, or both at the same time. piaget would say that joey is in the _____ stage, because he no longer suffers from the limitation known as _____. a.preoperational; egocentrism b.concrete operational; egocentrism c.preoperational; centration d.concrete operational; centration

Q: your brothers child has just learned to organize his blocks according to their relative sizes. what stage of development would piaget say he has reached? a.sensorimotor b.preoperational c.concrete operational d.formal operational

Q: a child seen playing at the beach has first poured a bucket of sand into a short, fat container and then another bucket into a tall, thin container. when asked which container holds more sand, the child points to the tall, thin container. this response suggests that she is at piagets _____ stage of cognitive development. a.formal operational b.preoperational c.motor d.concrete operational

Q: in front of chris, tasha pours the same amount of water into a short, fat glass and a tall, thin glass. she then asks chris which glass has more water. if chris is at the preoperational stage, he is likely to answer: the tall, thin glass the short, fat glass neither glass that he does not understand what more means

Q: what cognitive limitation is the tendency of individuals to view the world through their own experiences? a.assimilation b.accommodation c.centration d.egocentrism

Q: according to piaget, a 4-year-old is probably at the _____ stage of development. a.preoperational b.sensorimotor c.concrete operational d.formal operational

Q: while a child watches, you hide a cheerio under one of two cups in front of her. the first three times you hide it under the blue cup; the fourth time, you hide it under the red cup. she still looks for the cheerio under the blue cup. this child has not yet fully comprehended: a.differences in color b.assimilation c.accommodation d.object permanence

Q: according to piaget, in which stage of development does an individual develop an understanding of object permanence? a.sensorimotor b.preoperational c.concrete operational d.formal operational

Q: object permanence is a childs awareness that: a.the mass of an object does not change when its shape changes b.objects exist even when you cannot see them c.broken objects can be repaired d.objects that cannot be seen may be similar to those that can

Q: kais mom hides his pacifier because she does not want him to use it anymore. but kai knows that the pacifier exists even though it is hidden from sight, and he cries for it. what is the earliest stage of cognitive development that kai could be in? a.sensorimotor b.preoperational c.transductive d.concrete operational

Q: in piagets view of cognitive development, assimilation has occurred when _____, and accommodation when _____. a.something new that has happened to the child is incorporated into existing schemas; new experiences are reinterpreted b.new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas; existing schemas are dramatically altered to include the new experiences c.existing schemas are modified; existing schemas are discarded d.existing schemas are discarded; existing schemas are modified

Q: a challenge to piagets theory of development takes issue with his argument that: a.all adults are capable of formal operational thought b.differentiating self from objects is very important c.individuals go through the developmental stages in the same order d.object permanence develops more quickly in females than in males

Q: according to piaget, in which learning process do we place a new experience into an existing schema? a.assimilation b.accommodation c.maturation d.conservation

Q: what is the correct ordering of piagets stages of cognitive development? a.formal operational, concrete operational, preoperational, sensorimotor b.concrete operational, preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational c.preoperational, concrete operational, sensorimotor, formal operational d.sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Q: piaget argued that development: a.is a progression through a series of different stages of cognitive ability b.is primarily a biological process c.varies widely across cultures as a function of the physical environment d.depends more on physical skills than on cognitive skills

Q: jody has a great memory for things that she did during kindergarten and first grade, but cannot remember any details from earlier in her life. this difference is most likely due to: a.false memories implanted by a therapist b.the fact that accurate memory becomes possible after the first year of life c.the development of language skills d.the fact that children cannot accurately process concepts until they begin to walk

Q: what neurodevelopmental factor might explain why children engage in confabulation? a.underdeveloped cerebral cortex b.overdeveloped cerebral cortex c.underdeveloped frontal lobes d.overdeveloped frontal lobes

Q: confabulation occurs when a young child: a.deliberately lies b.recalls an event with made-up memories as well as accurate memories c.uses his or her imagination rather than recalling an actual event d.cannot remember where she or he learned something

Q: confabulation means: a.making things up any time an answer is not known b.making things up when asked about personal experiences c.making things up when asked about general knowledge d.amnesia

Q: young children often are unable to: a.create false stories b.remember where they learned something c.confabulate stories d.remember longer than 24 hours

Q: young children often have trouble knowing where they learned something. this phenomenon is referred to as: a.infantile amnesia b.autobiographical amnesia c.source amnesia d.confabulation

