Q&A Hero

Q: leo and jenny had a major argument. that night, he gives her a lovely necklace to apologize. jenny thinks that he gave her the necklace not to make her happy, but to make himself feel better. jenny is making a _____ attribution. a.partner-enhancing b.causal c.malicious d.distress-maintaining

Q: jed has been working so hard that he forgot abbys birthday. though abby is disappointed, she is not hurt. she decides that he forgot her birthday because he is so dedicated to his work, not because he does not care about her. abby is engaged in _____, by making a _____ attribution. a.assimilation; partner-enhancing b.assimilation; distress-maintaining c.accommodation; partner-enhancing d.accommodation; distress-maintaining

Q: dao has been studying all day for her organic chemistry final. on the way home, she stops at the mall and buys a great dress on impulse. when dao tells her husband, he is annoyed, but he decides that she was just reacting to the stress of the exam. daos husband was making a _____, a response that suggests they are a(n) _____ couple. a.distress-reducing attribution; happy b.partner-enhancing attribution; happy c.personal attribution; unhappy d.situational attribution; unhappy

Q: who is most likely to be involved in a happy and satisfying relationship? a.carlye, who always sees the hopeful side of things b.luis, who is very relaxed and easygoing c.anjiti, who is outgoing and socially skilled d.jemail, who is passionate and intense

Q: renee and yves have been together for just over a year. they are having sex much less frequently and feel much less passionately about each other. if their relationship is going to last, renee and yves need to: a.find a way to reignite the passion between them b.develop stronger bonds of friendship and intimacy c.restructure their relationship as a friendship d.get counseling to figure out why they are falling out of love

Q: relationships are damaged by conflict in which the couple _____ and strengthened by conflict in which the couple _____. a.attacks each other; sees each others point of view b.withdraws emotionally; suppresses disagreements c.suppresses disagreements; helps identify the mistakes in the other persons point of view d.insults each other; fully vents their strong emotions

Q: which of the following statements is true about conflict in a relationship? a.happy couples keep their dissatisfactions to themselves. b.the less conflict there is in a relationship, the better the relationship is. c.the amount of conflict matters less than the way in which the conflict is handled. d.conflict is not problematic so long as neither partner becomes angry.

Q: in terms of how they explain their partners behavior, the happiest couples: a.explain each others behavior in very realistic terms b.criticize bad behavior c.make partner-enhancing attributions d.completely ignore bad behavior

Q: which of the following is not a predictor of romantic satisfaction? a.care b.concern c.defensiveness d.cooperative problem solving

Q: romantic discord is predicted by: a.mental withdrawing b.defensiveness c.contempt d.all of the above

Q: len and maria just got married and have a wonderful sexual relationship. if their marriage is typical of those in american culture, they can expect that: a.their sex life will continue to improve over time b.their frequency of sexual activity will fall steeply after the first year c.lens interest in sex will remain high, but marias interest will increase d.their frequency of sexual activity will decrease gradually over the first five years

Q: ichiro is worried because his relationship with his girlfriend seems less solid than it has been. he cannot really identify a problem, but they seem to be more impatient and distant with each other. in light of gottmans work, what would you suggest that ichiro do? a.see a counselor with his girlfriend b.have a serious conversation about their relationship c.show more affection and interest on a daily basis d.go away for a fantastic holiday weekend together

Q: cybelle and tupac love to spend time together and will call or e-mail several times a day to check in with each other. while they do not fight very often, when they do fight it is serious and intense. according to gottsman, cybelle and tupac are likely to have a relationship that is _____ because _____. a.at risk; the level of conflict is too high b.lasting; they enjoy being together so much c.at risk; they handle their disagreement by fighting d.lasting; they have many more positive than negative interactions

Q: according to your textbook, all of these are strategies for maintaining a happy romantic relationship except: a.doing spontaneous things for your partner b.exploring and developing mutual interests c.ignoring conflict that arises d.validating your partners feelings and beliefs while expressing your own feelings and beliefs

Q: which of the following factors is not among those included in gottmans research on factors that create a good relationship? a.showing affection regularly in simple ways b.accurately describing the partners character flaws and mistakes c.learning how to handle conflict constructively d.demonstrating interest in the partner

