Q&A Hero

Q: an important criticism of the rorschach inkblot test is that: a.it identifies too many normal people as psychologically disturbed b.it works well for women but not for men c.children cannot be tested with it d.it reveals unconscious but not conscious motives and conflicts

Q: compared to the rorschach, the thematic apperception test has been found to: a.more accurately reflect the unconscious conflicts present in the test taker b.be less reliable c.be a better predictor of behavior d.be more difficult to interpret

Q: research on the rorschach inkblot test indicates that it: a.does an excellent job of identifying specific psychological disorders b.identifies many adults and children as psychologically disturbed when in fact they are not c.is the most reliable of the many projective tests in use d.reliably assesses id/ego/superego conflicts but not specific psychological disorders

Q: who is most likely to adopt a nomothetic approach to the study of personality? a.a psychodynamic theorist b.a trait theorist c.a humanistic theorist d.a narrative therapist

Q: how do the idiographic and nomothetic approaches to studying personality differ? a.the first focuses on the unique characteristics of the individual, whereas the latter looks at variation in characteristics common to all people. b.the first uses projective reports, whereas the latter employs case reports. c.the first uses research methods, whereas the latter employs psychobiography. d.they employ essentially the same methods but make different assumptions about personality dynamics.

Q: according to the _____ approach, the study of personality should focus on how people vary across common traits. a.idiographic b.nomothetic c.objective d.projective

Q: your psychology teacher is studying the personalities of the students in the class and asks everyone to write a personal narrative involving his or her experiences in college thus far. the teacher is using a(n) _____ approach to personality description. a.nomothetic b.trait c.idiographic d.projective

Q: idiographic approaches to the assessment of personality focus on: a.individuals b.comparisons across people c.ratings made by parents, peers, or others rather than self-reports d.unique personal qualities rather than cross-person similarities

Q: evidence from cross-cultural research shows that there is _____ support for the five-factor theory and that _____. a.little; researchers are trying to come up with new ways to measure personality b.much; some cultural differences also emerge c.little; only three factors are needed to fully explain personality across cultures d.much; researchers are developing new ways to use projective tests to measure the five factors

Q: researchers have found that the trait of conscientiousness predicts_____, and that openness to experience predicts_____. a.friendliness; extraversion b.intelligence; impulsivity c.high school grades; standardized test scores d.shyness; extraversion

Q: even though trait theories, such as the five-factor theory, are descriptive in nature, they are important because they: a.provide information on unconscious processes b.allow for the use of projective techniques in understanding personality c.rely on situationism, an important theory in personality psychology d.can predict behaviors

Q: the five-factor theory has _____ factors and is _____ widely accepted than eysencks theory. a.more; more b.fewer; less c.more; less d.fewer; more

Q: _____ in eysencks hierarchical model measures the same trait that is called _____ in the five-factor theory. a.conscientiousness; openness b.psychoticism; agreeableness c.openness to experience; extraversion d.emotional stability; neuroticism

Q: recent evidence indicates that the basic personality traits associated with the five-factor theory: a.are specific to western cultures b.have genetic components c.are mostly environmentally determined d.do not replicate when the strategy for assessing them changes

Q: in regard to the traits necessary to describe personality, psychologists now generally agree that: a.no one set of traits has yet been proposed that captures the complexity of personality b.there is little agreement among perceivers as to which traits go with which behaviors c.personality can be quite accurately described using five basic traits d.cattells 16-factor theory was probably correct

Q: joann describes herself as a modest and rational person. she does not usually spend time daydreaming or seeking out new experiences. instead, she enjoys completing familiar tasks and having a structured daily routine. if joann is measured on the five factors of the five-factor theory, she will probably score very low in: a.empathy b.introversion c.conscientiousness d.openness

Q: which of the following factors is not part of the five-factor theory of personality? a.openness to experience b.agreeableness c.neuroticism d.introversion

Q: in terms of the number of structures (e.g., the id) that freud believed made up the mind, which other theory is most similar? a.the five-factor theory b.eysencks hierarchical model, consisting of three superordinate traits c.tellegens two-factor theory d.allports model, consisting of a limitless number of personality traits

Q: trait theories of personality differ from psychodynamic and humanistic approaches in that they: a.focus more on description than explanation b.generally have a more positive view of human nature c.are less amenable to empirical investigation d.are less parallel to our intuitive views of personality

Q: james is very low in eysencks personality trait of psychoticism. thus you would expect him also to be: a.somewhat cynical b.moderately impulsive c.a caring person d.very outgoing

Q: in eysencks view, people who score low on the emotional stability scale tend to: a.be aggressive and impulsive b.experience little variation in mood or emotion c.experience much mood variability d.be self-centered

