Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following statements about categorization is true? A)Even young infants can categorize, grouping similar objects and events into a single representation. B)As infants approach their second birthday, fewer categories appear to be based on subtle sets of features. C)Older infants cannot make categorical distinctions when the perceptual contract between two categories is minimal. D)Not until the early preschool years can children sort people and their voices by gender and age.

Q: Research indicates suggest that the advent of __________ contributes to the end of infantile amnesia. A)an autobiographical memory B)a clear self-image C)object permanence D)mnemonic strategies

Q: Which of the following statements about infantile amnesia is true? A)Infantile amnesia is more common in females than males. B)Most older children and adults cannot retrieve events that happened before age 3. C)Infants' memory processing is fundamentally different from that of adults. D)During the first few years, children remember largely with verbal techniques.

Q: Recall A)is not as challenging as recognition. B)is the simplest form of memory. C)involves remembering a stimulus with perceptual support. D)improves steadily with age.

Q: Infants learn and retain information A)only through physical activity. B)just by watching objects and events. C)only by manipulating objects. D)but cannot engage in recall.

Q: After 2- to 6-month olds forget an operant response, A)it takes months for them to reinstate the memory. B)they need only a brief prompt to reinstate the memory. C)they reinstate the memory after a few days. D)they are unable to remember it without extensive training.

Q: The ability to shift attention from one stimulus to another improves by _____ months. A)2 B)3 C)4 D)6

Q: Research on infant attention demonstrates that __________ between birth and 4 to 5 months of age. A)attraction to novelty increases B)sustained attention declines C)habituation time decreases D)the ability to shift attention declines

Q: __________ controls attention, suppresses impulses, coordinates information in working memory, and flexibly directs and monitors thought and behavior. A)Automatic processes B)Sensory processes C)Executive function D)Mirror neurons

Q: In the information-processing system, __________ is unlimited in capacity. A)working memory B)long-term memory C)the central executive D)the sensory register

Q: In the information-processing system, the central executive A)is the conscious, reflective part of the mental system. B)collaborates with long-term memory to direct problem solving and reasoning. C)is where sights and sounds are represented directly and stored briefly. D)is a special part of the long-term memory that manages complex activities.

Q: In the information-processing system, information first enters A)working memory. B)the central executive. C)long-term memory. D)the sensory register.

Q: Follow-up research on Piaget's sensorimotor stage yields broad agreement on which of the following issues? A)Many cognitive changes of infancy are stagelike. B)Most aspects of infant cognition develop together. C)Many cognitive changes of infancy are gradual and continuous. D)Most aspects of infant cognition develop abruptly.

Q: The core knowledge perspective emphasizes A)experimentation. B)native endowment. C)assimilation. D)accommodation.

Q: Research involving infants' numerical knowledge suggests that 6-month-olds can A)discriminate quantities up to five. B)perform simple addition, but not subtraction. C)distinguish among large sets of items. D)add and subtract large sets of items.

Q: Professor Patil believes that babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems. Each of these prewired understandings permits a ready grasp of new, related information and therefore supports early, rapid development. Professor Patil's beliefs are consistent with the __________ perspective. A)nativist B)core knowledge C)information-processing D)social-interactionist

Q: Unlike Piaget, most researchers now believe that A)the cognitive attainments of infancy develop in a neat, stepwise fashion. B)young babies construe all mental representations out of sensorimotor activity. C)even newborns process information much like adults. D)infants have some built-in cognitive equipment for making sense of experience.

Q: The video deficit effect A)increases around age 3. B)is strongest when toddlers view interactive videos. C)declines around age 2½. D)is strongest when toddlers view videos rich in social cues.

Q: Toddlers seem to discount information on video as relevant to their everyday experiences because A)the people onscreen do not look at and converse with them directly. B)they have little experience with digital media. C)they are easily overstimulated by the fast-paced content. D)the people onscreen are usually unfamiliar to them.

Q: A beginning awareness of the symbolic function of pictures emerges A)at birth. B)between 4 and 6 months. C)in the first year. D)in the third year.

