Q&A Hero

Q: which of the following factors is not a drawback of electroconvulsive therapy for depression? a.resulting memory impairments b.the need for repeated treatments c.a long delay before the remission of depression d.the mechanism by which electroconvulsive therapy works is unknown.

Q: electroconvulsive therapy is sometimes used to treat depression in pregnant women. this application makes sense because: a.it has been demonstrated to prevent depression in the baby as well b.it does not harm the fetus, whereas drug interventions might c.it works quickly and prevents the fetus from being damaged by the womans continued depression d.the use of electroconvulsive therapy is never justified with pregnant women.

Q: electroconvulsive therapy is: a.no longer used b.used for the severely depressed who do not respond to the usual treatments c.viewed by psychologists as an unethical treatment because it results in seizures and severe memory loss d.effective but only for a few hours on the day it is given

Q: a physician reports that she has never encountered depression in patients who exercise regularly. is this report consistent with research findings? a.yes, because physicians seldom recognize depression when it is present. b.no, because there is no demonstrated relationship between exercise and depression. c.yes, because regular exercise can reduce the likelihood of becoming depressed. d.no, because patients may be exercising to overcome an already existing depression.

Q: which of the following recent treatment options has shown initial promise for patients with severe depression? a.electroconvulsive therapy and deep brain stimulation b.deep brain stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation c.transcranial magnetic stimulation and dialectical behavior therapy d.dialectical behavior therapy and electroconvulsive therapy

Q: a friend of yours is in therapy for depression and has been asked to keep a diary of all her negative thoughts about herself and her circumstances. what is the likely goal of her therapist? a.to get your friend to identify problematic thought patterns so they can be modified b.to highlight the defense mechanisms that cause id/ego conflict c.to increase self-concept congruence d.to outline the rewards and punishments needed to change her behavior

Q: johnnys therapy for depression is quite simple: his therapist has asked him to write down every instance of a negative thought and to challenge each of these thoughts so they become less automatic. for example, johnny can attempt to gather evidence for his negative beliefs (which he probably will not find) or he can attempt to view the same situation from a neutral or even positive point of view. the therapist who is treating johnny is most like: a.aaron beck b.b. f. skinner c.marsha linehan d.ellen mayberg

Q: tyresia is experiencing a depressive episode and undergoes cognitive therapy to treat her symptoms. if she were in therapy with aaron beck, she would most likely be asked to challenge her negative thoughts about: a.herself and her upbringing b.herself, her situation, and the future c.her future as a successful human being d.her skills and assets

Q: your physician has prescribed a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (ssri) for your depression, and it has relieved your symptoms. should you continue taking the drug once you feel better? a.no; now that your depression is gone, there is no need to continue. b.no; the side effects associated with the drug will intensify. c.yes; without the drug, you are more likely to relapse into depression. d.yes; with most ssris there are serious withdrawal effects.

Q: your roommate has been taking a drug to relieve depression, and it has worked very well. would you recommend that he continue taking it? a.no; dependence on the drug is likely to develop. b.no; if the depression returns, the drug can be started again. c.yes; a relapse into depression is more likely if he stops taking the drug. d.no; a placebo that is without side effects can now be substituted for the real drug.

Q: rob plans to receive drug therapy for his depressive symptoms. should rob expect different kinds of results from drug treatment, compared to other kinds of therapy? a.he should expect that drugs, but not other therapies, will result in changes in his brain activity. b.he should expect his brain functioning to change, whether with drugs or another kind of therapy. c.he should expect longer-lasting results from drugs versus talk therapy. d.no reliable effects on brain functioning have been detected as a consequence of any form of therapy.

