Q&A Hero

Q: what is the difference between psychological testing and neuropsychological testing? a.psychological testing involves answering questions about mental health functioning, whereas neuropsychological testing involves answering questions about physical functioning. b.psychological testing involves answering interview questions about mental health functioning, whereas neuropsychological testing involves getting a medical exam. c.psychological testing involves performing behaviors, whereas neuropsychological testing involves getting a medical exam. d.psychological testing involves answering questions about mental health functioning, whereas neuropsychological testing involves performing tasks that may reveal problems in brain functioning.

Q: as a research psychologist, dr. brown wants to be sure that she gathers information from all her patients in the same way, and that she asks questions about all of the same areas. dr. brown probably uses: a.an unstructured interview b.a structured interview c.a mental status interview d.the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

Q: the possibility that people may misrepresent themselves in their self-report is a disadvantage in using _____, but this problem can be reduced by using _____. a.projective tests; lie detectors b.projective tests; better interviewers c.psychological tests; validity scales d.psychological tests; better interviewers

Q: a central criticism of the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (mmpi) as a psychological assessment tool is that it: a.depends on self-report b.is more valid with females than with males c.is less valid when used outside of north america d.depends on clinical judgment as to what constitutes normal responding

Q: dr. leung gives all of her patients a short, valid, and reliable questionnaire that asks questions about sleeping habits, eating habits, daily activities, and emotional states. based on this information, dr. leung is able to assess whether depressive symptoms are present in each patient. dr. leung is making use of: a.psychological testing b.neuropsychological testing c.a projective model d.a mental status exam

Q: good clinical interviewers tend to: a.be trained within a particular theoretical position b.have a high iq c.be nonjudgmental and trusting d.be those who get the most information from the client

Q: the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (mmpi): a.has been discredited as a psychological assessment device b.is the most widely used questionnaire for psychological assessment c.can be faked so someone can present himself as mentally adjusted when he is not d.works equally well with people from different ethnic backgrounds

Q: dawn is a nurse on the psychiatric ward of a hospital. when patients are first admitted to the hospital, she observes whether they make eye contact, what their overall mood is, the kinds of thoughts they are experiencing, and whether they have noticeable tremors. dawn, therefore, uses ___ to initially evaluate her patients need for treatment. a.the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory b.the thematic apperception evaluation c.the multidimensional assessment tool d.a mental status exam

Q: mary was recently admitted to the psychiatric ward of a hospital. she does not seem to talk, except for mumbling a few incoherent phrases every few hours. when asked why she thought she was brought to the hospital, mary just shrugged her shoulders, not seeming to understand the question. what is the best way for hospital staff to assess marys psychological state, and why? a.they should use a projective test, such as the rorshach, because the rorshach does not require mary to talk. b.they should use an objective test, such as the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory, because it can be completed by someone other than mary. c.they should perform a mental status exam, because it is based primarily on behavioral observation. d.they should use the thematic apperception test, because it is designed to be used with severely disturbed patients.

Q: which assessment technique for mental disorders involves asking about current symptoms and recent experiences that may have contributed to current distress? a.brain scan b.clinical interview c.projective test d.mental status exam

Q: psychologists use the term prognosis to refer to: a.how a particular disorder is defined b.the likely cause of the disorder c.the future course and probable outcome of the disorder d.whether the diagnosis is correct or not

Q: sammy was brought to the hospital because he had been exhibiting some strange behaviors and recently stated he had been hearing voices. when the doctor met him, sammy was talking in nonsensical sentences and had a very hard time following the doctors simple directions. in addition, his hair was uncombed, and he wore dirty, mismatching clothes. the doctor took notes about all these details of sammys behavior and appearance. the doctor was performing: a.a subjective, personal assessment b.a mental status exam c.something doctors call the quick-check approach d.a structured behavioral assessment

Q: a critical component for labeling a persons behavior a consequence of a mental disorder is that the behavior: a.must be present in other people who have already been diagnosed with the disorder b.is under the voluntary control of the person c.must pose a serious threat to those around the person d.must interfere with some aspect of the persons life

Q: according to your textbook, which of the following statements represents the clearest evidence that classifying mental disorders into categories is problematic? a.there are sometimes vast differences between the kinds of professionals who use the diagnostic and statistical manual for making diagnoses. b.classifying disorders into categories causes people to find an excuse for their problems. c.classifying disorders into categories often leads to theorizing about the causes of a disorder. d.people with different sets of symptoms can be diagnosed with the same disorder.