Q: one aspect of memory that distinguishes children younger than 3 from children over 5 is that: a.older children do not confabulate b.younger children have greater source amnesia c.older children are more likely to experience what freud called infantile amnesia d.older children have greater source amnesia

Q: infantile amnesia occurs until about what age? a.1 year b.2 years c.3 years d.about 34 years

Q: infantile amnesia refers to the observation that: a.infants quickly forget stimuli they have seen recently b.infants repress any sexual images c.adults are unable to remember things that occurred to them before about the age of 3 d.we can remember what occurred in infancy but not why it occurred

Q: research suggests that infants younger than 18 months: a.cannot remember events for longer than 24 hours b.have little recall of any stimuli not relevant to their immediate needs c.can remember some things for several weeks d.remember stimuli or events directly associated with caregivers but little else

Q: using a task in which an infant moved a mobile by kicking, researchers found that over the first 18 months of life: a.memory is good and relatively stable b.children cannot remember anything c.children fail to see a relationship between kicking and mobile movement d.children develop the ability to remember an event for several weeks

Q: at what age will a baby have a nearly adult level of auditory perception? a.1 week b.1 month c.6 months d.12 months

Q: when did you first learn to recognize your mothers voice? a.while still in the womb b.after turning a week old c.not until about 6 months, when auditory acuity was fully developed d.as soon as you could make languagelike sounds

Q: when visiting your sister, you notice that her infant enjoys watching a mobile that hangs over his head. of the various objects hanging on the mobile, which ones are likely to get more of his attention? a.red ones, because infants are particularly responsive to this color b.gray ones, because these are least frightening to a child c.objects with bold black-and-white patterns, because patterns are easier for infants to make out d.objects with simple shapes, because these are easier for the infant to recognize

Q: at what age will a baby have a nearly adult level of visual acuity? a.1 week b.1 month c.6 months d.12 months

Q: recent studies have shown that an infant: a.cannot tell the difference between her or his mothers voice and a strangers until about 6 months old b.can alter his or her sucking pattern to hear his or her mothers voice c.can tell the difference between her or his mothers voice and a male strangers but not a female strangers d.cannot process speech until he or she begins to talk

Q: a human newborn: a.cannot discriminate brightness and color b.can clearly focus on objects up to 50 feet away c.can tell the difference between her or his mothers voice and that of a stranger d.can discriminate tiny stripes from gray patches

Q: an infant less than 10 days old: a.will alter his or her behavior if the alteration allows the infant to hear his or her mothers voice b.has the auditory acuity of an adult c.can see stimuli in depth d.begins to learn vocabulary audiovisually

Q: visual acuity reaches adult levels in a child: a.within weeks after birth b.at approximately 1 year c.by the first grade d.at about age 10

Q: adult levels of visual acuity: a.are not reached until the child is approximately 4 years old b.do not develop until about one year after birth c.are undermined by binocular disparity d.usually have developed by 6 months of age

Q: when a psychologist says you have become habituated to a stimulus, she means that: a.you are familiar with it and prefer to look at it rather than at other stimuli b.you habitually engage in behavior that makes the stimulus accessible to you c.your interest in the stimulus declines d.you no longer see, smell, or feel it

Q: which of the following statements is true of young infants? a.they show no preferences for particular stimuli because they cannot discriminate between them. b.they prefer familiar stimuli to novel stimuli. c.they prefer novel stimuli to familiar stimuli. d.they prefer circular stimuli to rectangular stimuli.

Q: an infant is presented with two stimuli, one of which it has seen before and one of which it has not. he or she will: a.look at the familiar stimulus longer than the unfamiliar b.look at the unfamiliar stimulus longer c.shift its gaze between the two, allocating roughly equal amounts of attention to both d.look at the one with subtle compared to bold patterns

Q: the orienting reflex is the tendency for an infant to: a.pay more attention to novel stimuli than to stimuli he or she is familiar with b.move toward any breastlike stimulus c.prefer subtle patterns to bold patterns d.look away less quickly when the stimulus is familiar

Q: you present an infant with two stimuli and time how long she looks at each of them. over a 5-minute period, the infant looks at each of them for the same amount of time. you can probably conclude that: a.the stimuli are of no interest to the child b.the child has never seen the stimuli c.there are differences in the two stimuli d.the stimuli are similar

Q: a toy maker wants to determine which of three colors infants like best. which of the following would be best for assessing this preference? a.strange-situation test b.preferential looking technique c.visual acuity tests d.there is no good technique, infants cannot yet distinguish colors