Q: if your physician prescribes a drug to treat your depression, what is the likelihood you will experience relief from your symptoms? a.quite low because drugs need to be combined with talk therapy to be effective b.about the same as if the physician had prescribed a placebo c.about 30 percent d.about 65 percent

Q: traynor is suffering another bout of major depression. since the 1970s, he has tried all of the most common antidepressants, and few seemed to work well for him. he is also concerned about side effects, especially sexual side effects, from medication. which of the following drugs will his doctor be most likely to prescribe to traynor? a.a tricyclic or a neuroleptic b.a monoamine oxidase inhibitor or a tricyclic c.a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or a monoamine oxidase inhibitor d.bupropion

Q: in comparing the effects of psychotherapy and drug treatments on brain functioning in depression, it has been found that: a.the former has no detectable effects, whereas the latter can have dramatic effects b.they both tend to have detectable brain effects c.they both have effects but usually in very different areas of the brain d.they have nearly identical effects, which suggests that they work via the same mechanisms

Q: in comparison to drug treatment for depression, cognitive-behavioral therapy is: a.less effective, except for the mildly depressed b.just as effective c.counterproductive if the patient is also being treated with drugs d.not a treatment of choice for this disorder

Q: in general, placebo treatments for depression have been found to have: a.little to no effect on mental health functioning b.a small but consistent effect on mental health functioning c.an effect equivalent to most forms of therapy d.a larger effect than most forms of therapy

Q: mao-inhibitors for the treatment of depression: a.have been found to be ineffective b.are the treatment of choice c.are used less frequently because of their side effects d.are typically used in combination with other antidepressants

Q: giving depressed patients a placebo rather than an actual drug: a.has no impact on depression b.alleviates depressive symptoms in roughly one-third of patients c.causes some patients to report that they are better when they actually are not d.alleviates some depressive symptoms, but does not affect brain functioning

Q: tricyclics, though very effective in relieving depression, often result in: a.life-threatening elevations in blood pressure b.manic episodes c.sleepiness and weight gain d.mild delusional episodes

Q: prozac and cognitive-behavioral therapy have both been found to be effective in treating social phobias. why should cognitive-behavioral therapy be preferred to prozac? a.cognitive-behavioral therapy is more cost-effective. b.cognitive-behavioral therapy has more immediate effects than prozac. c.prozac has some disagreeable side effects, such as increased anxiety symptoms. d.prozac has some disagreeable side effects, such as sexual dysfunction.

Q: effective treatments for depression include: a.cognitive-behavioral therapy b.electroconvulsive therapy c.pharmacological therapy d.all of the above

Q: don has a cleanliness obsession that revolves around a fear of dirt, germs, and other unclean things. his compulsion involves hand washing. if he believes he has touched something unclean, he will wash his hands until they are raw. in treatment for his disorder, don is asked to touch all the doorknobs in his therapists office building and is then told he cannot wash his hands. he and the therapist then sit together while don tries to relax and overcome his feelings of extreme discomfort. this treatment: a.is unethical and would not be used today b.has been shown to be ineffective and may even cause worsening symptoms c.is an appropriate therapy based on extinguishing a conditioned response d.is less effective than tranquilizers in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder

Q: an evidence-based approach to psychological treatment would lead one to favor _____ for a wide variety of psychological disorders. a.cognitive-behavioral therapy b.long-term psychoanalysis c.scream therapy d.deep brain stimulation

Q: lee-joon is in a research study in which researchers compare brain changes in people receiving different types of treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. lee-joon recently completed cognitive-behavioral therapy and now will have his brain scanned. compared to the brains of people receiving other kinds of therapy, lee-joons brain will show: a.little change, because cognitive-behavioral therapy is not a biological treatment b.the same brain changes as people receiving drug therapy c.increased brain changes but not in the same areas as people receiving drug therapy d.changes in brain function, whereas those receiving drug therapy will not

Q: kim has obsessive-compulsive disorder, which is focused on behaviors related to cleaning and checking. if she takes an antidepressant such as prozac, her _____, an effect also found with depressed patients. a.obsessions should decrease b.compulsions should decrease c.mood will be more positive d.mood will be more stable

Q: obsessive-compulsive disorder is best treated through the use of: a.systematic desensitization b.exposure with response prevention c.the medication lithium d.all of the above

Q: in a study in which treatment with the drug clomipramine was compared with exposure and ritual prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder, it was found that: a.exposure and response prevention was more effective b.the drug was the superior treatment c.neither worked better than a placebo d.both forms of treatment were equally effective

Q: persons diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder frequently perform the same act over and over again. the best explanation for this is that the act: a.is an unconscious habit b.is controlled by brain centers that have been damaged c.reflects low levels of brain oxytocin d.serves to relieve or reduce anxiety