Q: to help create accurate diagnoses, the diagnostic and statistical manual: a.requires a multidimensional assessment of a patients symptoms and factors that may be relevant to psychological functioning b.groups disorders into neurotic disorders and psychotic disorders c.groups disorders by the theorist who discovered them d.groups disorders first by gender, then by age, then by culture, then by severity

Q: which of the following is not included in the diagnostic and statistical manual axis i diagnosis, used for clinical disorders? a.personality disorders b.dissociative disorders c.schizophrenia d.mood disorders

Q: dr. hunskor is curious about what kinds of stress his patient, ms. m., has been experiencing recently. ms. m. came to see him because she had temporary amnesia, a state that is often brought on by extreme stress. would dr. hunskor include information about life stress as part of a diagnostic and statistical manual (dsm) diagnosis? a.no; environmental events or factors are not included. b.no; previous editions of the dsm included this information, but the current edition does not. c.yes; this is the most important part of a dsm diagnosis. d.yes; this is one part of a standard five-component dsm diagnosis.

Q: if a client presents with a diagnosis of epilepsy, this information would be recorded on which axis of the dsm-iv classification system? a.axis i b.axis iii c.axis v d.axis ii

Q: which of the following statements represents a difference between the current edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual and the older editions? a.the current version is more popular with psychotherapists, whereas the older versions were more popular with social and personality psychologists. b.the current edition uses a multiaxial system wherein multiple factors involving mental health are addressed. c.the older editions classified disorders into categories, but the newest edition does not. d.most psychiatrists and psychologists used the older editions, but the newest edition is less popular.

Q: which of the following statements is accurate regarding newer and older editions of the diagnostic and statistical manual? a.older editions used a multiaxial system for classifying disorders, but newer editions do not. b.observable symptoms have been used to classify mental disorders in both the newer and older editions. c.observable symptoms have not been used to classify mental disorders in either the newer or older editions. d.newer editions use a multiaxial system for classifying disorders, but older editions did not.

Q: which of the following is not one of the axes of the dsm-iv classification system? a.clinical disorders b.personality disorders c.employment status d.medical conditions

Q: as cited in your textbook, one reason to use categories in diagnosing psychopathology is that a category: a.aids in investigations of the etiology of different disorders b.allows psychologists to see if the person has a mild form of the disorder or an extreme form of it c.reflects how the disorder workseither a person has the disorder or does not have it d.creates a highly unique case study of the persons illness

Q: the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders has _____ axes, and of these axes _____ is/are used to diagnose clinical disorders. a.three; one b.three; two c.five; one d.five; two

Q: the first categorization of mental disorders developed out of: a.kraepelins realization that not all people with abnormal behavior have similar symptoms b.the statistical finding that mental disorders involve separate traits and behaviors c.behaviorist treatments that applied to only a few categories of disorder d.brain imaging studies, which revealed that disorders had unique biological correlates

Q: arianna has stopped washing her hair, going to the grocery store, going to work, and talking to people. some people think she must be suffering from a mental disorder. does her behavior fit the criteria needed to be diagnosed with a disorder? a.no; her behavior may be odd, but it is adaptive for her. b.no; although her behavior deviates from the norms of her culture. c.yes; her behavior is clearly causing her personal distress. d.yes; her behavior is maladaptive.

Q: in determining whether a behavior indicates psychopathology, which of the following questions is not an important criterion? a.does the person recognize that he or she has a disorder? b.does the behavior deviate from cultural norms? c.does the behavior cause the person distress? d.is the behavior maladaptive?

Q: amelie, who was born and raised in a middle-class neighborhood in the united states, has not been out of the house in about two weeks. she has been hallucinating about people who have passed away and finds this very frightening. she is afraid that if she goes outside, people might be following her. she thinks that there are people watching her from her television set. her neighbors are very worried about her. which of the following statements does not characterize amelies experience? a.her behavior may actually be quite adaptive. b.her behavior is maladaptive. c.her behavior deviates from social norms. d.her behavior is personally distressing.