Q: research suggests that one of the best ways to make a romantic relationship work is to: a.avoid conflict in the relationship b.have a very active sexual relationship c.validate each others needs and feelings d.have a clear division of responsibilities

Q: gottman has found that a marriage that has _____ positive as negative interactions is in good shape. a.three times as many b.twice as many c.five times as many d.four times

Q: lucia is recently divorced. she goes to lunch with her two closest friends and tells them that while she is sad, she is also optimistic that she will find another, better, relationship. lucia most likely had a(n) _____ attachment to her parents as a child. a.secure b.avoidant c.disorganized d.anxious-ambivalent

Q: zuzu and lars have been dating for almost a year. zuzu loves lars. she finds him warm, funny, and interesting. but she is thinking of ending the relationship because he is too emotionally demanding. he is constantly asking for reassurance that she is happy with him, and he gives her no personal space. lars most likely had a(n) _____ attachment to his parents as a child. a.secure b.avoidant c.disorganized d.anxious-ambivalent

Q: hazan and shaver concluded that the pattern of attachment that a child had to his parents predicts important aspects of the relationships that child will have with adults. a major problem with this interpretation is that: a.the concept of attachment is poorly defined b.the data is strictly correlational c.the categories of adult relationships are too broad d.they are relying on childhood memories

Q: passionate love is associated with which brain structures? a.increased activity in brain circuits that control impulses b.increased activity in the prefrontal cortex, the area involved in decision making c.decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex, the area involved in decision making d.increased activity in the dopamine reward systems, the same systems involved in drug addiction

Q: this type of love develops slowly over time in a relationship: a.companionate b.passionate c.romantic d.friendship

Q: alyssa and orlando have been together for three years. the first year was overwhelming. they spent all their time together, and every meeting was intense and arousing. their relationship now is less intense, but involves deep caring and intimacy. according to hatfield and berscheid, alyssa and orlando have moved from _____ love to _____ love. a.romantic; consummate b.passionate; companionate c.infatuated; mature d.physical; friendly

Q: sam is passionately in love with hailey. he cannot stop thinking about her and spends all his free time with her. his work is suffering, and his friends complain that he is obsessed with her. sam and his friends might understand this situation better if they knew that passionate love: a.allows sensory signals to be responded to without higher cortical processing b.is behaviorally and cognitively addictive c.activates the dopamine reward system just like addictive drugs d.creates a conditioned response that cannot be extinguished

Q: passionate love is characterized by: a.strong commitment to caring for and supporting your partner b.evolving in a relationship c.intense longing and sexual desire d.all of the above

Q: lokelani is a stunningly beautiful 5-year-old. the research on physical attractiveness suggests that in the future: a.she will usually have her intelligence and happiness overestimated b.she will be more successful and more interesting than most people c.she will never develop her other abilities and opportunities d.intimidate a lot of men

Q: people who are biracial tend to be _____ attractive because their faces _____. a.less; have incompatible features b.more; are more symmetrical c.less; look unfamiliar to most people d.more; seem more average

Q: people want admirable personality characteristics in their _____ and physical attractiveness in their _____. a.friends; friends b.friends; lovers c.friends and lovers; lovers d.friends and lovers; friends and lovers

Q: sharrita has just started a new job. she is smart, attractive, funny, and reliable, yet her coworkers do not seem to like her. the literature on friendship formation suggests that it might help her relationship with her coworkers if she: a.helped them with their projects b.dressed down to be less attractive c.spilled her cup of water while giving a big presentation d.asked them for help she really does not need

Q: christi will be starting college in the fall. she is filling out the questionnaire that will be used to match roommates. to maximize the probability that she and her roommate will become friends, christi ought to: a.focus on practical things, such as how much quiet she needs b.be clear about the things that she does not like in others c.describe her own looks very accurately d.describe her interests and personality as specifically as possible

Q: research on friendship formation suggests that you would be best able to predict which students will become friends in their dorm by how: a.much alike their majors are b.far apart their rooms are c.similar they are in attractiveness d.much alike their backgrounds are