Q: to understand what infants know, researchers use experimental paradigms that take advantage of all the following processes except: a.habituation b.preferential looking c.crawling d.orienting

Q: in terms of sensory capabilities, you came into the world with: a.good visual sensitivity but unable to smell or taste b.some ability to process stimuli related to all five senses c.good taste and smell but only a minimal sense of hearing d.excellent vision but poorly developed senses of smell and taste

Q: a hormone that has recently been shown to play an important role in mother/infant attachmentis: a.testosterone b.oxytocin c.epinephrine d.norepinephrine

Q: the nature of an infants attachment to its caregivers is primarily a function of: a.its genetic inheritance b.parental treatment c.which of piagets stages of development it has achieved d.the degree of contact comfort it has experienced

Q: imagine you are visiting your sister and her 1-year-old child, jamie. you note that jamie becomes distressed whenever your sister leaves the room, can be easily comforted by you while she is gone and something stressful occurs, and ignores your sister when she comes back into the room. ainsworth would describe jamies attachment to your sister as: a.insecure b.secure c.strange d.disorganized

Q: if your mother was emotionally or behaviorally inconsistent with you, you are likely to have a(n) _____ attachment style. a.secure b.inconsistent c.insecure d.disorganized

Q: a securely attached infant differs from one who is insecurely attached in terms of: a.what they do when the attachment figure leaves b.how they respond to strangers c.what they do when the attachment figure returns after an absence d.all of the above

Q: approximately what percentage of children develop what ainsworth called a secure attachment style? a.15 percent b.25 percent c.45 percent d.65 percent

Q: approximately what percentage of children develop an insecure attachment style? a.5 percent b.15 percent c.35 percent d.65 percent

Q: if your infant was securely attached to you, as defined by ainsworth, when placed in the strange-situation test he would: a.explore the room and the objects in it b.stay very close to you for support c.be fearful of any stranger who came in d.not be distressed if you left the room

Q: one sign that a child is securely attached to his or her caregivers is that: a.the child continues to play happily when the caregiver leaves b.the child is not afraid of strangers when the caregiver is present c.when the caregiver returns after an absence, the child ignores the caregiver d.in the caregivers absence, the child can be comforted by a stranger

Q: attachment is all of the following except: a.adaptive b.a building block of social life c.transient d.present in nonhuman animals

Q: research by this psychologist showed that infant monkeys preferred a surrogate mother made of soft cloth that could not give milk to a surrogate mother made of barbed wire that could give milk. who was this psychologist? a.konrad lorenz b.sigmund freud c.harry harlow d.jean piaget

Q: separation anxiety appears in infants: a.at various times, depending upon the cultures the infants are in b.at 8 to 12 months of age c.primarily if they have been deprived of caregiver comfort d.at about the same time they reach the formal operational stage of development

Q: which of the following behaviors is not typically shown by adults when they interact with infants? a.adults use a high-pitched voice. b.adults make exaggerated facial expressions. c.adults talk in low, soft sounds. d.adults rock back and forth while holding babies.

Q: harlows research with infant monkeys demonstrated that: a.fear can be reduced by food b.when fearful, infant monkeys lose their appetites c.fear produces a preference for contact comfort over food d.fear inhibits the development of attachment behaviors

Q: the results of harlows research with infant monkeys: a.supported freuds notions of human development b.supported behavioral theories of development c.challenged freudian theories of development d.undermined the notion of sensitive periods during development

Q: the implication of harlows research on infant rhesus monkeys for parenting behavior is that when your infant is frightened you should: a.feed her b.leave her alone until the fear passes c.utter reassuring sounds to her d.hold her

Q: which of the following statements is not true of imprinting? a.there is a critical period in which imprinting must occur. b.imprinting occurs most commonly in humans. c.imprinting is a biological behavior. d.if the mother bird is not available, the baby bird can imprint on any available female of that species.

Q: studies have shown that when infants begin to crawl, they: a.begin to lose interest in their caregivers b.display signs of being more interested in age peers than in caregivers c.play happily even when the caregiver leaves d.show signs of distress when separated from caregivers

Q: according to bowlbys theory of attachment: a.infants have a set of innate behaviors that cause adults to attend to them b.infants must learn how to elicit attention from adults c.social attachment is largely an outcome of how adults respond to infants d.social attachment is largely an outcome of how infants respond to adults

Q: which of the following statements is not true of attachment? a.attachment is important because it promotes survival. b.attachment occurs in all animals, not just humans. c.attachment can occur at any age and does not show the typical sensitive period. d.behaviors that indicate the type of attachment include separation anxiety.