Q: one of the important differences between drugs and cognitive-behavioral therapy (cbt) in the treatment of anxiety disorders is that: a.drugs are more effective b.relapse is more likely with cbt c.cbt is more cost-effective d.cbt has longer-lasting effects

Q: across a number of anxiety disorders, drug therapy: a.has been found effective and is the treatment of choice b.works in the short term, but can result in relapse when the drug is discontinued c.has more negative side effects than when used to treat other disorders d.is not effective because anxiety disorders are more mental than biological

Q: the best approach for treating anxiety disorders is: a.psychoanalytic therapy b.the use of psychoactive drugs c.cognitive-behavioral therapy d.deep brain stimulation

Q: karine completed a behavioral treatment for her spider phobia. from what you know about behavioral treatment for phobias, which was the most effective part of the treatment? a.creating a fear hierarchy b.undergoing relaxation training c.being exposed to the feared object d.induced hyperventilation

Q: spinning a client around in a chair to induce hyperventilation might be effective in promoting behavioral extinction in: a.obsessive-compulsive disorder b.social phobia c.panic disorder d.severe depression

Q: one of the most effective treatments for panic disorder is _____ because it helps people _____. a.cognitive therapy; correct their overestimation of the danger involved in a panic attack b.rational-emotive therapy; challenge their sense of low self-control c.transcranial magnetic stimulation; pair panic experiences with relaxation d.shock therapy; compare their own mildly distressing symptoms to strong and persistent physical discomfort

Q: in comparing cognitive-behavioral therapy and the drug imipramine for treating panic disorder, barlow found that: a.both were equally effective b.the drug was more effective, particularly over time c.cognitive-behavioral therapy worked better over the long term d.neither approach worked very well for this disorder

Q: trisha has experienced symptoms of panic disorder, such as spontaneous racing heart and sweating palms, but does not experience a fear of danger or a feeling of impending doom. which of the following therapies are likely to be most effective in preventing another panic attack? a.cognitive-behavioral therapy b.rational-emotive therapy c.relaxation training d.an antidepressant

Q: panic disorder is best treated by: a.helping clients more realistically assess the danger of panic attacks b.neuroleptic drugs c.self-disclosure; for example, by writing in a diary d.insight therapy, such as brief psychodynamic therapy

Q: torrence is engaged in cognitive-behavioral therapy (cbt) to treat his social phobia. based on the research findings discussed in your textbook, which component of cbt would be effective in treating torrences social phobia? a.long-term psychoanalysis b.social skills training c.electroconvulsive therapy d.antidepressant medication

Q: dr. arjuna has several patients who suffer from anxiety symptoms, and he is interested in finding a treatment or combination of treatments that will be effective in the long-term and have the fewest side effects. dr. arjuna should prescribe: a.cognitive-behavioral therapy b.cognitive-behavioral therapy and an older tricyclic antidepressant c.a tranquilizer and an antidepressant d.a tranquilizer only

Q: a friend reports that he is constructing a fear hierarchy regarding his fear of heights for use in his next therapy session. he is suffering from: a.hallucinations related to schizophrenia b.obsessive-compulsive disorder c.depression d.a phobia

Q: the best treatment for phobias is considered to be: a.cognitive-behavioral therapy b.pharmacological therapy c.electroconvulsive therapy d.systematic desensitization

Q: when tranquilizers are used for the treatment of phobias: a.over time the brain is rewired in such a way as to reduce the phobic response b.they tend to be more effective than other interventions c.the phobia returns when the drug is no longer administered d.the side effects of the drug are worse than the phobia

Q: anxiety hierarchies are useful in _____ therapy. a.systematic desensitization b.pharmacological c.client-centered d.humanistic

Q: virtual environments or virtual realities are useful in treating: a.any type of mental illness b.phobias c.neuroses d.obsessive-compulsive disorder

Q: virtual reality environments are used in the treatment of phobias because: a.therapists cannot put clients in real phobic situations b.they can provide exposure to the feared situation without putting the client in danger c.it is superior to electroconvulsive therapy, which has been the typical treatment for phobias d.phobic clients tend not to like to interact with therapists directly

