Q&A Hero

Q: on the basis of recent research, the phrase misery loves company would be more accurate if it was: a.misery loves miserable company b.misery loves any company c.misery loves reassuring company d.misery loves happy company

Q: andie, alex, josh, and matthew are waiting to get flu shots. getting shots does not bother andie and alex, but it makes josh and matthew nervous. josh is most likely to want to wait: a.by himself b.with all three of the other people c.only with matthew d.only with andie and alex

Q: need to belong theory states that the human need for interpersonal attachments is adaptive. as discussed in your text, belonging is a basic motive like hunger because not belonging: a.makes people seek food b.can make you die of starvation c.has negative health consequences d.creates physical pain due to longing

Q: who is likely to pay the most attention to social information? a.nabil, who is outgoing and has many friends b.susanne, who is shy but has several close friends c.akemi, who has few close friends but belongs to many social groups d.jacob, who is shy and does not know very many people

Q: research has shown that being socially isolated increases the risk of illness by the same amount as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. this finding supports the idea that the need for _____ is a fundamental adaptive motive. a.actualization b.belonging c.efficacy d.affiliation

Q: the _____ deal(s) with motivating behavior; the _____ deal(s) with cold cognitions. a.limbic system; frontal cortex b.frontal cortex; limbic system c.subcortical brain regions; prefrontal cortex d.prefrontal cortex; subcortical brain regions

Q: thinking about how good a piece of chocolate cake would taste is a _____ cognition; working through how the recipe could be improved to make an even better cake is a _____ cognition. a.cold; hot b.hot; cold c.sensory; analytic d.analytic; sensory

Q: sharaz, a 5-year-old, is at the park with her father. the ice cream truck is parked at the corner. her father has told sharaz that she can have ice cream when they leave the park if she does not ask for it until then. to keep herself from asking for the ice cream, sharaz imagines that the truck has gotten hot and all the ice cream has melted. sharaz is delaying gratification using the successful strategy of: a.turning a hot cognition to a cold cognition b.using a visual image for distraction c.turning a cold cognition to a hot cognition d.both b and c

Q: at age 5, connie is better able to delay gratification than gerald. at which of the following will connie not necessarily be better than gerald when they are adolescents? a.academic achievement b.frustration tolerance c.need for affiliation d.social competency

Q: noor and ahmad, 4-year-old twins, are shopping with their mother. she offers to buy them each a small cookie to eat while they shop or to buy them each a large toy if they are good until she finishes shopping. noor takes the cookie, but ahmad waits for the toy. from this behavior, you could predict that in high school noor will be _____ successful than ahmad. a.more b.less c.just as d.either a or c

Q: in his marshmallow studies, mischel found that children engaged in which of the following strategies to delay gratification? a.looking away from the marshmallow b.covering their eyes c.self-distraction (e.g., singing) d.all of the above

Q: the difference between self-efficacy and achievement motivation is that self-efficacy involves beliefs about _____, whereas achievement motivation involves _____. a.self-regulation; task motivation b.self-regulation; personal goals c.personal ability; personal goals d.personal ability; task motivation

Q: emilio and claudio are both graduating seniors. emilio has an a average, and claudio has a c average. they are both applying to law school at harvard, stanford, and yale. emilio is likely to be _____ in achievement motivation, and claudio is likely to be _____ in achievement motivation. a.high; low b.high; high c.low; low d.low; high

Q: which of the following is not a characteristic of people with a high achievement motive? a.having unrealistically high career goals b.setting attainable personal goals c.scoring high on exams d.obtaining high grades in career-related classes

Q: qiaohui never needed to study in high school. when she gets to college, she finds that she needs to study. she decides that she will go to the library and study for 6 hours every night after dinner. after two days, her plan falls apart and she goes back to not studying much. qiaohui might have been more successful had she _____, because _____ help people reach goals. a.gradually increased her study time; small steps b.studied in her room; fewer distractions c.rewarded herself for studying; intrinsic motivations d.both a and b

Q: halvor is lonely in college and wants to make more friends. he examines his own behavior and realizes that to make friends he will need to go out more and deliberately try to talk with people. making friends is a(n) _____; going out and talking to people is _____. a.need; an achievement b.personal goal; self-regulation c.drive; self-efficacy d.incentive; a gratification

Q: mr. griffin has been encouraging his students to set the goal of concentrating completely all the way through their long calculus exam. if he wants to help his students achieve this goal, he should write the first few questions so that they are: a.difficult b.moderately difficult c.easy d.a mixture of difficulty levels

