Q&A Hero

Q: which of the following statements is accurate regarding a difference between bipolar disorder and major depression? a.depression is more common than bipolar disorder in the general population. b.depression is more common in men, whereas bipolar disorder is more common in women. c.bipolar disorder is underdiagnosed, whereas depression is overdiagnosed. d.most treatments for depression are behavior based, whereas most treatments for bipolar disorder are cognition based.

Q: which of the following would someone in a hypomanic episode be most likely to do? a.engage in a highly creative activity, such as composing or painting b.spend large amounts of money and not remember doing it c.carry on a dramatic conversation with him- or herself in public d.believe that someone from the cia was following him or her

Q: insomnia can be a symptom of: a.mania b.depression c.either depression or mania d.neither depression nor mania

Q: what differentiates major depression from bipolar disorder? a.the age when the diagnosis is made b.the number of presenting symptoms c.the severity of the disorder d.the alternating periods of depression and of mania in bipolar disorder

Q: which of the following problems does not affect either people who have depression or people who have bipolar disorder? a.sleep disturbance b.periods of catatonic immobility c.extreme moods d.periods of extreme sadness

Q: depression is said to be the common cold of mental disorders. if depression is the common cold, then dysthymia is: a.the flu b.a major disease such as cancer c.a constant, but not serious, runny nose d.a traumatic surgery

Q: cruz tends to be a generally unhappy person. he rarely smiles or gets excited about anything. he can remember only a few times in his life when he felt genuinely happy. he says that he is not depressed, that this is just the way he is. a clinical psychologist would probably diagnose cruz with: a.dysthymia b.hypomania c.cyclothymia d.a psychological disorder not otherwise specified

Q: what distinguishes dysthymia from major depression? a.there is a difference in the intensity of the symptoms. b.the former is short in duration, whereas the latter can last for years. c.dysthymia is a milder form of bipolar disorder. d.they are unrelated disorders.

Q: dysthymia is to depression as hypomania is to: a.mania b.schizophrenia c.anxiety disorders d.borderline personality disorder

Q: if every developing country in the world suddenly developed into a highly industrialized society, global rates of _____ in the female population would show a decrease. a.depression b.schizophrenia c.bipolar disorder d.hypomania

Q: how might television advertisements affect a persons decision to seek treatment for depression? a.television advertisements teach people what treatments are available. b.television advertisements only help encourage people with severe depression to seek help. c.television advertisements help to normalize the treatments of mental disorders making people more likely to seek help. d.television advertisements do not affect peoples decisions to seek treatment.

Q: imagine you have a twin who has just been diagnosed with major depression. are your chances of showing symptoms of this disorder affected by whether he or she is an identical or a fraternal twin? a.no; both types of twins have equal susceptibility rates. b.yes; your chances are much greater if you are an identical twin. c.it depends on whether you have other relatives who have also experienced depression. d.it depends on whether you are a male or a female.

Q: which of the following disorders is least determined by biological factors and is more often determined by many interacting factors? a.bipolar disorder b.major depression c.seasonal affective disorder d.schizophrenia

Q: what are your chances of experiencing major depression during your lifetime? a.much greater if you are female than male b.roughly 50 percent during your lifetime c.less than 5 percent even if you have relatives with the disorder d.close to zero if you have experienced episodes of dysthymia

Q: in the relationship between gender and depression, the general conclusion is that they are: a.unrelated, contrary to popular opinion b.related, such that sometimes men have higher rates of depression and sometimes women have higher rates c.related, with women showing higher rates of depression, although it is not entirely clear why this is the case d.related, and it is due to the fact that women take on multiple roles outside the home

Q: you would most likely be diagnosed with _____ if you displayed negative mood, sleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of suicide. a.anxiety disorder b.major depression c.dysthymia d.bipolar disorder

Q: women in developing countries (e.g., india) experience more _____ than women in developed countries. a.mania b.depression c.obsessive-compulsive disorder d.specific phobias

