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Q:
Meiosis results in __________ in the male and __________ in the female. A)four sperm; one ovum B)one sperm; four ova C)millions of sperm; about 40,000 ova D)four sperm; millions of ova
Q:
The genetic variability produced by meiosis is A)rare. B)male dominant. C)adaptive. D)female dominant.
Q:
Gametes are formed during a cell division process called __________, which halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells. A)mitosis B)metaphase C)meiosis D)cytokinesis
Q:
Gametes A)are formed during mitosis. B)contain only 23 chromosomes. C)contain 46 chromosomes. D)determine directly observable characteristics.
Q:
Recent evidence reveals that, even at the microscopic level, A)it takes a change in several base pairs to influence human traits. B)approximately 85 percent of chimpanzee and human DNA is identical. C)biological events of profound developmental significance are the result of both genetic and nongenetic forces. D)simpler species have far more proteins than humans or primates.
Q:
Zookeeper Ross knows that he shares some of his genetic makeup with the chimpanzee, Chumley. You could tell Ross that about _____ percent of their DNA is identical. A)80 B)85 C)90 D)95
Q:
An estimated 21,000 __________, which directly affect our body's characteristics, lie along the human chromosomes.
A)nuclei
B)regulator genes
C)protein-coding genes
D)sex genes
Q:
On the DNA ladder, adenine always appears A)alone. B)with thymine. C)with cytosine. D)with guanine.
Q:
Each rung of the DNA ladder A)is made up of thousands of chromosomes. B)contains 20,000 genes. C)consists of a pair of chemical substances called bases. D)contains 23 matching pairs.
Q:
Generally, human __________ come in 23 matching pairs. A)chromosomes B)phenotypes C)cells D)genotypes
Q:
Chromosomes A)store and transmit genetic information. B)come in 46 matching pairs. C)are inherited from the mother only. D)are inherited from the father only.
Q:
The nucleus of a cell contains A)karotypes. B)chromosomes. C)genotypes. D)phenotypes.
Q:
A __________ is a complex blend of genetic information that determines our species and influences all our unique characteristics.
A)chromosome
B)genotype
C)phenotype
D)karotype
Q:
Directly observable characteristics are affected by an individual's lifelong history of experiences and also by the individual's
A)karotypes.
B)phenotypes.
C)gametes.
D)genotype.
Q:
Hair color is an example of a A)karotype. B)phenotype. C)gamete. D)genotype.
Q:
Why are ethical concerns heightened when children take part in research? How is informed consent used with children?
Q:
Describe some problems that investigators face in conducting longitudinal research.
Q:
Two types of systematic observation used in child development research are naturalistic and structured observation. Explain the benefits and limitations of each.
Q:
Discuss ecological systems theory, and describe each level of the environment.
Q:
Compare and contrast the terms critical period and sensitive period, and discuss how observations of imprinting led to the development of these concepts.
Q:
Describe the contributions and limitations of behaviorism and social learning theory to the scientific study of human development.
Q:
Define resilience, and describe the factors that seem to offer protection from the damaging effects of stressful life events.
Q:
Identify the three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand, and briefly describe the opposing views taken on each basic issue.
Q:
Which of the following statements about debriefing is true? A)Young children often lack the cognitive skills to understand the reasons for deceptive procedures. B)It should be done with children, and usually works well, but it does not have to be done with adults. C)Researchers use it when participants cannot fully appreciate the research goals and activities. D)It involves explaining to research participants that they have the right to alternative beneficial treatments.
Q:
The ultimate responsibility for the ethical integrity of research with children lies with the
A)investigator.
B)institutional review board (IRB).
C)child.
D)child's parents.
Q:
A researcher studying the effects of a certain pain reliever on children with chronic pain gave one group of children the pain medication and gave a placebo (or sugar pill) to another group of children. After the results were recorded, the placebo group did not receive real pain medication. This violates which of the following children's research rights?