Q: jolenes mother does not like her boyfriend. the more her mother tells her that she is making a mistake, the more determined jolene is to stay with her boyfriend. jolenes behavior can be most clearly explained by: a.intrinsic motivation b.the pleasure principle c.self-perception theory d.psychological reactance

Q: makena is starting her first job as a teacher. to effectively motivate her students, she ought to develop a policy for rewards in which she: a.rewards all activities to develop a high baseline level of motivation b.rewards only those activities that are not inherently interesting c.does not use rewards, so she can develop intrinsic motivation d.rewards only inherently interesting activities to build interest in school

Q: according to self-determination theory, _____ rewards may reduce _____ value. a.extrinsic; extrinsic b.extrinsic; intrinsic c.intrinsic; intrinsic d.intrinsic; extrinsic

Q: sarah and joe are taking the same psychology class. sarah wants to do well in the class because she is earning credit toward a general education requirement. joe wants to do well because he loves the material. sarah wants to do well because of _____ motivation, whereas joe wants to do well because of _____ motivation. a.intrinsic; extrinsic b.extrinsic; intrinsic c.intrinsic; intrinsic d.extrinsic; extrinsic

Q: often, at the end of a long soccer practice, roland has told himself that he must love soccer because he works so hard at it. one day, his high school soccer coach says that roland is good enough to get a full soccer scholarship to college. now roland leaves long practices telling himself that he is working this hard to earn a scholarship. he finds that he now enjoys soccer less. bems self-perception theory would explain rolands behavior by saying that: a.he no longer feels that he is choosing to practice and play b.he is afraid that he will start losing matches and look bad to scouts c.winning the scholarship has become the reason for playing soccer d.playing has become work, not pleasure

Q: miryam has been playing the violin since she was a child. she loves violin and practices frequently. when she is 15 years old, her violin teacher tells her that she is quite talented and he wants her to enter a major competition for which she must practice 3 hours a day. though miryam usually practices more than 3 hours, she suddenly finds that she enjoys playing less and has to force herself to practice. one theory of motivation would suggest that miryams sudden loss of interest could be due to reduced feelings of competence because: a.she no longer feels that she is choosing to practice b.she is afraid of not doing well at the competition c.the competition is now more important than the music d.playing has become work, not pleasure

Q: hernando and fiona have both been placed in a new advanced math class. they both love math and are finding the enriched work fascinating. in order to increase his effort in the class, hernandos parents give him $5 for every a that he receives on a test. fionas parents do not reward her for good grades. who is likely to do better in the class, and why? a.fiona, because her intrinsic motivation will aid her extrinsic motivation b.hernando, because fionas extrinsic motivation will be low without rewards c.hernando, because his intrinsic motivation will be increased by rewards d.fiona, because hernandos intrinsic motivation will be lessened by rewards

Q: psychological reactance is a powerful source of motivation because it produces behaviors that: a.are intrinsically motivated b.increase a sense of self-esteem c.restore a sense of personal freedom d.are inherently adaptive

Q: depti reads the paper every day because she feels a need to keep current with world events. jalila reads the paper every day so that her friends and colleagues will be impressed by how well-informed she is. depti reads the paper because of _____ motivation; jalila reads the paper because of _____ motivation. a.extrinsic; intrinsic b.intrinsic; extrinsic c.achievement; affiliation d.affiliation; achievement

Q: jenna plans to be an engineer. however, she loves to dance and makes time in her life to take dance classes, even if it means that she must skip a meal or get too little sleep. jennas behavior is easily explained by _____ theory, but is difficult to explain with _____ theory. a.cannons; freuds b.freuds; hulls c.cannons; hulls d.maslows; cannons

Q: luke needs about seven hours of sleep a night. during his spring break, however, he sleeps 10 hours just because he enjoys it so much. this finding is a problem for which theory? a.maslows theory b.yerkes-dodson theory c.hulls theory d.freuds theory

Q: theories of motivation that are based on biological drives have trouble explaining why people engage in behaviors that: a.do not satisfy biological needs b.do not generate high levels of arousal c.are not motivated by specific goals d.are maladaptive and habitual

Q: from an evolutionary perspective, pleasure _____ survival and reproduction, by _____. a.promotes; facilitating adaptive behaviors b.hinders; interfering with adaptive learning from painful experience c.hinders; facilitating maladaptive excessive behaviors d.promotes; interfering with maladaptive responses to painful experience