Q: people who suffer from depression are affected primarily by _____; people who suffer from bipolar disorder are affected primarily by _____. a.both mania and low mood; either mania or low mood b.low mood; mania c.low mood; low mood and mania d.low mood; hallucinations and delusions

Q: all of the following are mood disorders except: a.dysthymia b.bipolar disorder c.major depression d.agoraphobia

Q: obsessive-compulsive disorder: a.is partly genetic b.may be due to environmental factors c.may develop from classical conditioning d.all of the above

Q: a 2-year-old is shy and inhibited. research suggests that this child is at greater risk for the development of _____ later in life than a child who does not display this temperament. a.cardiovascular disease b.an anxiety disorder c.bipolar disorder d.borderline personality disorder

Q: sam is an adult who is extremely fearful in social situations. if it were possible to do a brain scan while sam was being introduced to strangers, sams brain would show heightened activation in the: a.hippocampus b.modus tremendum c.cerebellum d.amygdala

Q: arianna is a nervous and shy adult, is often afraid of making mistakes in public, and is worried about being judged by others. arianna probably: a.was inhibited as a child b.had overly strict parents c.has perfectionistic personality disorder d.will develop paranoid personality disorder at some point in her life

Q: people who suffer from anxiety disorders have been found to have: a.had an inhibited temperamental style as children b.been depressed as children c.had neurotic parents d.an increased likelihood of a more serious disorder, such as schizophrenia

Q: individuals suffering from serious anxiety have all of these characteristics except: a.anxiety has developed through classical conditioning b.recalling threatening events is easier than recalling nonthreatening events c.abnormalities are found in the caudate nucleus d.reduced amygdala activity is experienced

Q: what brain region is damaged when a person experiences chronic stress, as with some anxiety disorders? a.the cerebellum b.the hippocampus c.the amygdala d.the prefrontal cortex

Q: as discussed in your textbook, the fact that monkeys tend to experience fear if fear is displayed by other monkeys suggests that: a.a biological predisposition to be generally anxious may exist b.situational factors play a role in anxiety development c.higher-order cognition plays a role in anxiety development d.temperament is especially important in anxiety development

Q: jonah and elias are participants in a research study. one task involves reading an ambiguous story, which participants can interpret in a variety of ways. jonah interprets the story as threatening. elias, however, interprets the story as comical. what conclusions can you draw about the personalities of jonah and elias? a.jonah probably tends to experience excessive anxiety, whereas elias does not. b.elias probably tends to disregard others feelings, whereas jonah is highly sensitive to others feelings. c.jonah and elias probably have opposing personality disorders. d.elias probably tends to experience mood dysfunction, but jonah does not.

Q: according to the cognitive view of anxiety disorders: a.anxious individuals have a difference in their brains that predisposes them to develop anxiety disorders b.anxious individuals perceive ambiguous or neutral situations as more threatening than do nonanxious individuals c.anxious responses may develop when another persons anxious response is observed and then generalized to other situations d.anxious individuals choose to perceive the world in a threatening way

Q: tommy has obsessions about cleanliness and is a compulsive hand washer. which of the following pieces of evidence would support the view that his obsessive-compulsive disorder is related to operant conditioning? a.tommy has been rewarded by his parents for hand washing many times, so he continues to engage in the behavior. b.tommy sees his brother engage in compulsive hand washing, so he also engages in the behavior. c.tommy experiences a large reduction in anxiety whenever he washes his hands, so he continues the behavior whenever he becomes anxious. d.tommy believes that hand washing will prevent him from becoming sick.

Q: people suffering obsessive-compulsive disorder are: a.unaware of the irrationality of their behavior b.more likely to be male than female c.aware that their obsessions and compulsions are irrational d.typically diagnosed with the disorder in early childhood

Q: obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder are both characterized by: a.compulsive behaviors b.chronic arousal of the parasympathetic nervous system c.damage to the prefrontal cortex d.fear in the absence of real danger

Q: which of the following statements is not accurate regarding obsessive-compulsive disorder (ocd)? a.people with ocd generally have a smaller caudate, with structural abnormalities. b.electrical stimulation of brain areas involved in ocd can relieve ocd symptoms. c.infections affecting the cerebellum are widespread in people who have ocd. d.a severe streptococcal infection can cause symptoms of ocd.