Q: When 12-month-old Barrett's mom asks him, "Where is your teddy bear?" Barrett responds by pointing to the place on his bed where the teddy bear usually rests. Barrett is displaying A)habituation and recovery. B)inferred imitation. C)displaced reference. D)means-end problem solving.

Q: Follow-up research on deferred imitation demonstrates that older infants and toddlers A)are more likely to imitate accidental behaviors than purposeful behaviors. B)can imitate rationally, by inferring others' intentions. C)do not yet use intentional means-end action sequences. D)cannot yet imitate actions that an adult produces.

Q: Laboratory research reveals that __________ is present at 6 weeks of age. A)object permanence B)deferred imitation C)rational imitation D)analogical problem solving

Q: Follow-up research on infant cognitive development suggests that mastery of object permanence A)is present in newborns. B)is not possible until toddlerhood. C)is a gradual achievement. D)develops suddenly, at around 4 months.

Q: In a series of studies using the violation-of-expectation method, Renée Baillargeon and her collaborators claimed to have found evidence for __________ in the first few months of life. A)assimilation B)mental representation C)object permanence D)equilibrium

Q: Some critics argue that the violation-of-expectation method is flawed because A)it is difficult for observers to discern when babies have habituated to the familiar event. B)this method cannot be used with young babies or toddlers, who easily become fatigued. C)babies make only subtle changes to their behaviors when they recover to a new stimulus. D)it reveals only babies' perceptual preference for novelty, not their knowledge of the physical world.

Q: Researchers using the violation-of-expectation method may use __________ by exposing babies to a physical event until their looking declines. A)habituation B)assimilation C)accommodation D)imitation

Q: Two-year-old Greta pretends to bake a cake. Greta is demonstrating A)object permanence. B)core knowledge. C)abstract thinking. D)mental representation.

Q: __________ enable(s) older toddlers to solve advanced object permanence problems involving invisible displacement. A)Imitation B)Reflexive schemes C)Mental representation D)Realistic props

Q: Baby Manny discovered how to use a stick to get toys that were out of reach. According to Piaget, Manny's behavior would best be described as a A)tertiary circular reaction. B)secondary circular reaction. C)primary circular reaction. D)reflexive scheme.

Q: Piaget concluded that babies make the A-not-B search error because A)they cannot yet coordinate means-end action sequences. B)appreciation of physical causality has not yet been attained. C)the ability to engage in goal-directed behavior has not yet developed. D)they do not have a clear image of the object as persisting when hidden from view.

Q: Baby Luigi's mom shows him his toy turtle, which she has placed behind a pillow. He reaches for it and finds it several times. Luigi's mom then shows him his turtle hidden in a basket. Luigi continues to search for it behind the pillow. This is most likely because Luigi A)is not yet able to make an accurate A-B search. B)does not yet appreciate physical causality. C)has not yet attained even rudimentary object permanence. D)cannot yet engage in goal-directed behavior.

Q: Nine-month-old Daisy retrieves her pacifier, which her mother has hidden under a cover. Baby Daisy has begun to master A)deferred imitation. B)object permanence. C)make-believe play. D)reflexive schemes.

Q: Two landmark cognitive changes that take place in Substage 4 of the sensorimotor period of Piaget's theory are __________ and __________. A)deferred imitation; animistic thinking B)intentional behavior; object permanence C)dual representation; intentional behavior D)deferred imitation; object permanence

Q: According to Piaget, __________ first occurs in Substage 4 of the sensorimotor period. A)intentional, goal-directed behavior B)chance behavior C)repetition of interesting events D)behavior repetition with variation

Q: Baby Andre accidentally knocks a toy hung on his crib. Over the next several days, Andre tries to repeat this effect, gradually forming a "hitting" scheme. In Piaget's theory, this is an example of a A)reflexive scheme. B)primary circular reaction. C)secondary circular reaction. D)tertiary circular reaction.