Q: freuds pleasure principle may explain why: a.animals prefer to eat sweets b.we have sex to reproduce c.people self-regulate d.sour foods are considered delicacies

Q: marissa is learning to make soup. she is not sure how high the flame on the burner should be in order to cook it properly. on her first attempt, she uses such a low flame that the soup is not done in time for dinner. the next time, she uses a high flame, and the soup boils over. finally, she uses a flame that is just high enough. marissas experience is analogous to the relationship between: a.needs and drives b.drives and arousal c.arousal and performance d.needs and performance

Q: thabo is about to take the admissions exam for law school. he knows that anxiety can hurt test performance, so he deliberately makes himself very relaxed before going into the exam. he proceeds through the exam very calmly, without feeling rushed or pressured. he is shocked when time is called before he finishes. he would have been less shocked had he known about: a.hulls drive theory b.the yerkes-dodson law c.cannons theory of homeostasis d.maslows hierarchy of needs

Q: antheia is a real risk-taker. she loves to skydive, and she can party all night. fabio enjoys some risky activities, such as mountain biking, but he prefers moderation in most things. benita dislikes risk-taking and prefers quieter activities, such as reading and yoga. antheia, fabio, and benita differ in their: a.preferred level of exercise b.drive to achieve c.need for security d.optimal level of arousal

Q: pavati is a competitive gymnast and has made it to the final round of the olympic trials. she is intensely motivated to perform at her absolute peak. given your knowledge of the effects of arousal on performance, you might advise her that she should _____, because _____. a.calm down; very high arousal can hurt her performance b.calm down; she will lose focus and hurt her performance c.stay intensely motivated; very high arousal will help her performance d.stay intensely motivated; it will increase her focus and help her performance

Q: the yerkes-dodson law, which characterizes the relation between arousal and performance, is characterized graphically as a(n): a.u-shaped function b.inverted u-shaped function c.linear function d.exponential function

Q: shana wants to establish an exercise routine. since she really does not like to exercise, she decides to reward herself. if she goes to the gym every day for two weeks, she will buy herself a new pair of shoes. shanas behavior is being motivated by a(n): a.need b.habit c.incentive d.goal

Q: cesar has done so well in his economics class that he needs to earn only 43 of 100 points on the final exam to receive an a in the class. cesar still studies a lot because he wants to get an a on the exam. cesars behavior is being motivated by a(n): a.drive b.need c.habit d.incentive

Q: during recess, children are trying to get the two ends of a seesaw perfectly balanced. if one side is too low, a heavier child will get off and be replaced by a lighter child; if one side is too high, a lighter child will be replaced by a heavier one. by analogy to a biological state, the children are trying to create _____, by mimicking a process of _____. a.drive satisfaction; arousal b.arousal; needs c.equilibrium; homeostasis d.homeostasis; negative feedback

Q: ruth has weighed 130 pounds all her adult life. during her recent pregnancy, she gained 10 pounds. within a few months, ruths weight returned naturally to 130 pounds. for ruth, 130 pounds was a(n) _____, and her body went back to it through a process of _____. a.optimal weight; equilibrium b.set-point; equilibrium c.set-point; homeostasis d.optimal weight; homeostasis

Q: a child who was not given milk to drink began to eat chalk from the blackboard in his room to replace the missing calcium. this behavior is an example of: a.self-regulation b.incentives c.a negative feedback system d.homeostasis

Q: the purpose of homeostatic behaviors is to: a.generate a drive to satisfy a need b.stabilize conditions in the body c.create a state of arousal d.both a and c

Q: negative feedback models describe the process of: a.equilibrium b.homeostasis c.drive fulfillment d.goal setting

Q: robert becomes anxious during exams. he has found that chewing on the eraser on his pencil while he thinks helps him to calm down. according to hull, over time roberts pencil chewing is likely to become _____ due to _____. a.more effective; positive reinforcement b.less effective; extinction c.permanent; positive reinforcement d.habitual; negative reinforcement

Q: according to hull, a drive: a.creates homeostasis to achieve equilibrium b.can be replaced by a habit through reinforcement c.increases proportionally to the amount of deprivation d.operates according to a negative feedback model

Q: mohini and her boyfriend are arguing a lot. she finds that when she becomes angry at him, it helps to relieve her anger if she goes out running. according to hull, mohinis increased likelihood of running when she is angry will be due to a(n): a.incentive b.drive c.habit d.both b and c