Q: in eysencks theory, psychoticism means: a.being criminally insane b.showing empathy in inappropriate situations c.showing dramatic mood swings d.being impulsive and self-centered

Q: in eysencks hierarchical model of personality, the most general or superordinate traits are: a.introversion/extraversion, emotional stability, and psychoticism b.sociability, dominance, and assertiveness c.conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism d.introversion/extraversion, sociability, and neuroticism

Q: factor analysis is useful to psychologists because it allows them to: a.separate real traits from imaginary traits b.group many similar traits together into a more basic trait c.identify the causal factor behind each trait d.test psychodynamic ideas scientifically

Q: a primary advantage of a trait approach to personality is that it provides a method for: a.comparing individuals in regard to various personality dispositions b.explaining rather than describing personality c.identifying psychopathology d.assessing changes in ones personality over time

Q: an implicit personality theory is: a.useful in very limited situations b.difficult to describe and difficult to research c.equivalent to the concept of self-construal d.based on the assumption that certain personality characteristics go together

Q: according to the cognitive-affective personality system, who is likely to do better on an exam, an optimist or a pessimist, and why? a.both will perform equally. their different personality styles cause them to prepare for the exam differently but equally effectively. b.optimists will perform better, because they believe they will do well. c.both will perform equally. optimism and pessimism are not related to test performance. d.pessimists will perform better, because they believe they will fail so they study harder.

Q: whereas _____ psychologists are interested in how beliefs, expectancies, and interpretations of social situations influence behavior and personality, sigmund freud would have been more interested in _____. a.cognitive-social; self-actualization b.personality; conflicting aspects of personality c.personality; self-actualization d.cognitive-social; conflict among personality structures

Q: your professor believes that behavior is strongly affected by emotions and by expectations about what might happen in the future. in addition, events in the environment affect ones current expectations and emotions. from a theory of personality perspective, your professor is acting most like a _____ theorist. a.psychodynamic b.cognitive-social c.humanist d.trait

Q: two of your fellow students have conflicting views about the principal determinant of personality. john takes the view that personality is determined by unconscious conflicts. joan asserts that personality is the outcome of learning processes. what famous psychologists would john and joan likely bring into their arguments? a.rogers and seligman b.freud and skinner c.maslow and rogers d.jung and adler

Q: martha knows she can succeed at getting into medical school. she says, all i have to do is figure out how other people got in, select the strategies i can successfully use, and then implement my plan. martha is showing high levels of: a.self-esteem b.external locus of control c.internal locus of control d.openness to experience

Q: banduras cognitive-social theory of personality sees _____ as an important determinant of behavior. a.self-efficacy b.stereotypes c.attributional style d.biological predispositions

Q: banduras concept of self-efficacy: a.refers to our belief that we can achieve specific outcomes b.denies the role of observational learning on human behavior c.has not been supported by empirical research d.implies that the environment has little impact on behavior

Q: cognitive-social theories of personality emphasize: a.the patterns of reinforcement people have experienced in the past b.biological factors as determinants of personality c.the role of expectancies in guiding our behavior d.unconscious processes in social situations

Q: rotter argues that people differ in their locus of control, by which he means: a.the degree to which they understand their circumstances b.their preference for reinforcement techniques c.the extent to which they believe their own efforts will lead to good outcomes d.the extent to which they devalue their personal expectancies

Q: according to cognitive-social theories of personality, which of the following factors do not shape our behaviors and personalities? a.our personal beliefs b.our expectancies c.other peoples expectations for us d.our interpretations of the world

Q: if you were a parent who endorsed carl rogerss person-centered approach to personality, how would you treat your child? a.you would withhold treats and gifts to reinforce your rules. b.you would emphasize the childs responsibility for his or her failures. c.you would express love and support for the child no matter how she behaved. d.you would surround the child with positive peers, because parents do not actually have much influence on childrens behavior.

Q: if you were a therapist who endorsed carl rogerss person-centered approach to therapy, how would you treat your client? a.you would have the clients behavior observed by two or more raters. b.you would discuss the clients problems and concerns as he or she understands them. c.you would have the client take a self-report test that measured the five traits of the five-factor theory. d.you would have the client take a projective test.

Q: which of the following statements is not a specific view taken by humanistic psychologists such as carl rogers? a.people who satisfy their unconscious urges have healthier personalities. b.parental love and acceptance are related to healthy personality. c.personal growth depends on the freedom to express ones values and beliefs. d.kids whose parents provide unconditional positive regard develop healthy self-esteem.