A)privacy
B)beneficial treatments
C)informed consent
D)knowledge of results
Q:
An investigator wanted to speak candidly with high school students about their use of substances. He felt that the students would be more honest if their parents were unaware that they were participating in the study. If the investigator chooses to interview the students without their parents€ knowledge, he will violate which of the following children€s research rights? A)privacy B)protection from harm C)informed consent D)beneficial treatments
Q:
Research that combines a(n) __________ strategy with a __________ approach, with the aim of augmenting development, is becoming increasingly common because it permits both correlational and causal inferences. A)longitudinal; sequential B)experimental; longitudinal C)cross-sectional; microgenetic D)correlational; experimental
Q:
One limitation of microgenetic studies is that A)participant dropout often distorts developmental trends. B)they are difficult to carry out. C)they often create ethical issues. D)cohort effects often limit the generalizability of the findings.
Q:
Professor Story is interested in studying the strategies children use to acquire new knowledge in reading. The best design for Professor Story to use would be the __________ design. A)longitudinal B)microgenetic C)cross-sectional D)sequential
Q:
Using the __________ design, researchers observe how developmental change occurs. A)longitudinal B)cross-sectional C)sequential D)microgenetic
Q:
In an effort to overcome some of the limitations of traditional developmental designs, Dr. Francisco conducted several similar cross-sectional studies at varying times. Dr. Francisco used the __________ design. A)longitudinal B)experimental C)sequential D)correlational
Q:
One advantage of the sequential design is that A)researchers can find out whether cohort effects are operating by comparing participants of the same age who were born in different years. B)it permits cause-and-effect inferences by studying groups of people differing in age at the same point in time. C)it presents participants with a novel task and follows their mastery over a series of closely spaced sessions. D)it is especially useful for studying the strategies children use to acquire new knowledge in reading and science.
Q:
A disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that A)it is more inefficient and inconvenient than longitudinal research. B)it does not provide evidence about change at the individual level. C)it can be threatened by practice effects and participant dropout. D)age-related changes cannot be examined.
Q:
Because participants are measured only once in the cross-sectional design, researchers need not be concerned about such difficulties as __________ and __________. A)cohort effects; practice effects B)selective attrition; cohort effects C)cohort effects; biased sampling D)participant dropout; practice effects
Q:
Dr. Kirk wants to study sibling relationships at differing ages. Dr. Kirk has children with one or more siblings in grades 3, 6, 9, and 12 complete his questionnaire. This is an example of a __________ study. A)cross-sectional B)longitudinal C)microgenetic D)sequential
Q:
Cohort effects occur when
A)participants in longitudinal studies become "test-wise" from repeated study.
B)particular cultural and historical conditions influence participants born at the same time.
C)participants in longitudinal studies move away or drop out of the research.
D)participants in a study have a special appreciation for the scientific value of research.
Q:
The most widely discussed threat to the accuracy of longitudinal findings is A)practice effects. B)cohort effects. C)selective attrition. D)biased sampling.
Q:
Bernadette, a participant in a longitudinal study, became quite familiar with the test over time and, as a result, her performance improved. This limitation of longitudinal research is known as A)biased sampling. B)practice effects. C)random assignment. D)cohort effects.
Q:
Dr. Stamina's longitudinal study on Native American personality styles was criticized because he failed to enlist participants who adequately represented the Native American population. This limitation is known as
A)cohort effects.
B)selective attrition.
C)practice effects.
D)biased sampling.
Q:
One strength of longitudinal studies is that investigators can A)collect a large amount of data in a short time span. B)explore similarities among different aged participants at the same time. C)ensure that participants adequately represent the population of interest. D)examine relationships between early and later events and behaviors.
Q:
Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in development because the investigator A)studies groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time. B)randomly assigns participants to treatment conditions. C)tracks the performance of each person over time. D)conducts quasi-experiments, comparing conditions that already exist.
Q:
To examine whether participants' popularity was stable or changed across the years, Dr. Cotter followed a group of children from ages 5 to 18 years. This is an example of a __________ design.
A)sequential
B)microgenetic
C)cross-sectional
D)longitudinal
Q:
In a __________ design, participants are studied repeatedly, and changes are noted as they get older. A)correlational B)longitudinal C)cross-sectional D)sequential
Q:
In natural, or quasi-, experiments, A)random assignment helps protect against reduction in the accuracy of the findings. B)researchers combine random assignment with the matching technique. C)cause-and-effect inferences cannot be made. D)lack of random assignment substantially reduces the precision of the research.