Q: a famous comedian refuses to shake hands with talk show hosts (or anyone else for that matter) because he fears catching a disease from them. the comedian is displaying a symptom of: a.panic disorder b.agoraphobia c.social phobia d.obsessive-compulsive disorder

Q: a man leaves his apartment to go to the library, and he turns back several times to make sure the door is locked. frequently, he cleans the apartment even when it is not dirty. the man is likely suffering from: a.generalized anxiety disorder b.agoraphobia c.obsessive-compulsive disorder d.panic disorder

Q: the relationship between panic attacks and agoraphobia is accurately described in which of the following statements? a.having panic attacks has little to do with the development of agoraphobia. b.agoraphobia rarely occurs without panic. c.both panic attacks and agoraphobia are a function of similar biological factors. d.both panic attacks and agoraphobia result from specific phobias in childhood.

Q: which of the following disorders have been most closely linked to one another? a.personality disorder and social phobia b.obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder c.schizophrenia and personality disorder d.panic disorder and agoraphobia

Q: a person diagnosed with panic disorder is most likely to develop which of the following additional disorders? a.attention deficit hyperactivity disorder b.agoraphobia c.obsessive-compulsive disorder d.bipolar disorder

Q: in this type of anxiety disorder, the person is afraid of not being able to escape what she or he perceives to be a threatening situation: a.posttraumatic stress disorder b.obsessive-compulsive disorder c.generalized anxiety disorder d.agoraphobia

Q: one consequence of suffering from persistent panic attacks is a(n): a.increased risk of suicide b.decreased risk of having other forms of anxiety disorder c.decrease in amygdala functioning d.increased risk of developing a more serious disorder, such as schizophrenia

Q: a woman is sitting on a bench. she is sweating profusely, is short of breath, has numbness in her feet and hands, and feels as though she is dying. the woman is likely suffering from: a.generalized anxiety disorder b.a panic attack c.a panic disorder d.obsessive-compulsive disorder

Q: this type of anxiety disorder is characterized by overwhelming attacks of terror: a.obsessive-compulsive disorder b.posttraumatic stress disorder c.generalized anxiety disorder d.panic disorder

Q: which of the following experiences is not a symptom of a panic attack? a.sweating b.high heart rate c.feelings of going crazy or dying d.heightened anxiety lasting for hours

Q: which of the following are symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder? a.nightmares b.flashbacks c.intrusive thoughts d.all of the above

Q: which of the following two anxiety disorders resemble each other the least? a.social anxiety disorder and specific phobia b.generalized anxiety disorder and specific phobia c.panic disorder and agoraphobia d.posttraumatic stress disorder and panic disorder

Q: which of the following two anxiety disorders are most similar? a.phobias and generalized anxiety disorder b.generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder c.posttraumatic stress disorder and social anxiety disorder d.phobias and social anxiety disorder

Q: which of the following disorders is probably least disruptive to daily life, and why? a.panic disorder; because ones daily life is only minimally affected b.generalized anxiety disorder; because the fearful feelings one has are usually mild and of a short duration c.specific phobia; because the feared object or situation can often be avoided d.obsessive-compulsive disorder; because this disorder involves thoughts that are often easy to ignore

Q: the more social fears someone with social phobia has, the more likely: a.they are to respond quickly to treatment b.they are to also develop depression c.they were physically abused d.they will avoid alcohol or other drugs

Q: if you experience intense, uncontrollable fear when you encounter or think about a specific object, you would probably be diagnosed with: a.a panic disorder b.obsessive-compulsive disorder c.generalized anxiety disorder d.phobic disorder

Q: fear of specific objects or situations is found in which type of anxiety disorder? a.panic b.agoraphobia c.posttraumatic stress d.phobia

Q: in the current understanding of psychological disorders, _____ is thought to be a normal response to stress, but is problematic when it is _____. a.a depressed mood; severe b.a social phobia; experienced outside of american culture c.anxiety; experienced excessively in the absence of a true threat d.depression; experienced at least once a week

Q: which of the following actions is the best example of an anxiety response rather than a fear response, as defined in your textbook? a.a person jumps out of the way of an oncoming car. b.a person worries that she will never graduate from college and will be poor and homeless. c.a person thinks about strategies to avoid walking alone in a dangerous neighborhood. d.a person starts crying after receiving the news that he has cancer.