Q: as part of a science project, you hatched a baby duckling and are raising it. the duckling follows you even when other adult ducks are around. the ducklings behavior is an example of: a.faulty learning b.imprinting c.a fixed-action pattern d.the absence of a critical period in duck-following behavior

Q: the strange-situation test was designed to allow psychologists to assess: a.how infants respond to separation and reunion with their mothers b.an infants tendencies to seek or avoid novelty c.a mothers response to a fearful infant d.the level of social skill an infant has acquired

Q: as described in the text, harlow did an experiment with infant rhesus monkeys, requiring them to make a choice between an imitation mother that provided contact comfort or one that provided food. the results demonstrate that for this species: a.food is the most important reinforcement b.food is used as a method for tension reduction in the young c.contact comfort is more important than food, particularly during stress d.infants were distressed because the mother providing contact comfort did not also supply food

Q: a person who has emotion regulation skills would be said to: a.act appropriately in difficult situations b.have awkward social interactions c.throw temper tantrums when he or she does not get his or her way d.have been born with the right emotional makeup

Q: infants show signs of developing social attachments: a.at about the same time they can move about in their environments b.at about the same time language develops c.when they are old enough to understand facial expressions of emotions such as contempt d.within the first few months of life

Q: in middle school, you are taking spanish. your father becomes inspired to learn a second language. on the basis of the concept of sensitive periods in learning, you would predict: a.that you will learn the language more easily than he will b.that because he has had more experience with language, he will learn faster than you will c.that he will master the new vocabulary faster than you will, but he will have problems with the grammar d.nothing, because acquisition of a second language is unrelated to age of exposure to it

Q: the concept of a sensitive period for language learning in humans means that: a.if language is not learned by a certain age, it will never be learned b.first languages can be learned at any age, but second languages must be acquired by middle adulthood c.if a first language is not learned by a certain age, language acquisition will become more difficult d.vocabulary can be learned at any age, but there is a small window during development when grammar can be acquired

Q: synaptic pruning is: a.the brains way of doing away with synaptic connections that are not being used b.a process induced by teratogens that negatively affects development c.a process that occurs in all brain areas at the same time d.a process that is detrimental to normal brain development

Q: very few synaptic connections between neurons will be made in the brain if: a.myelination has not occurred b.the child is not adequately stimulated c.the child is in the preoperational stage d.all teratogens have been avoided

Q: myelination: a.occurs in all brain regions at roughly the same time b.increases the speed at which a neuron can transmit signals c.is not complete in the brain areas involved in abstract thought until young adulthood d.both b and c

Q: what is the influence of the environment on brain development? a.none; brain development is controlled by genes b.none; the brain is fully developed at birth c.substantial; but the influence is primarily through diet d.substantial; a broad range of environmental factors affects brain development

Q: children who suffer severe neglect have brains that are smaller and that develop abnormally. these results are most likely due to: a.a lack of synaptic connections b.a lack of synaptic pruning c.plasticity d.environmental enrichment

Q: which of the following statements is not true about brain development? a.as an adult, your brain has fewer synapses than it had when you were 2 years old. b.humans are less mature at birth than are most other animals. c.the number of brain synapses increases rapidly during the two years following birth. d.the brain of a full-term newborn is fully developed.

Q: at birth, an infant will automatically turn and suck when a nipple or similar object is placed near her or his mouth. this reflex is called: a.grasping b.pruning c.rooting d.orienting

Q: studies of brain development: a.confirm that the brain you have at birth is fully developed b.show that unless you are born prematurely, your brain is mature at the end of the second trimester c.indicate that brain development continues into adulthood d.demonstrate that the major influences on brain development occur after birth

Q: your best friend recently had a baby. she is excited because the baby smiled at birth, and she believes that the smiling indicated attachment. you know that: a.your friend is absolutely right; newborns smile at their mothers from birth to indicate attachment b.the smiling is likely the result of pleasurable feelings felt by the newborn, not social smiling c.babies smile when they think about their mothers, even before birth d.newborns rarely smile at their mothers, but are more likely to indicate attachment by crying and reaching

Q: dynamic systems theory refers to the view that development is: a.a self-organizing process b.nonemergent c.based on inconsistent interactions between a child and the environment d.both b and c