Q: if working through unconscious conflicts is central to healthy personality in freuds theory, then _____ is central to healthy personality in rogers person-centered theory. a.recognizing ones value expectancies b.viewing oneself with unconditional love and acceptance c.developing a healthy level of extraversion d.reducing ones level of psychoticism

Q: martas parents and older siblings have encouraged her to become a doctor or a lawyer, but she would like to be an artist. which of these theorists would most clearly be in favor of martas following her dream of becoming an artist? a.shinobu kitayama b.sigmund freud c.walter mischel d.carl rogers

Q: seeing personal growth through greater self-understanding is referred to as: a.a person-centered approach b.self-actualization c.subjective well-being d.none of the above

Q: which of the following statements describes the current status of freuds psychodynamic theory in psychological science? a.it has been largely abandoned because most of freuds ideas cannot be tested empirically. b.it has been modified by the neo-freudians and is now viewed as a scientifically valid theory of personality. c.it is now more widely endorsed by personality psychologists than when it was first proposed. d.it has been abandoned by therapists but not research psychologists.

Q: the psychodynamic theorists who came after freud and are referred to as the neo-freudians modified his theory in a number of ways. adler and horney, for example, criticized freud for: a.underestimating the role of parents in child development b.giving too much weight to cultural factors c.his overemphasis on unconscious processes d.his view of women

Q: sierra, an 8-year-old, is primarily interested in developing friendships with girls her own age. in the next phase of her psychosexual development, what will become her primary interest, according to freud? a.pleasing authority figures, such as teachers b.sexual interest in boys c.finding one or more role models in her group of female peers d.overcoming the oedipal relationship with her father

Q: freuds stages of child and adolescent personality development are based on: a.moral concerns originating in the id b.the creation of a personal value system that is based in a strong superego c.seeking pleasure through different erogenous zones d.the development of unconditional positive regard

Q: the correct order for the development of freuds psychosexual stages is: a.phallic, oral, latency, anal, genital b.oedipal, oral, anal, phallic, genital c.oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital d.anal, oral, latency, genital, phallic

Q: alex, a 10-year-old boy, is much more concerned with developing friendships with other males of his age than with girls. he is in which of freuds psychosexual stages? a.anal b.phallic c.latency d.genital

Q: freud thought that during the latency stage of development: a.sexual urges were suppressed or channeled into various acceptable activities b.children dealt with sexual urges by identifying with the same-sex parent c.libidinal urges are much reduced because of hormonal changes d.children are developing more mature attitudes toward their sexuality

Q: based on freuds psychosexual stage theory, which of the following would you most expect to hear a 5-year-old boy say to his mother? a.how come none of the girls at school like me? b.you are soooo beautiful! c.i wish you would go away so i could spend more time with dad! d.you are mean. i dont like you!

Q: during the phallic stage, children develop hostility toward the same-sex parent because they desire an exclusive relationship with the opposite-sex parent. freud argued that this conflict is typically resolved by the: a.childs taking on many of the same-sex parents values and ideals b.childs rationalizing the hostility in terms of the characteristics of the same-sex parent c.id, which attempts to rein in the sexual urges d.time the child is 4 years old

Q: oren is a very rigid person and must have things his own way. other people find his attitude annoying, but oren refuses to change. in freuds view, oren is fixated at which stage of development? a.the oedipal stage b.the latency stage c.the anal stage d.the phallic stage

Q: if in your development you had become fixated at the anal stage (according to freuds theory), which of the following would likely characterize your behavior? a.you would be sexually attracted to the opposite-sex parent. b.you would be overly inclined to seek pleasure and avoid pain. c.you would be stubborn and very regulating. d.your self-esteem would be dependent on others views of you.

Q: in this psychosexual stage, the erogenous zone centers on the genitals: a.oral b.anal c.phallic d.latency

Q: which of the following is not a psychosexual stage of development? a.oral b.id c.phallic d.latency

Q: in a study described in your text, extremely homophobic men were shown videos of homosexual sex and responded with more physiological arousal than did less homophobic men. this finding provides evidence in support of: a.fixation at the oral stage b.an underdeveloped id c.reaction formation d.low locus of control in homophobic people

Q: while recent research provides support for the existence of what freud called defense mechanisms, these mechanisms are now viewed as: a.unimportant to mental functioning b.psychologically costly to their user c.strategies employed by the id rather than the ego d.largely serving to protect our self-esteem

Q: freud argued that defense mechanisms are: a.strategies the id uses to satisfy the pleasure principle b.mental strategies we consciously employ to deal with unacceptable sexual urges c.unconscious strategies that the mind uses to protect itself from distress d.strategies employed by the superego to satisfy the reality principle