Q:
In __________ experiments, control over the treatment is usually weaker than in __________ experiments. A)laboratory; natural B)laboratory; field C)field; laboratory D)correlational; field
Q:
Professor Spinner wanted to compare how children from different family environments made friends at school. He carefully chose participants to ensure that their characteristics were as much alike as possible. Professor Spinner observed the participants in the school setting. Professor Spinner used A)a laboratory experiment. B)random assignment. C)a natural, or quasi-, experiment. D)a correlational design.
Q:
In a procedure called __________, participants are measured before the experiment on the factor in question. A)random assignment B)selection C)matching D)correlation
Q:
Dr. Riley wanted to know if adolescent computer use has an immediate effect on sustained attention. Dr. Riley assigned participants into one of two groups (computer use vs. no computer use) by flipping a coin. Dr. Riley used A)matching. B)random assignment. C)a correlational design. D)a field experiment.
Q:
When a researcher directly controls or manipulates changes in the independent variable by exposing participants to the treatment conditions, A)she is conducting a correlational study. B)cause-and-effect relationships can be detected. C)the correlational coefficient should be zero. D)she is using a technique called matching.
Q:
In an experiment examining whether phonics instruction in preschool increases a child's reading level in third grade, the dependent variable would be the
A)type of phonics instruction.
B)number of children in the experiment.
C)child's reading level in third grade.
D)frequency of phonics instruction.
Q:
In an experiment examining whether a specific type of intervention improves the psychological adjustment of shy children, the independent variable would be the A)type of intervention. B)number of children in the subject pool who are shy. C)number of shy children who benefit from the intervention. D)measure of psychological adjustment.
Q:
The independent variable is the one A)the investigator expects to be influenced by another variable. B)that is randomly assigned. C)that shows the strength of the correlational relationship. D)the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable.
Q:
In an experimental design,
A)the events and behaviors are divided into two types: independent and dependent variables.
B)investigators are unable to control for participants' characteristics that could reduce the accuracy of their findings.
C)researchers infer cause and effect by directly controlling or manipulating changes in the dependent variable.
D)researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, and make no effort to alter their experiences.
Q:
A correlation of +.55 between preschool attendance and self-esteem indicates that children who attend preschool have __________ self-esteem scores than children who do not attend preschool. A)moderately higher B)significantly higher C)significantly lower D)moderately lower
Q:
In interpreting a correlation coefficient, A)the magnitude of the number shows the direction of the relationship. B)the sign of the number shows the strength of the relationship. C)a positive sign means that as one variable increases, the other decreases. D)a zero correlation indicates no relationship.
Q:
Dr. Zielke's research shows that the death of a spouse in old age is correlated with a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. Which of the following conclusions is supported by this study?
A)The death of a spouse causes a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.
B)The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.
C)A decline in a surviving partner's physical health can cause the death of a spouse.
D)A third variable, such as memory loss, causes a surviving partner's decline in physical health.
Q:
One major limitation of correlational studies is that A)researchers alter the experiences of those studied. B)researchers do not gather information about everyday life. C)researchers cannot make inferences about cause and effect. D)the results cannot be generalized to other people and settings.
Q:
Which of the following statements about the correlational design is true? A)Researchers gather information on individuals and make no effort to alter their experiences. B)Unlike the experimental design, it permits inferences of cause and effect. C)Researchers use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions. D)In an experiment, the events and behaviors of interest are divided into independent and dependent variables.
Q:
Two main types of designs used in all research on human behavior are __________ and __________. A)observational; experimental B)correlational; experimental C)observational; correlational D)variable; observational
Q:
Which of the following is a limitation of the ethnographic method?
A)Research may not yield observations typical of participants' behavior in everyday life.
B)Research does not yield as much information as naturalistic observations or structured interviews.
C)Commonly used research techniques tend to ignore cultural and social influences that affect development.
D)The findings cannot be assumed to generalize beyond the people and settings in which the research was conducted.
Q:
Immigrant parents of successful youths typically A)view school successes as less important than native-born parents. B)develop close ties to an ethnic community. C)encourage full assimilation into the majority culture. D)stress individualistic values over collectivist values.