Q: Baby Sabrina opens her mouth differently for a nipple than for a spoon. In Piaget's theory, this is an example of a A)reflexive scheme. B)primary circular reaction. C)secondary circular reaction. D)tertiary circular reaction.

Q: According to Piaget's theory, when Baby D'Arcy sucks her thumb, she is demonstrating A)goal-directed behavior. B)a primary circular reaction. C)a secondary circular reaction. D)a tertiary circular reaction.

Q: Baby Faith sucks, grasps, and looks in much the same way, no matter what experiences she encounters. Faith is probably in Substage _____ of Piaget's sensorimotor period. A)1 B)2 C)3 D)4

Q: In Piaget's theory, a circular reaction is a means of building schemes in which infants A)attempt to form mental symbols of the world. B)try to repeat chance motor activities again and again. C)try to imitate the behaviors of others around them. D)attempt to act out imaginary activities.

Q: In Piaget's sequence of sensorimotor development, infants first develop A)mental representations. B)tertiary circular reactions. C)reflexive schemes. D)primary circular reactions.

Q: Baby Franklin practiced his dropping and throwing schemes, and eventually developed an understanding of height. This achievement is an example of A)organization. B)accommodation. C)equilibrium. D)assimilation.

Q: According to Piaget, organization takes place A)internally. B)externally. C)through direct contact with the environment. D)when new schemes are formed.

Q: In Piaget's theory, each time the back-and-forth movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium occurs, A)children regress to a previous stage of development. B)less effective schemes are produced. C)children adapt more than they organize. D)more effective schemes are produced.

Q: During times of rapid cognitive change, A)organization predominates over adaptation. B)accommodation predominates over assimilation. C)assimilation and accommodation are balanced. D)adaptation and organization are balanced.

Q: When children are not changing much, they A)are in a state of disequilibrium. B)assimilate more than they accommodate. C)experience cognitive discomfort. D)modify their schemes.

Q: At 6 months, Annabelle dropped her rattle in a fairly rigid way. By 12 months, she tossed objects down the basement stairs, bounced them off walls, and threw them in the air. Annabelle's modifications of her dropping scheme are an example of A)accommodation. B)equilibrium. C)organization. D)assimilation.

Q: According to Piaget, in accommodation, children A)build schemes through direct interaction with the environment. B)create new schemes or adjust old ones. C)use current schemes to interpret the external world. D)rearrange schemes, linking them with other schemes.

Q: In Piaget's theory, during __________, toddlers use their current schemes to interpret the external world. A)equilibrium B)assimilation C)accommodation D)organization

Q: In Piaget's theory, __________ involves building schemes through direct interaction with the environment. A)disequilibrium B)assimilation C)organization D)adaptation

Q: According to Piaget, infants' very first schemes are A)disorganized bits of information. B)based on internal representations of experience. C)sensorimotor action patterns. D)deliberate and creative.

Q: In Piaget's sensorimotor stage, infants and toddlers A)assimilate more than they accommodate. B)represent their experiences in speech, gesture, and play. C)"think" with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment. D)solve everyday practical problems and carry out many activities inside their heads.

Q: Define size and shape constancy, and explain how they contribute to infants€ perception of objects.

Q: Using examples from the text, explain how cultural variations in infant-rearing practices affect motor development.

Q: Explain dynamic systems theory of motor development.

Q: Describe some common forms of inadequate nutrition in the United States.

Q: What is lateralization of the brain, and why does it occur?

Q: Describe the sex differences in body growth.

Q: According to the Gibsons, perception is guided by the discovery of A)intermodalities. B)amodalities. C)dynamic relationships. D)affordances.

Q: One way of understanding perceptual development is to think of it as a built-in tendency to seek A)risk. B)novelty. C)order. D)change.

Q: Eleanor and James Gibson describe their theory as __________ because over time a baby detects finer and finer invariant features among stimuli. A)differentiation B)discontinuous C)dynamic D)bidirectional

Q: Which of the following statements about intermodal stimulation is true? A)It is important for the healthy development of human, but not animal, babies. B)It interferes with infants' ability to learn the patterns of their native language. C)It is unrelated to perceptual development. D)It fosters all aspects of psychological development.