Q: mingzhu was determined to hike all around the lake because she wanted to photograph it from a variety of angles, but she forgot to take water with her on the hike. halfway around the lake, she is so thirsty that she cannot concentrate on taking pictures. all she can think about is getting some water. mingzhus thirst is _____, which produces _____, causing her to leave the trail and go find water. a.a drive; arousal b.a need; a drive c.a drive; a need d.an arousal; a drive

Q: chayim has been writing his term paper in the library for almost 12 hours. he is getting very lonely, and he calls a friend to ask him to go to dinner. chayims loneliness is a(n) _____, and calling his friend is a(n) _____. a.need; drive b.incentive; goal c.goal; incentive d.drive; need

Q: reiko is studying for finals and has not slept for almost two days. she finally realizes she is exhausted and goes home from the library to sleep. reikos exhaustion is a(n) _____, and going home to sleep is a(n) _____. a.goal; incentive b.incentive; goal c.need; drive d.drive; need

Q: which of the following items is not a need? a.water b.achievement c.sleep d.money

Q: a(n) _____ is a physiological state that encourages behaviors that correct a deficiency state, which is called a(n) _____. a.goal; incentive b.incentive; goal c.need; drive d.drive; need

Q: gerde is very close to finishing her ph.d. in biology. she has been offered several good jobs, and everyone assumes she is off to a brilliant career. however, gerde decides that although she is a very talented biologist, what she really wants to become is a carpenter. she quits graduate school and goes on to become a very happy and successful carpenter. according to maslow, gerde is: a.an underachiever b.high in self-esteem c.self-actualized d.unmotivated

Q: vincent is a brilliant but impoverished artist. he spends all day pushing the boundaries of his art and finds complete satisfaction in his achievements, but he has little to eat and lives in squalor. his wife has left him, and most of his friends keep their distance because they do not understand his art. why would vincents life be problematic in terms of maslows need hierarchy? a.satisfaction is an emotion, not a need. b.lower needs must be met before higher needs. c.satisfying the need for achievement requires success. d.lower and higher needs cannot be organized in a single system.

Q: maslows need hierarchy has been criticized for: a.lacking empirical support b.being limited to western cultures c.defining the nature of a need too broadly d.underestimating the role of physiological factors

Q: because maslows need theory of motivation places a strong emphasis on personal growth, it can be considered an example of: a.psychoanalysis b.behaviorism c.humanistic psychology d.cognitive psychology

Q: yeast causes bread to rise, and sugar activates the yeast. in terms of human behavior, yeast is like _____ and sugar is like _____. a.motivation; motivation b.emotion; emotion c.motivation; emotion d.emotion; motivation

Q: a computer program is developed that searches for the most items that are related to the search term or for items that are the most relevant to the search term. in terms of human behavior, a program that searches for the most items is showing the _____ quality of motivation, whereas a program that searches for the most relevant items is showing the _____ quality of motivation. a.energizing; directive b.energizing; persistent c.persistent; directive d.directive; energizing

Q: kitchi and cosette are studying in the library on a sunday afternoon. when they take a break for lunch, they discover that the university caf, the campus convenience store, and their dorm cafeteria are closed. kitchi decides that he is hungry enough to walk half a mile to eat off campus. cosette decides that she is not that hungry. kitchi and cosette differ in the _____ of their motivation to have lunch. a.energy b.goal-directedness c.strength d.sincerity

Q: bronwen is a first-year student and wants to meet more people. she attends a meeting of a campus organization, and then goes to a party in her dorm. she does not meet anyone she likes at either event and stops searching for new friends. bronwen has the _____ quality of motivation, but not the _____ quality of motivation. a.energizing; directive b.energizing; persistent c.directive; energizing d.persistent; energizing

Q: bingwen does not like formal clothes, but he must buy a suit for his sisters wedding. he goes to seven stores before he finds a suit that he likes. bingwens going to buy a suit shows the _____ quality of motivation. his search through seven stores shows the _____ quality of motivation. a.energizing; directive b.energizing; persistent c.directive; energizing d.directive; persistent

Q: dashawna has decided that she wants a new image. she goes to a new store and shops for the perfect outfit. dashawnas decision to get a new image shows the _____ quality of motivation. her trip to the store shows the _____ quality of motivation. a.energizing; directive b.energizing; persistent c.directive; energizing d.persistent; directive

Q: huram is very sad because his girlfriend has gone to study abroad for a year. his friends try to get him to go out with them, but he just does not want to go. even going to work is becoming difficult; he does not seem to want to do anything. huram is lacking: a.emotion b.motivation c.discipline d.judgment

Q: yelizaveta is very sad about her exam grade, which is lower than her last exam grade. she resolves to study differently for the next exam. yelizavetas resolution is primarily motivated by _____ her exam grade. a.low self-esteem from b.the decline in c.her cognitive assessment of d.her emotions about

Q: motivation _____, whereas emotion _____. a.produces behavior; influences motivation b.influences emotion; produces behavior c.is caused by cognition; influences cognition d.influences cognition; is caused by cognition

Q: which of the following is not one of the four essential qualities of motivational states emphasized in most general theories of motivation? a.they are energizing. b.they are directive. c.they enable persistence. d.they differ in their valence.