Q: if culture y places a high value on conformity, when might people in culture y be likely to use self-enhancement? a.only rarely b.to show that they conform to the group c.in ways that make them stand out from the crowd in nonconforming ways d.only if it allows them a promotion at work

Q: what characteristic makes a psychopathology different from an everyday problem? a.severity b.causes c.treatment options d.none of the above

Q: which of the following criteria is used in determining if a behavior represents psychopathology? a.the behavior deviates from cultural norms. b.the behavior causes personal distress. c.the behavior would be considered maladaptive. d.all of the above are used.

Q: zarina is talking to spirits that no one else can see. she sometimes channels the spirits so they can talk with living people. zarina: a.is suffering from dissociative identity disorder b.is most likely a paranoid schizophrenic c.is showing behavior that is both personally distressing and maladaptive d.may be doing something normal, depending on her cultural background and beliefs

Q: if collectivist cultures become more individualist, people in those cultures will be: a.more likely to use the self-serving bias b.less likely to use the self-serving bias c.more likely to use self-enhancement strategies d.less likely to use self-enhancement strategies

Q: arianna is talking to tatsuye, a foreign exchange student from japan. she notices that he often criticizes his own efforts and says, i could work harder; i am actually kind of lazy. however, arianna knows tatsuye is a gifted and high-achieving student, so she is confused by his comments. based on what you know about research on culture and the self, what would you tell arianna about tatsuyes comments? a.people from east asia tend to have lower self-esteem than americans. b.people from east asia prefer to appear modest in public. c.tatsuye is comparing himself to americans who have a reputation as hard workers. d.tatsuye may be experiencing a nonintegrated self-concept due to his recent change in culture.

Q: one current view on self-enhancement suggests that: a.easterners tend to self-enhance more than westerners b.westerners tend to self-enhance more than easterners c.easterners and westerners tend to self-enhance but in different ways d.easterners and westerners tend to self-enhance about equally and do so similarly

Q: who is more likely to possess a self-construal based on social norms and relationships, chihiro from japan or lucy from the united states, and why? a.chihiro; because easterners have a more independent sense of self b.chihiro; because easterners have a more interdependent sense of self c.lucy; because westerners have a more independent sense of self d.lucy; because westerners have a more interdependent sense of self

Q: miko is from japan and is doing an exercise in a self-help book. one activity asks her to list all the things she is proud of and all the things she is ashamed of. miko is likely to list _____ things she is proud of compared to most americans and _____ things she is ashamed of compared to most americans. a.about the same number of; about the same number of b.more; fewer c.fewer; more d.more; more

Q: cultures that highlight individual success are referred to as _____ cultures. a.individualistic b.collectivist c.interdependent d.none of the above

Q: children raised to follow group norms and to submit to those in authority are living in a(n) _____ culture. a.individualistic b.collectivist c.independent d.none of the above

Q: making downward comparisons is associated with: a.increased self-esteem b.decreased self-esteem c.having little effect on self-esteem d.having a negative effect on the people to whom one is being compared

Q: after failing a test, troy explained his poor performance by saying, i planned to study really hard for this exam, but i was feeling sick, so i did poorly. during a previous exam, when troy did well, he said that he studied for many hours and that all his hard work had paid off. troy is showing evidence of: a.self-schema rearrangement b.a self-serving bias c.a positive illusion d.self-deprecation

Q: joellie is a competent woman with high self-esteem. she was given a big project at work and was sure that she could complete it on time. months later, she was not finished with the project and began to blame the project manager. why did you give me such a hard task? its not my fault it isnt finished. the project management was terrible, and the project was doomed to fail from the beginning. joellie is showing evidence of: a.a self-serving bias b.self-esteem disengagement c.self-sabotage d.a self-deprecating personality style

Q: shelly feels she is more attractive than most people, will be successful, and will have a high degree of control over the major decisions in her life. which of these phenomena is shelly most clearly showing? a.a highly positive self-concept b.an unrealistic self-schema c.social reflection bias d.a set of positive illusions

Q: when jon scored a 95 on his first psychology exam, he reported that he had spent a great deal of time studying. when he scored a 60 on his second psychology exam, he stated that the exam was poorly written. these responses are an example of: a.social comparisons b.self-evaluative maintenance c.self-serving bias d.none of the above

Q: when george mentions many times that his cousin is a famous basketball star, he is basking in the glow of reflected glory. this tendency: a.results in lower self-esteem for those listening to george b.results in lower self-esteem for george c.is called social esteem d.is a self-evaluation maintenance strategy

Q: the better-than-average effect applies to: a.almost no one b.about 10 percent of the population c.about 30 percent of the population d.most of the population