Q: relationships are promoted by: a.work experience b.the amount of money one has c.proximity d.which part of the country you live in

Q: the failure to offer help to someone observed to be in need is referred to as: a.altruism b.bystander intervention effect c.aggressive response d.frustration-aggression hypothesis

Q: shaina is walking to class when she sees a woman drop a large bag of groceries. shaina is not inclined to help until the woman looks directly at her. shaina then goes over to pick up groceries because she: a.has lost her anonymity b.feels guilty c.has little to lose d.has been reminded of the reciprocity norm

Q: according to the concept of reciprocal helping, altruism is adaptive because it increases the persons: a.potential value as a mate b.status within the group c.capability as a parent d.probability of survival

Q: the idea of reciprocal helping applies best to which of the following situations? a.a student helps her lab partner with a difficult assignment. b.a father helps his daughter improve her soccer skills. c.an aunt helps her niece make her wedding gown. d.an uncle helps his nephew with his taxes.

Q: which of the following predictions would the kin selection hypothesis make? a.a childless couple will help their siblings children. b.a gay couple will adopt children of their own. c.a couple with biological children will adopt another child. d.a man who has never had children will marry a woman with two kids.

Q: the notion of kin selection argues that we are: a.altruistic to people who give evidence of the best genes b.most altruistic toward those who share our genes c.most altruistic to relatives because we expect reciprocity d.altruistic to our kin group to avoid being ostracized

Q: according to the idea of kin selection, hannah is most likely to behave altruistically towardher: a.husband b.brothers son c.adopted daughter d.stepson

Q: cross-cultural comparisons of levels of violence support the conclusion that: a.humans have evolved to engage in certain kinds of violence b.aggressive acts such as murder derive from basically adaptive behavior c.cultural factors largely determine aggressive behavior d.genetic differences account for cross-cultural differences in aggression

Q: men raised in the south in the 1970s responded to verbally aggressive behavior by a confederate in a psychology study by: a.acting in a more aggressive or dominant manner b.engaging in violence against the confederate c.refusing to participate in the study d.challenging the confederates bad behavior

Q: one example of a prosocial behavior is: a.doing favors b.offering assistance c.paying compliments d.all of the above

Q: the idea of inclusive fitness is designed to explain the problem that: a.evolution occurs at the level of the gene, not the individual b.altruism seems to contradict the principles of evolution c.altruism acts through the process of kin selection d.evolution involves maximizing transmission of common, not individual, genes

Q: in the cognitive-neoassociationistic model, frustration leads to aggression by which of the following paths? a.frustration → related cognition → negative affect → aggression b.frustration → negative affect → related cognition → aggression c.frustration → fight-or-flight response → suppressed cognition → aggression d.frustration → suppressed cognition → fight-or-flight response → aggression

Q: dillon was late getting to the airport because of a big accident on the highway. he has now been waiting on the security line for almost an hour, and he may miss his flight. the baggage inspector flags dillons bag to be hand searched. though dillon is usually very even tempered, he starts to yell abusively at the man. dillons behavior can be readily explained by: a.low serotonin level b.the accumulated-stress hypothesis c.the frustration-aggression hypothesis d.a damaged amygdala

Q: jayden has just received a large bill for his recent surgery and a letter from his insurance company denying coverage for the surgery. jayden has no idea how he will pay the doctors bill, and he feels angry and helpless. according to the cognitive-neoassociationistic model, jayden is most likely to respond to his mail aggressively if he: a.was watching a violent movie when the mail arrived b.has had previous bad experiences with his insurance company c.feels as though he has very few options in the situation d.believes that the insurance company is discriminating against him

Q: klver and bucy removed an area of the brain of a rhesus monkey. the monkey is now extremely friendly, explores objects that he used to fear, and puts everything in his mouth. the area of the monkeys brain that was removed was the: a.prefrontal cortex b.thalamus c.hippocampus d.amygdala

Q: whose behavior is least likely to be prevented by an antidepressant that raises levels of serotonin? a.kevin, who gets into repeated bar fights b.fritz, who deliberately drives his car off a bridge c.kimiko, a 5-year-old who is always hostile toward people d.gabriella, who has overdosed on sleeping pills