Q: which of the following is not one of the essential qualities of motivational states? a.energizing b.intense c.persistent d.directive

Q: motivational states are directive, which means they: a.call attention to important goals b.activate us to do something c.help initiate behaviors that satisfy our needs d.determine a pattern of physiological activation

Q: emotions are a primary source of motivation because: a.we seek pleasure and avoid pain b.emotions exert an unconscious influence c.emotions are stronger than cognitions d.both a and c

Q: jermaine told his girlfriend that he was going to the library when he was actually staying home to watch the game. she begins to get angry when she stops by his room and finds him watching tv. however, when he starts to blush and look embarrassed, she readily forgives him. her attitude changes because his embarrassment and blushing indicate that jermaine: a.recognizes his error b.will be shamed if she fights with him c.really cares about her d.both a and b

Q: magdala blushes very easily; any time she makes even a slight social error, she turns bright red. magdala regards this tendency as a real social failing and would give a great deal to stop blushing. you might make magdala reconsider the value of her blushing by telling her that people who blush: a.actually have better social skills b.do so because they are more empathetic c.look more attractive to the people around them d.are more readily forgiven their mistakes

Q: palomas parents spent a great deal of time with her when she was growing up; they always made her feel loved and valued. erhards parents loved him, but they were always busy and distant. as an adult, who is likely to experience more guilt, and why? a.erhard, because he never feels sufficiently secure b.paloma, because she has developed the ability to empathize c.erhard, because he never feels valued or important d.paloma, because she feels obligated to repay her parents

Q: john has a great capacity to empathize with others. he calls his parents three times a week. johns regular phone calls demonstrate that guilt: a. encourages behaviors that strengthen relationships b. can be used to manipulate others c. demonstrates caring d. makes people faithful to their life partners

Q: the gianellis adopted abigail and two years later adopted cassandra, each from a different set of biological parents. as the girls get older, you would expect that the evidence for genetic influences on their levels of guilt would get _____ and the evidence for the influence of a shared environment on guilt would get _____. a.stronger; stronger b.weaker; weaker c.weaker; stronger d.stronger; weaker

Q: donato and quincy are identical twins who were separated at birth. donato tends to be fearful of many things and can easily be made to feel guilty. if these same qualities were evaluated in quincy, you would expect that he would have _____ of fear and _____ of guilt. a.high levels; unpredictable levels b.unpredictable levels; high levels c.high levels; high levels d.unpredictable levels; unpredictable levels

Q: ahava has been working for a week in her companys london office. she finishes the project a day earlier than expected. initially, she decides to take that free day and explore london. then she thinks about how much it would please her husband if she came back early, and starts to worry about whether being gone from her children so long will hurt her relationship with them. ahava is showing which of the beneficial functions of guilt? a.influencing the other persons behavior and affirming a bond by demonstrating caring b.avoiding behaviors that may harm a relationship c.affirming a bond by demonstrating caring d.both b and c

Q: studies have shown that guilt is primarily influenced by _____, whereas other negative emotions are primarily influenced by _____. a.genetics; the social environment b.the social environment; genetics c.genetics; genetics d.the social environment; the social environment

Q: according to baumeister, which of the following is not a way in which guilt can protect and strengthen interpersonal relationships? a.guilt discourages people from doing things that harm their relationships. b.guilt can be used to manipulate others. c.guilt demonstrates that people care about their partners. d.guilt encourages people to be honest in their relationships.

Q: peng is worried about what might be upsetting his 1-month-old son, who seems to have an angry expression on his face. you could help by telling him that a negative facial expression on a baby his sons age is far more likely to be expressing _____, because babies cannot express anger until they are _____ old. a.pain; 2 months b.fear; 2 months c.pain; 6 months d.fear; 6 months

Q: which emotion is an infant not capable of expressing at 2 months? a.interest b.anger c.sadness d.fear

Q: how many english words refer to emotions? a.35 b.150 c.550 d.5,000