Q: the central characteristic of anxiety disorders is: a.the feeling of excessive anxiety in the absence of any real threat b.fluctuating moods that are not related to events in the environment c.the feeling of being anxious without the physical symptoms of anxiety d.that the parasympathetic nervous system is in a state of chronic arousal

Q: if a particular disorder shows itself in similar ways in different cultures around the world, one would be correct to suspect that that disorder is based in: a.dysfunctional family systems b.human biology c.similar environmental events d.universally held beliefs

Q: schizophrenia is found more often among poorer people. this phenomenon is evidence that _____ factors are important in mental disorders. a.cognitive b.evolutionary c.sociocultural d.biological

Q: joey has had problems with alcohol throughout his life. he has a hard time saying no to risky situations and likes doing things that other people think are dangerous. he is easily bored and has been known to get into fights with other people just for fun. it is likely that joey has: a.an axis iii syndrome b.externalizing tendencies c.attention deficit disorder d.an axis v syndrome

Q: from what you know about internalizing and externalizing disorders, you would expect anxiety disorders to be higher in _____ and drug problems to be higher in _____. a.westerners; easterners b.younger generations; older generations c.people from a higher social class; people from a lower social class d.females; males

Q: robin has had disruptive behavior problems since childhood, has shown signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and could be characterized as having externalizing tendencies. according to your textbook, robin is probably: a.american b.not american c.male d.female

Q: a central assumption of the cognitive-behavioral model of mental disorders is that: a.mental dysfunction is an outgrowth of cultural mediation between thoughts and behaviors b.the family context is the most important factor c.abnormal behavior is learned d.internal conflicts between unconscious and conscious conflicts are the primary causes of mental illness

Q: alan entered therapy because he was becoming very depressed. alans psychotherapist suggested that alan write down his thoughts each day and analyze these thoughts for irrational assumptions and unrealistic expectations that might contribute to his depressed mood. the goal was to identify distorted thoughts that were contributing to maladaptive emotions. this psychotherapist is using a _____ perspective to help alan. a.psychodynamic b.humanistic c.cognitive-behavioral d.sociocultural

Q: dr. jahoda sees his patients problems as a result of distorted beliefs based on prior learning experiences. dr. jahoda is most clearly a: a.behaviorist b.humanist c.neo-freudian d.cognitive-behavioralist

Q: psychologists have noted that some forms of mental disorders are more common among lower socioeconomic groups. which model of mental illness is best able to account for this observation? a.the family systems model b.the sociocultural model c.the cognitive-behavioral model d.the hierarchy model

Q: which of the following perspectives suggests that psychopathology results from interaction between the individual and the culture? a.family systems model b.cognitive-behavioral approach c.sociocultural model d.none of the above

Q: which of the following is a psychological factor that could possibly influence the development of a psychological disorder? a.malnutrition b.thoughts c.maternal illness d.neurological dysfunction

Q: biological factors play a role in mental disorders. which of the following is not a piece of evidence provided in your textbook to support this idea? a.medications developed for conditions other than mental disorders have provided clues linking neurotransmitters to certain mental disorders. b.fraternal twins are eight times more likely to have the same mental disorders as are unrelated strangers. c.exposure to environmental toxins in childhood and adolescence is associated with mental disorders. d.pet scans demonstrate that some brain regions function differently in people with mental disorders.