Q: if the amygdala of a cat is stimulated with an electric probe, the cat will _____; if the amygdala of a cat is damaged, the cat will _____. a.explore feared objects; eat unusual things b.attack; become passive c.eat unusual things; explore feared objects d.become passive; attack

Q: which of the following actions is not associated with low levels of serotonin in people? a.disruptive behavior in children b.criminal behavior in adult males c.suicide through violent means d.violent behavior in adult males

Q: monkeys with low levels of serotonin have been found to: a.have poor social skills and engage in self-destructive behavior b.pick fights with much larger monkeys c.engage in self-destructive behavior d.have poor social skills and pick fights with much larger monkeys

Q: in light of aschs work on conformity, you could predict that obedience in the milgram study would have decreased greatly under which of the following conditions? a.the learner is more similar to the teacher. b.a confederate helps administer the shocks. c.a confederate refuses to administer the shocks. d.the experimenter criticizes the learner.

Q: the behavior of participants in milgrams obedience studies is distressing. why might it also be adaptive? a.a propensity for violence can aid in surviving threats. b.a willingness to follow orders increases group coherence. c.following orders allows a more effective group response to threat. d.accepting authority confers higher status and access to mates.

Q: aggression may be influenced by: a.culture b.the amygdala c.serotonin d.all of the above

Q: the main conclusion of milgrams studies is that: a.ordinary people will do terrible things if ordered by an authority b.ordinary people have an inherent violence that is easily released c.ordinary people will follow immoral orders only in artificial situations d.men will obey immoral orders, but women will not

Q: the manipulations in milgrams studies that decreased obedience all involved: a.increased personal responsibility b.lesser consequences for disobeying c.added choice about following instructions d.greater purported risks to the learners

Q: in light of the results of the milgram studies, which of the following soldiers would you expect to have the least trouble carrying out his orders? a.a soldier shooting an enemy soldier at a distance of 10 feet b.a soldier shooting enemy soldiers from inside a tank c.a marine strangling an enemy sailor in an amphibious landing d.a pilot dropping a bomb on an enemy airbase

Q: when milgram decreased the physical distance between the teacher and the learner in his obedience studies so that the teacher could see the learner, the level of compliance: a.decreased b.increased c.did not change d.either a or c

Q: when the teacher in milgrams obedience study received orders over the phone instead of face-to-face, the level of compliance: a.increased b.decreased c.remained unchanged d.either b or c

Q: cat wants to buy a new laptop. she knows that her husband will think that it is not a necessary expense. she initially proposes buying a $2,500 laptop. when her husband gets upset, she suggests that she could get by with a used laptop for $700. cat is using the _____ approach, and it is likely that her husband _____ agree. a.foot-in-the-door; will b.foot-in-the-door; will not c.door-in-the-face; will not d.door-in-the-face; will

Q: cassie is joining a yoga studio because new memberships are quite inexpensive. when the director explains the plan to her, cassie discovers that there are added costs, such as for workshops and mats. though cassie would not have gone to sign up if she had known the final price, she has become committed to the idea and does join the studio. the yoga studio has effectively used the _____ to sell cassie a membership. a.foot-in-the-door technique b.low-balling strategy c.door-in-the-face technique d.gradual acquiescence strategy

Q: in milgrams obedience studies, about _____ of the participants administered the maximum shock, and _____ of them tried to quit the study. a.66 percent; almost all b.50 percent; almost all c.25 percent; 50 percent d.15 percent; 50 percent

Q: stanley milgrams experiment illustrated the phenomenon of: a.stereotypes b.obedience c.resistance d.none of the above

Q: orianna wants to ask her boyfriend to go to her familys house for thanksgiving. the night she is going to ask him, she invites him to her place, where she cooks his favorite meal, plays his favorite music, and wears his favorite dress. she is hoping that he will agree to her thanksgiving plans if he is: a.grateful to her for her efforts b.very attracted to her c.in a good mood d.feeling guilty