Q: dr. prajna treats patients with anxiety and mood disorders. she bases her therapeutic techniques and medication choices on recent scientific literature. she uses only treatments that have been shown to be effective in large, double-blind, controlled clinical trials. she never prescribes a drug or form of talk therapy for which she does not know the research findings related to its effectiveness. dr. prajnas views are similar to those of _____, who emphasized the use of _____. a.carl rogers; humanistic treatment of subjective experiences b.ray carroll; an approach he called rational therapy c.david barlow; evidence-based treatments d.b. f. skinner; behavior-based treatments

Q: across most of the anxiety disorders, it has been shown that the best treatment approach typically is: a.the use of drugs specifically developed to deal with the disorder b.the use of psychotherapy or some variant of it c.the use of appropriate drugs in combination with some kind of psychological treatment d.cognitive-behavioral therapy

Q: a friend of yours is having serious mental health problems, and you recommend that he see a therapist. what factor should be foremost among your considerations in making a recommendation? a.the type of therapy the therapist uses b.that the therapist have the appropriate training and experience for that disorder c.whether the therapist can prescribe drugs d.the therapists degree

Q: sherri has obsessive-compulsive disorder and has been in treatment with a psychoanalyst for the past 10 years. although she does not feel that she is making progress with her therapist, she believes that the money and time already spent justify sticking around and seeing if she will ever experience recovery from the disorder. sherri is showing use of the: a.sunk costs fallacy b.lose-lose cognitive strategy c.justifiable excuse behavior pattern d.smoking gun effect

Q: a psychiatric nurse: a.can work in a hospital specializing in mental illness b.can prescribe medication c.has a medical degree d.usually earns a bachelors degree in liberal arts

Q: talisa is a college student and is seeking mental health services on her campus. she will most likely be seen by a(n): a.school psychiatrist b.educational psychologist c.counseling psychologist d.psychiatric social worker

Q: a person you meet at a party has a degree in counseling psychology. your best guess is that she: a.does talk therapy with mentally ill persons b.works in a hospital for the mentally ill c.counsels people with adjustment and stress problems d.could be doing all of the above

Q: this type of provider deals primarily with adjustment problems that do not involve mental illness: a.clinical psychologist b.psychiatrist c.counseling psychologist d.social worker

Q: counseling psychologists typically differ from clinical psychologists in that they: a.cannot prescribe drugs b.do not have a ph.d. c.are less likely to deal with the mentally ill d.work in hospital settings

Q: john has been hearing voices and believes that people are after him. his functioning is deteriorating and his family is worried about him. john clearly needs medication to control his delusions and hallucinations. which kind of mental health professional will john be most likely to see for treatment? a.a counseling psychologist b.a psychiatrist c.a general practitioner d.a psychological social worker

Q: psychiatrists are unique among therapists in that they: a.can set up a private practice b.have three separate advanced degrees in psychology c.use only psychodynamic approaches to therapy d.have a degree in medicine

Q: this type of provider has earned a medical degree and can prescribe medication: a.counseling psychologist b.psychiatrist c.social worker d.clinical psychologist

Q: this professional has earned a ph.d. or a psy.d. and works with individuals who are suffering from mental illness: a.counseling psychologist b.psychiatrist c.social worker d.clinical psychologist

Q: if you have an advanced degree in clinical psychology, which of the following actions can you not perform in most states? a.have a private practice b.conduct long-term psychotherapy c.prescribe drugs for mental health problems d.work in a hospital setting

Q: like some other biological treatment techniques, _____ was originally developed to treat the medical condition _____, but after use with psychological disorders was found to be effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression. a.electroconvulsive therapy; renauds disease b.deep brain stimulation; parkinsons disease c.transcranial magnetic stimulation; brain injury d.targeted prefrontal lobotomy; tourettes syndrome

Q: barlow, among many other clinical and research psychologists, has argued that: a.psychologists should make greater use of evidence-based treatments b.the research community should be more open to alternative treatments, even if the treatments have little validation c.treatment techniques should be developed in the real world rather than in the psychological laboratory d.psychological theory is the most important aspect of developing new treatments

Q: the use of _____ for treating disruptive behavior has not only been without evidence, but has proven deadly in at least one instance, and is an example of a(n) _____. a.scream therapy; group therapy technique b.birth simulation; psychoanalytic therapy c.scream therapy; projective technique d.birth simulation; alternative therapy

Q: in this form of treatment, electrical stimulation is delivered through electrodes implanted in the brain: a.electroconvulsive therapy b.deep brain stimulation c.transcranial magnetic stimulation d.none of the above

Q: what do the alternative biological (nondrug) treatments for psychological disorders primarily have in common? a.they all tend to overemphasize the role of free will in recovery. b.they all involve surgical techniques. c.they all attempt to directly alter brain functioning. d.they all depend on behaviorist principles.