Q: shahar really wanted to go to a concert. however, her mom said shahar could not go, because she was very irresponsible about doing her chores. shahar thought about climbing out the window and going to the concert anyway, but she decided her mom would be very upset. instead, shahar suggested to her mom that if she completed all her chores, the next time the band played in her town, her mom should let her go. her mom agreed that shahars proposal was fair. shahar had used her _____ to develop a reasonable solution. a.id b.ego c.superego d.life instinct

Q: the structure freud called ego operates in accordance with the: a.pleasure principle b.parents wishes c.reality principle d.unconscious part of the mind

Q: in freuds structural model of personality: a.the superego dominates other structures in determining behavior b.the ego operates according to the reality principle c.the ego eventually becomes unresponsive to the id because of mental habituation d.the superego is the realistic, rational portion of the mind

Q: freud thought that anxiety resulted from: a.conflict between the id and the superego b.parents lack of unconditional positive regard for their children c.the inability to bring preconscious wishes into consciousness d.the development of sexual instincts

Q: in freuds model, mental activity is: a.divided into three zones or levels b.more important than the unconscious c.the domain within which the libido operates d.closely related to id processes

Q: jaleesas dad often said, do what you want, jaleesa; i dont care. as a result, jaleesa felt she lacked direction and never had any clear rules. according to freudian theory, jaleesas dad had very little impact on the development of jaleesas: a.id b.aggression instinct c.superego d.pleasure principle

Q: if andys id is a very dominant force in his personality, he is likely to: a.feel embarrassed even if he has done nothing wrong b.be painfully shy c.do things he later regrets d.resolve conflicts in a peaceful way

Q: as a child, erin was always getting into trouble with her parents because she liked to steal cookies from the cookie jar. she was not concerned with the consequences and would steal cookies even when she knew she might get punished. erins impulse is based in what freud called the: a.electra complex b.pleasure principle c.death instinct d.anal personality type

Q: freud used the term libido to refer to: a.unrestrained sexual behavior b.unconscious motives c.the motive to punish or harm others, particularly parents d.an energy that promotes pleasure seeking

Q: according to freud, personality structure consists of the: a.id b.ego c.superego d.all of the above

Q: angelique told her boyfriend she was tired of cooking. secretly, angelique hoped her boyfriend would make dinner for her. she said: did you want me to make you nice tonight? instead of saying make you rice tonight. this example illustrates that: a.the superego is sometimes stronger than the ego when we balance the needs of the self and others b.contents of the unconscious mind can become conscious c.the libido is sometimes stronger than the pleasure principle in social situations d.selfish behavior is often unintentional

Q: according to freuds topography of mind, information from the unconscious must reach the _____ mind before it reaches the _____ mind. a.anteconscious; preconscious b.preconscious; postconscious c.conscious; anteconscious d.preconscious; conscious

Q: if a trait is a single concept, then personality is: a.a collection of concepts b.an element of a general concept c.the opposite of a concept d.something entirely different from the concept

Q: bruno is shy in most situations, would prefer to read than go to a party, likes working with computers, and spends minimal time worrying about the future. brunos many characteristics are referred to as his: a.dispositional array b.personality c.ego d.practical self

Q: gordon allports conception of personality: a.emphasized that it is largely a collection of socially created traits b.stressed that it was a dynamic system arising from biological processes c.considers it largely a social construction d.is the outcome of how people think and behave rather than the cause of thinking and behaving

Q: psychologists would label a disposition to act in a certain way over time and various situations a(n): a.unconscious process b.genetic disposition c.personality trait d.normative behavior

Q: a personality trait: a.tends to be unstable b.is a tendency to behave in a certain way across various circumstances c.is the intention that naive observers agree characterizes a person d.is a temporary disposition to behave in a certain way

Q: which of the following items did gordon allport not emphasize in his definition of personality? a.a goal-seeking, adaptive nature b.a psychophysical basis c.a coherent organization d.an id, an ego, and a superego

Q: dr. henry gives a lecture on personality. she notes that personality is adaptive to the environment, functions in a unique and whole system that is different for every person, and is based on psychological systems. her view of personality: a.is somewhat outdated b.is based on research by sigmund freud c.is consistent with that of gordon allport d.has more in common with carl jung than with gordon allport

Q: personality consists of characteristic _____ that are relatively stable over time and circumstances. a.thoughts b.emotional responses c.behaviors d.all of the above

Q: psychologists use the term personality primarily to refer to characteristics and behaviors that: a.are relatively stable over time and circumstances b.show little variability across persons c.naive observers attribute to others d.stem from conscious intentions

Q: happy couples attribute bad outcomes to the situation and good outcomes to each other. in terms of attribution theory, happy couples are making _____, a response that suggests the couple _____. a.self-serving attributions; define themselves much like a self b.fundamental attribution errors; define themselves much like a self c.self-serving attributions; protect each other d.fundamental attribution errors; protect each other