Q: most people feel they are _____, and this view is _____. a.about average; accurate b.about average; inaccurate c.above average; inaccurate d.below average; inaccurate

Q: shariah has noticed that people in her social group have been avoiding her. they no longer call her or ask her to go out with them. shariah used to have high self-esteem, but now she is experiencing low self-esteem. what theory would predict this change in her self-esteem? a.social conformity theory b.self-other comparison theory c.sociometer theory d.self-appraisal theory

Q: as a child, jonah was awkward and did not have many friends. consequently, he experienced low self-esteem. now that he is older, he has developed many solid friendships and feels comfortable around and valued by others. as an adult, his self-esteem has improved dramatically. which theory would predict this change in self-esteem? a.terror management theory b.self-monitoring theory c.social schema theory d.sociometer theory

Q: most people: a.are unrealistically optimistic about their futures b.overestimate their control over events c.overestimate their abilities d.all of the above

Q: marta has a successful job, is married to a handsome and kind person, and has three intelligent children. what would you predict about martas self-esteem based on this information? a.she will have high self-esteem but only in specific situations. b.she will have high self-esteem in general because she is successful in many areas of her life. c.she will experience moderate self-esteem compared to her peers but much higher self-esteem than people in general. d.there is very little relationship between these factors and martas self-esteem.

Q: according to sociometer theory, self-esteem is important because it: a.monitors social acceptance and rejection b.monitors discrepancies between internal self-evaluation and external self-concept c.monitors the good and bad behaviors of other people in ones social group d.protects one against social rejection

Q: if a persons sociometer indicates a low probability of rejection and the person is not worried about how he or she is perceived by others, the person has _____ self-esteem. a.low b.moderate c.high d.none of the above

Q: ahmed states that he has high self-esteem and is happy with his life. based on this information, it is possible to predict: a.that he has a high level of achievement in other areas of his life b.that he has a moderate level of achievement in other areas of his life c.that he has a low level of achievement in other areas of his life d.very little about his level of achievement in other areas of his life

Q: recently, a massive flood destroyed isaacs home. isaac believes he would have died in the flood if his neighbor had not rescued him. according to terror management theory, how is isaac likely to feel after this traumatic experience? a.he is likely to become quite depressed due to the terrifying event. b.he may feel very guilty if he knows he survived but others did not. c.he will experience higher than average self-esteem if he engages in meaningful activities. d.he will experience lower than average self-esteem because he had to be rescued by someone.

Q: self-esteem and objective life outcomes are: a.weakly related b.moderately related c.strongly related d.randomly related

Q: frank feels that he is more valuable and more special than people around him. he is also more focused on his own needs than on the needs of anyone else, and he feels angry when someone asks him for help. frank has: a.no self-esteem b.low self-esteem, which he is trying to protect by pretending to be special c.a narcissistic personality d.multiple personality disorder

Q: terror management theory predicts that people will act in ways that enhance their self-esteem when: a.other people evaluate them positively b.they behave in self-consistent ways c.they are reminded of sickness and death d.others around them have low self-esteem

Q: which of the following constructs is most clearly related to reflected appraisal? a.self-schema b.self-esteem c.self-concept d.self-knowledge

Q: janine loves to get attention in social situations. she often talks about herself and her many achievements (which she usually exaggerates), and she believes others should perceive her as especially interesting, worthy, and valuable. janine has: a.a social-evaluation phobia b.high self-esteem c.a narcissistic personality d.a reactive self-concept

Q: in which of the following questions will the word kind be processed most efficiently and automatically? a.are you kind? b.is your best friend kind? c.is your mother kind? d.are most of the people you know kind?

Q: tory was asked, do you consider yourself smart? tory immediately answered, i think i am just as smart as anyone else. torys ability to answer effortlessly and automatically, without having to think much about the question, shows that: a.she has low self-esteem and is providing a reactive answer b.she is unconsciously differentiating between the i and the me in her answer c.her self-schema includes information about her level of intelligence d.she probably does not value intelligence

Q: which of the following statements is false? a.self-esteem evaluates personal worth. b.self-esteem is part of the self-concept. c.self-esteem plays a major role in how successful a person will be in life. d.self-esteem may buffer against difficulties.