Q: the extensive use of _____ is largely responsible for the dramatic reduction in the number of individuals institutionalized for mental disorders in the latter half of the last century. a.cognitive-behavioral therapy b.behavior modification c.medications d.social skills training

Q: with the development of _____ used to treat serious mental disorders, the use of _____ declined starting in the 1950s. a.trepanning; drug therapy b.drug therapy; electroconvulsive therapy c.electroconvulsive therapy; drug therapy d.drug therapy; prefrontal lobotomies

Q: phoua has been severely depressed for the last year and has been hospitalized for the past three months because she is suicidal and a danger to herself. many of the first-line or typical treatments for depression have not been effective for phoua, including cognitive therapy and drug therapy. the form of treatment most likely to be effective for her is: a.institutionalization b.electroconvulsive therapy c.a prefrontal lobotomy d.a combination of deep brain stimulation and an atypical antipsychotic

Q: the fact that people used to engage in _____ means that _____. a.trepanning; people have always sought ways to treat mental disorders b.prefrontal lobotomies; people have always sought ways to punish those with mental disorders c.ritualistic cleansing; people have always sought ways to treat mental disorders d.electroconvulsive therapy; people have always sought ways to punish those with mental disorders

Q: this treatment delivers a strong electrical current to the brain, with the goal of reducing the symptoms of depression: a.transcranial magnetic stimulation b.deep brain stimulation c.electroconvulsive therapy d.none of the above

Q: antipsychotic medications would not be effective if they did not: a.block serotonin b.block dopamine c.enhance dopamine d.enhance serotonin

Q: john is being treated with a biological therapy for a disorder. his side effects include twitching muscles in his neck and face. john probably has _____ and is being treated with _____. a.depression; an older tricyclic b.depression; transcranial magnetic stimulation c.schizophrenia; a traditional antipsychotic d.schizophrenia; deep brain stimulation

Q: who is usually given credit for introducing surgical treatments of mental disorders? a.freud b.moniz c.gottman d.erikson

Q: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors work by: a.allowing serotonin to remain in the synapse b.facilitating the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron c.blocking serotonins effects on the postsynaptic receptors d.converting serotonin to another chemical form

Q: which of the following actions is not performed by at least one type of antidepressant? a.increasing the action of monoamine oxidase b.increasing the action of dopamine c.increasing the action of serotonin d.increasing the action of norepinephrine

Q: serotonin affects mood, but is also the neurotransmitter most associated with appetite. which of the following medications would most disrupt normal hunger cues? a.prozac b.xanax c.a tricyclic d.a mao-inhibitor

Q: antipsychotic drugs: a.affect behavior, but do little to affect cognition b.have some minor and reversible side effects c.reduce the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations d.are most helpful with people who have catatonic schizophrenia

Q: if prozac did not increase the activity of _____, it would not be effective in treating depression. a.norepinephrine b.dopamine c.acetylcholine d.serotonin

Q: this type of medication works by increasing the level of serotonin and other neurotransmitters in the brain: a.anti-anxiety b.antidepressants c.antipsychotic d.none of the above

Q: arianna has anxiety symptoms and has been prescribed an anti-anxiety medication. she will probably be prescribed _____, will experience an increase in _____ neurotransmitter activity, and may experience_____. a.xanax; serotonin; drowsiness b.xanax; gaba; drowsiness c.risperdol; dopamine; facial tics d.risperdol; acetylcholine; facial tics

Q: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (such as prozac): a.are ideal drugs for treating severe depression b.can cause sexual dysfunction c.work for adults, but are usually not effective with children d.have been used to effectively treat almost all forms of mental illness