Q: darius has volunteered to work 2 hours a week as a tutor. he tells the volunteer coordinator that he cannot do more. gradually, he agrees to add an extra hour here and there, until finally he is tutoring 12 hours a week. darius has gotten into this situation through the: a.foot-in-the-door technique b.low-balling strategy c.door-in-the-face technique d.gradual acquiescence strategy

Q: in the _____, people will be more likely to agree with a small request after they have refused a large request. a.door-in-the-face technique b.foot-in-the-door effect c.low-balling strategy d.none of the above

Q: when everyone in her class stated that they liked to dance, jill reported liking it too, even though she dislikes it. this incident is an example of: a.social norms b.conformity c.ingroup/outgroup bias d.all of the above

Q: jodie is a member of a jury that is trying to decide whether to award the plaintiff $5,000 or $10,000 in damages. while most of the jury favors the smaller award, jodie favors the larger one. jodie is the last to respond when the foreman polls the jury. what would make jodie most likely to maintain her own view? a.there is little discussion before the jury is polled. b.one other juror votes for the larger award. c.the other jurors are all male. d.the other jurors are all female.

Q: expected standards of conduct, which influence behaviors, are referred to as: a.conformity b.social norms c.group decision making d.obedience

Q: brainstorming is a technique used in group decision making. to brainstorm, group members are encouraged to offer all of their ideas without internally censoring them. the group has an open discussion, examining all the ideas and available data. as you might expect, brainstorming was developed to counter: a.social loafing b.social facilitation c.group polarization d.groupthink

Q: fraternity hazing is an example of deindividuation causing people to behave in uncharacteristic ways. suppose a fraternity event that is to involve hazing is moved into a room with a wall of mirrors. what effect would you expect that change to make in the event, and why? a.it would decrease hazing by making the members more self-aware. b.it would increase hazing by providing a sense of an audience. c.it would decrease hazing by making members feel watched. d.it would increase hazing by posing a challenge to self-esteem.

Q: sometimes after a big football game fans will riot, getting into fights and destroying property. people in such a crowd will often do things that they would never do on their own. this effect is due primarily to a process of: a.social facilitation b.social loafing c.deindividuation d.groupthink

Q: to reach the coast for spring break, cade is thinking about driving straight for 48 hours. as much as he would like to do it, he knows it is too dangerous. both of his roommates tell him that they think it is a great idea and will go with him. to keep him awake, they will talk to him while he drives. when cade decides to go, he is showing the effects of: a.deindividuation b.risky-shift effect c.groupthink d.reference group pressure

Q: a group of microbiology students have been working on a semester-long project that will determine 50 percent of their course grade. a week before the project is due, they realize they have made a critical error and their results are useless. one member of the group argues strongly that they should falsify their results so they will be able to turn in a successful project. though all the other members have doubts, none of them feels comfortable saying so. all the members ignore the possibility of being caught and convince themselves to falsify the report. this scenario is an example of: a.risky-shift effect b.social facilitation c.group polarization d.groupthink

Q: the looting that sometimes occurs after a disaster is an example of: a.deindividuation b.social loafing c.social facilitation d.persuasion

Q: mr. lahore has hired four college students to paint his house. given what you know about social loafing, which set of conditions is likely to produce the best work? a.each student paints one room by himself. b.all the students work together on each room. c.the students work in two-person teams. d.the students take turns painting and watching each other.

Q: which of the following factors is not a cause of deindividuation? a.arousal b.anonymity c.lack of responsibility d.group identification

Q: annabel is working on a very difficult paper for her psychology class. given what you know about the effect of the mere presence of others on performance, where should annabel work on the paper to make the best progress? a.in the library, at a table with other people studying b.alone in her room or in a private library carrel c.in her room with her two roommates d.in the library, with other people working on the same paper

Q: trey, a teaching assistant, is recording grades for a large introductory psychology class. where would social facilitation theory suggest he ought to work, to make the best progress? a.in the library, at a table with people who are studying b.alone in his room or alone in his office c.in his office, with other teaching assistants who are also recording grades d.at a coffee shop, with many other people talking

Q: the major factor that determines whether the presence of other people produces social facilitation or social loafing is: a.interpersonal compatibility b.personal responsibility c.task difficulty d.potential rewards