Q: _____ consists of interrelated knowledge about the self. a.self-awareness b.self-schema c.self-esteem d.self-concept

Q: which of the following constructs is most clearly knowledge based? a.the self b.self-esteem c.self-evaluation d.self-schema

Q: peggy is in a room crowded with people. everyone is talking, and she has a hard time hearing people close by her. suddenly, from the other side of the room, she hears someone whisper, peggy. peggys ability to hear her name is due to the: a.self-awareness phenomenon b.cocktail party phenomenon c.filtering phenomenon d.name-relevance phenomenon

Q: if the planet was attacked by a strange virus that caused people to lose the use of their frontal lobes, people would: a.lose their self-awareness b.become excessively fearful of other people c.become narcissistic and self-focused d.become more organized in their behavior

Q: the cognitive knowledge structure that guides attention and affects behavior is referred to as: a.self-awareness b.self-schema c.self-esteem d.self-evaluative mechanism

Q: the cocktail party phenomenon provides evidence that: a.most people prefer being around others to being alone b.when people gossip about others, they tend to do so in small groups rather than in large groups c.people automatically and deeply process information relevant to the self d.the behavioral inhibition system of extraverts is inactive during social situations

Q: dara recently was in a car accident, and her doctor told her she may have mild frontal lobe damage. how will frontal lobe damage likely affect dara? a.she will not experience fear. b.she will be less self-aware. c.she will experience a visual impairment. d.her left and right hemispheres will not be able to communicate with each other.

Q: the fact that age-related changes in personality are similar across cultures: a.indicates that genetic factors are primarily responsible for personality formation b.tells us nothing about what factors may be causing such changes c.indicates that such changes are not entirely a function of the environment d.suggests that all cultures have similar stereotypes related to aging

Q: how is brain functioning related to remembering information about the self? a.when self-relevant information is retrieved, the amygdala is less active. b.when self-relevant information is retrieved, the parietal lobe is more active. c.when self-relevant information is retrieved, the frontal lobes are more active. d.when self-relevant information is retrieved, the hypothalamus is more active.

Q: when the i thinks about the me, this capacity is referred to as: a.self-awareness b.self-schema c.self-esteem d.self-concept

Q: janie is very high on the personality dimension openness to experience. she likes to skydive, learn foreign languages, and travel to exotic countries. as janie gets older, she may be less likely to skydive, but may still enjoy unusual vacations. mccrae and costa would call this change in janies typical activities a: a.central trait change b.peripheral function c.five-factor deviation d.characteristic adaptation

Q: when pearl was a college student, she worried constantly about many things, such as dating, friendships, and her achievement in school. now that she is older, she worries about things such as her health, her familys health, and the state of world affairs. this change in the focus of her worrying is called a: a.personality trait shift b.peripheral adaptation c.characteristic adaptation d.five-factor deviation

Q: in 1890, william james argued that by age 30, the character [personality] has set like plaster and will never soften again. has psychological research supported his assertion? a.yes, but his conclusion applies only to western cultures. b.generally yes, but he underestimated the age at which change is reduced. c.no, recent evidence indicates that dramatic changes occur at all ages. d.no, because it all depends on whether the individual stays in the same environment.

Q: one plausible explanation for the apparent stability in personality after age 50 is that: a.environments affect personality, and older individuals environments are usually stable b.older adults actively seek to meet societys expectations c.the brain is no longer developing after the age of 30 d.stereotypes of the elderly convince others that older adults have stable personalities

Q: across cultures, people become _____ neurotic, _____ extraverted, and _____ conscientious as they age. a.less; less; more b.less; less; less c.more; more; less d.more; more; more

Q: which of the following statements is most accurate regarding personality stability? a.people usually experience many characteristic adaptations throughout life, which can cause substantial changes in personality over time. b.personality tends to be stable in adulthood, but can be predicted only from about age 15 or older. c.personality has a biological basis in infant temperament that influences personality throughout the life span. d.personality is mostly influenced by social roles and norms, so it is difficult to predict accurately.

Q: when individuals from a number of different cultures were assessed on the trait of conscientiousness, it was found that: a.the trait showed stability in some cultures and little in others b.the cultures had quite different definitions of what this trait meant c.in some of the cultures studied, there was no evidence of this trait d.in all cultures, the degree of conscientiousness generally increased with age

Q: how is age related to the stability of personality? a.children are more stable in their traits than are older adults. b.there is some stability at any age but particularly after age 50. c.age and personality stability are basically unrelated. d.stability in personality traits is constant across development.