Q: Between 3 and 5 months, babies can A)discriminate positive from negative emotion in voices. B)match faces with voices on the basis of lip-voice synchrony. C)discriminate positive from negative emotion in faces. D)remember the unique face-voice pairings of unfamiliar adults.

Q: Research reveals that babies perceive input from different sensory systems in a unified way by detecting A)amodal sensory properties. B)invariant features of the environment. C)affordances. D)pictorial depth cues.

Q: Lana understands that an object's shape is the same whether she sees it or touches it, that the pattern of footsteps signals the approach of a person, and that breaking a glass causes a sharp, crashing sound. This understanding is called A)amodal stability. B)differentiation. C)intermodal perception. D)intersensory acuity.

Q: __________ boosts older infants' attention to an object's surface features. A)Motion B)Perception C)The environment D)Experience

Q: Around 2 months, babies A)can keep track of an object that travels on a curvilinear course at varying speeds. B)realize that a moving rod whose center is hidden behind a box is a complete rod rather than two rod pieces. C)first perceive that a ball that moves back and forth behind a screen moves in a continuous path. D)first begin to perceive an object's size as the same, despite changes in the size of its retinal image.

Q: Habituation research reveals that size and shape constancy are present as early as A)the first week of life. B)3 months of age. C)6 months of age. D)1 year of age.

Q: As early as 3 months, infants prefer and more easily discriminate among __________ than __________. A)male adults; boys B)female faces; male faces C)members of other races; members of their own race D)unfamiliar faces; familiar faces

Q: Which of the following facelike drawings is newborn Rori most likely to prefer? A)one with the features arranged upright B)one with the features arranged upside down C)one with the features arranged sideways D)one with eyes closed and no mouth

Q: At 2 to 3 months of age, infants A)can detect objects represented by incomplete drawings. B)perceive subjective boundaries that really are not present. C)prefer the walking-human display. D)thoroughly explore the internal features of a pattern.

Q: Which of the following statements about pattern perception is true? A)Newborns prefer to look at plain rather than patterned stimuli. B)As they get older, infants prefer less complex patterns. C)Because of their poor vision, very young babies cannot resolve the small features in complex patterns. D)If babies are sensitive to the contrast in two or more patterns, they prefer the one with less contrast.

Q: Baby Alfredo looks more intensely at a checkerboard with large black and white squares rather than one with smaller gray and white squares. Alfredo is demonstrating A)contrast sensitivity. B)sensitivity to pictorial depth cues. C)proprioception. D)sensitivity to the visual cliff.

Q: Newly walking babies A)fall infrequently because they figured out depth cues during the crawling phase. B)will careen over uneven surfaces without making necessary postural adjustments. C)know how to turn their bodies to accommodate a narrow passageway. D)are less likely to find hidden objects than experienced sitters who do not crawl.

Q: Infants with more crawling experience A)are far less likely to find hidden objects. B)are less likely to remember object locations. C)are far more likely to refuse to cross the deep side of the visual cliff. D)become more fearless of the side of a bed or a staircase.

Q: __________ arise because our two eyes have slightly different views of the visual field. A)Pictorial depth cues B)Dimensions C)Binocular depth cues D)Receding lines

Q: Which of the following depth cues is 3-week-old Adelaide most likely to be sensitive to? A)pictorial depth cues B)binocular depth cues C)motion D)spatial relationships

Q: Researchers using Gibson and Walk's visual cliff found that A)depth perception first appears after babies begin to walk. B)most babies avoided the deep side of the cliff. C)most babies avoided the shallow side of the cliff. D)depth perception first appears after babies begin to crawl.

Q: Color vision is adultlike by A)birth. B)1 month. C)2 months. D)4 months.

Q: For exploring the environment, humans depend on __________ more than any other sense. A)vision B)touch C)hearing D)instinct