Q: research suggests that _____ is involved in the expression of many mental disorders. a.peripheral nervous system pathology b.neurological dysfunction c.underactive autonomic nervous system d.a weak sympathetic nervous system

Q: which of the following statements is accurate regarding biological factors in the development of mental disorders? a.maternal malnutrition, ingestion of toxins, or other prenatal factors influence whether offspring develop mental disorders. b.fraternal twins are twice as likely as identical twins to have the same mental disorders. c.brain scans using computerized tomography show functional deficits in almost all brain regions in people with mental disorders. d.about 75 percent of people who have a family member with a mental disorder will develop the same mental illness at some point in their lives.

Q: psychologists who argue for the importance of biological factors in mental disorders use all of the following kinds of evidence to support this approach except: a.studies of the rates of mental disorders in fraternal and identical twins b.studies of environmental factors, such as diet and toxins, on mental health c.structural imaging of the brain d.experiments involving alteration of genes in humans

Q: according to the diathesis-stress model, which of the following people is most likely to become depressed? a.jane, who as a child experienced both neglect and abuse b.jaleesa, who had a pleasant childhood but who currently experiences high amounts of stress at home and at work c.janice, who experienced abuse as a child and recently was laid off from her job d.jennifer, who has a stable personality but who was recently laid off from her job

Q: dr. jahangir is seeing a depressed patient who is currently undergoing a relationship breakup. dr. jahangir also knows that as a child this patient suffered from both neglect and abuse. dr. jahangir believes that the patients difficult childhood has predisposed her to overreact to life circumstances, such as the recent breakup, resulting in the patients severely depressed state. dr. jahangirs perspective on the patients problems is based on which of the following models? a.the kraeplin model b.the axis iv model c.the embedded trait model d.the diathesis-stress model

Q: the diathesis-stress model of mental disorders focuses on: a.cultural factors in mental disorders b.the interaction between parenting style and life stress c.stress as the primary cause of mental disorders d.the interaction between underlying predispositions and stressors

Q: the diathesis-stress model of mental disorders argues that: a.stress is the primary cause of mental disorders b.genetic factors that make us unable to cope with stress are the primary cause of mental disorders c.we can have predispositions to mental disorders without ever developing a disorder d.trauma is the primary cause of mental dysfunction

Q: the diathesis-stress model of mental disorders takes the view that: a.certain biological or environmental factors make us vulnerable to mental illness, but do not directly cause it b.if stress is sufficiently intense anyone can develop a mental disorder c.mental disorders are common in families experiencing a high level of stress d.an individuals ability to cope with stress is the best predictor of mental disorders

Q: the current view is that a mental disorder is caused by: a.unconscious conflicts b.parent and peer modeling c.biological and environmental factors d.emotions

Q: according to an important current model of psychopathology, psychopathology is often the result of: a.both a diathesis and stress b.unconscious urges c.primarily environmental factors d.primarily biological dysfunction

Q: the first edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (dsm) included which of the following? a.an emphasis on the presumed causes of each of the mental disorders b.a motive to describe disorders rather than identify their causes c.biological thinking d.learning theory

Q: which of the following statements is true concerning assessment of psychological disorders? a.assessment may be evidence-based. b.assessment may continue throughout treatment. c.assessment may involve structured or unstructured interviews. d.all of the above are true.

Q: which of the following statements is not an advantage of structured versus unstructured interviewing? a.structured interviewing is less dependent on the skill of the interviewer. b.structured interviewing gathers general and specific information. c.results using structured interviewing can be directly compared across research studies. d.structured interviewing allows the clinician to come up with an individualized and unique treatment plan.

Q: jaleesa thinks she may be depressed and decides to seek professional help. the psychologist starts by asking, what kind of work do you do? and proceeds to ask a series of standard questions, in order, about different possible symptoms. the psychologist is using a(n) _____ approach to interviewing. a.neuropsychological b.validity testing c.structured d.unstructured

Q: if a clinician is asking questions of a client, guided by her past experiences, her observations of the client, and her anticipation of what problems are most likely to be present, the clinician should be using: a.neuropsychological testing b.psychological testing c.an unstructured interview d.a structured interview