Q:
Compared to their agemates, adolescents from immigrant families are __________ likely to __________. A)more; commit delinquent and violent acts B)more; use drugs and alcohol C)more; have early sex D)less; commit delinquent and violent acts
Q:
Dr. Newman spent three years in Botswana, participating in the daily life of a community there. She gathered extensive field notes, consisting of a mix of self-reports from members of the community and her own observations. Which of the following research methods did Dr. Newman most likely use in her research? A)ethnography B)structured observation C)the microgenetic design D)the clinical, or case study, method
Q:
Which of the following research methods utilizes participant observation? A)the clinical, or case study, method B)naturalistic observation C)ethnography D)structured observation
Q:
Dr. Bigelow is interested in studying musical prodigies. Which of the following research methods is best suited for this type of research? A)naturalistic observation B)clinical interview C)the clinical, or case study, method D)structured interview
Q:
Dr. Kempsell combines interviews, observations, and test scores to obtain a full picture of one individual's psychological functioning. This is an example of
A)naturalistic observation.
B)structured observation.
C)a structured interview.
D)the clinical, or case study, method.
Q:
A major advantage of structured observation is that it A)is useful for studying behaviors that investigators rarely have an opportunity to see in everyday life. B)permits participants to display their thoughts in terms that are as close as possible to the way they think in everyday life. C)yields richly detailed narratives that offer valuable insight into the many factors that affect development. D)allows researchers to see the behavior of interest as it occurs in natural settings.
Q:
Dr. Brown observes behavior in a laboratory, where conditions are the same for all participants. This is an example of A)the clinical, or case study, method. B)structured observation. C)naturalistic observation. D)ethnography.
Q:
A major limitation of naturalistic observation is that A)the findings cannot be generalized beyond the participants and settings in which the research was originally conducted. B)researchers cannot control the conditions under which participants are observed. C)the research may not yield observations typical of participants€ behavior in everyday life. D)participants may not accurately report their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Q:
Both __________ and __________ emphasize many possible courses of development. A)the psychoanalytic perspective; ethology B)ethology; evolutionary developmental psychology C)cognitive-developmental theory; behaviorism D)behaviorism; social learning theory
Q:
Both __________ and __________ stress changes in thinking. A)behaviorism; social learning theory B)cognitive-developmental theory; information processing C)ethology; the psychoanalytic perspective D)the dynamic systems perspective; ecological systems theory
Q:
Which of the following two major theories emphasize emotional and social development?
A)the psychoanalytic perspective and ethology
B)ethology and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
C)behaviorism and the dynamic systems perspective
D)ecological systems theory and social learning theory
Q:
Dynamic systems theorists emphasize that A)children are driven mainly by instincts and unconscious motives. B)different skills vary in maturity within the same child. C)sensitive periods are key to understanding development. D)development can be best understood in terms of its adaptive value.
Q:
Dr. Jones believes that a child€s mind, body, and physical and social worlds form an integrated system that guides mastery of new skills. The system is constantly in motion. His view is consistent with which recent theoretical perspective? A)evolutionary developmental psychology B)sociocultural theory C)ecological systems theory D)dynamic systems perspective
Q:
__________ can help prevent escalating demands on families that give way to chaos. A)Ethnographic research B)Absence of daily structure C)Compression of family routines D)High-quality child care that is affordable and reliable
Q:
Family chaos
A)is limited to economically disadvantaged households.
B)does not occur when families engage in joint activities.
C)induces in children feelings of powerlessness.
D)is an unavoidable byproduct of today's busy world.
Q:
According to ecological systems theory, a parent's workplace is in the
A)microsystem.
B)mesosystem.
C)exosystem.
D)macrosystem.
Q:
In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, the __________ consists of activities and interaction patterns in the child's immediate surroundings.
A)microsystem
B)mesosystem
C)exosystem
D)macrosystem
Q:
Ecological systems theory views the child as A)a blossoming flower, and it regards development as a maturational process, similar to blooming. B)developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment. C)a social being influenced primarily by observational learning, imitation, and adult modeling. D)a computer-like system that actively codes, transforms, and organizes complex information.