Q&A Hero

Q: Sheldon, age 1, will most likely display a __________ smile for a friendly stranger. A)sustained, wide B)broad, "cheek-raised" C)reserved, muted D)"mouth-open"

Q: Laughter A)reflects faster processing of information than smiling. B)appears around 6 to 8 months of age. C)first occurs in response to very gentle stimuli. D)occurs more often when babies are interacting with new people.

Q: Development of the social smile A)reflects faster processing of information. B)is highly encouraged among the Nso people. C)varies substantially with culture. D)appears as late as 12 to 14 weeks in German infants.

Q: The social smile A)first appears during REM sleep. B)is evoked by parent-child interaction. C)emerges during the second week of life. D)first appears in response to dynamic, eye-catching sights.

Q: Babies' earliest emotional life consists of which two global arousal states? A)happiness and sadness B)fullness and hunger C)attraction to and withdrawal from stimulation D)happiness and fear

Q: Basic emotions A)are not evident in nonhuman primates. B)are all present at birth. C)have no evolutionary history of promoting survival. D)are universal in humans.

Q: Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional development? A)Infants, children, and adults use diverse responses to express a particular emotion. B)The emotional expressions of blind infants are exaggerated compared to infants with normal vision. C)Babies on the visual cliff generally display a fearful facial expression but do not show other signs of fear. D)Wide cultural differences exist in the facial expressions that people associate with different emotions.

Q: Twenty-two-year-old Daniel is overly dependent on his girlfriend. Daniel continually doubts his ability to meet new challenges. According to psychosocial theory, Daniel may not have fully mastered the tasks of __________ and __________ during infancy and childhood. A)mistrust; shame B)trust; doubt C)trust; autonomy D)autonomy; mistrust

Q: In Erikson's theory, the conflict of toddlerhood is resolved favorably when parents A)provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices. B)use appropriate and warm toilet-training techniques. C)employ an authoritarian child-rearing style. D)employ a permissive child-rearing style.

Q: According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the first year is A)autonomy versus shame and doubt. B)basic trust versus mistrust. C)initiative versus guilt. D)industry versus inferiority.

Q: According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, a healthy outcome during infancy is dependent on the A)quantity of food offered. B)amount of oral stimulation provided. C)quality of caregiving. D)availability of self-soothing.

Q: Which of the following statements about the role of psychoanalytic theory in modern child development research is true? A)All subsequent theories rejected the basic outlines of Freud's psychoanalytic theory. B)One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its ability to capture the essence of personality during each period of development. C)Psychoanalytic theorists' emphasis on the importance of experiences beyond infancy and early childhood is largely accepted by contemporary researchers. D)Psychoanalytic theory has modern cross-cultural implications because contemporary researchers have psychoanalyzed individuals from all over the world.

Q: List several strategies for supporting early language learning, noting the consequences of each.

Q: Describe signs of high-quality child care for infants and toddlers, based on standards for developmentally appropriate practice.

Q: How well do infant and toddler mental tests predict later intelligence? What are some alternatives to the traditional tests?

Q: Define and describe recognition and recall. Discuss the development of recall memory.

Q: Explain the core knowledge perspective of cognitive development. What do critics say about the perspective?

Q: Define the concepts of adaptation, assimilation, and accommodation. Explain how the balance between assimilation and accommodation varies over time with regard to cognitive equilibrium and disequilibrium.

Q: Studies show that children prefer infant-directed speech (IDS) over other kinds of adult talk A)from birth on. B)by 3 months. C)by 6 months. D)by 12 months.

Q: Which of the following statements is supported by research on infant-directed speech (IDS)? A)Deaf parents use a style of communication similar to IDS when signing to their deaf babies. B)By as early as 2 months, infants are more emotionally receptive to IDS. C)Infants do not begin to prefer IDS over other kinds of adult talk until age 2. D)Parents who use IDS are careful to always use utterances of the same length.

Q: 112)Baby Paloma's parents talk to her using short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, distinct pauses between speech segments, clear gestures to support verbal meaning, and repetition of new words in a variety of contexts. Paloma's parents use A)an expressive style. B)infant-directed speech (IDS). C)a referential style. D)an authoritative style.

Q: Two-year-old Grace believes that words are for talking about people's feelings and needs. Grace uses A)an expressive style. B)infant-directed speech (IDS). C)a referential style. D)an authoritative style.

Q: Arthur's vocabulary consists mainly of words that refer to objects. Like most toddlers, he uses A)an expressive style. B)infant-directed speech (IDS). C)a referential style. D)an authoritative style.

Q: Which of the following statements about individual differences in early vocabulary growth is true? A)Boys are slightly ahead of girls in early vocabulary growth. B)Shy toddlers' vocabularies typically increase slowly after they start to speak. C)Children from low-SES homes usually have smaller vocabularies than their higher-SES agemates. D)Boys and girls' vocabularies tend to develop at the same rate.

Q: Children's language comprehension A)develops behind production. B)requires both recall and recognition. C)requires only recall, not recognition. D)develops ahead of production.

Q: Telegraphic speech A)usually contains significant grammatical errors. B)focuses on high-content words. C)emerges around age 3. D)focuses on smaller, less important words.

Q: Two-year-old Ruby utters the words "go car." This is an example of A)underextension. B)overextension. C)telegraphic speech. D)referential speech.

Q: Which of the following statements about toddlers' vocabularies is true? A)Most children show a steady rate of word learning that continues through the preschool years. B)Toddlers undergo an initial spurt in vocabulary around 18 months. C)Toddlers transition from a faster to a slower language learning pace around 18 months. D)Young toddlers add to their spoken vocabularies at a rate of three to five words a week.

Q: As vocabulary expands and pronunciation improves, A)underextensions increase. B)overextensions gradually decline. C)overextensions increase. D)underextensions replace overextensions.

Q: Mei Mei uses the word "close" to apply to closing a book, turning off the light, and tying her shoelaces. This is an example of A)underextension. B)overextension. C)telegraphic speech. D)referential speech.

Q: Max uses the word "doll" only to refer to the rag doll he carries every day. This is an example of A)underextension. B)overextension. C)telegraphic speech. D)referential speech.

Q: Which of the following is most likely to be one of Baby Raj's first words? A)"hoop" B)"hall" C)"base" D)"ball"

Q: Sally and her granddaughter play peekaboo regularly. At first, Sally starts the game and her granddaughter is an amused observer. By 12 months, the granddaughter actively participates, trading roles with Sally. Sally is helping her granddaughter A)learn how to overextend and underextend. B)understand the turn-taking pattern of human conversation. C)develop a referential style of communication. D)understand telegraphic speech.

Q: Baby Kataro frequently experiences joint attention with his caregiver. This means that Kataro will probably A)have a short attention span. B)be a late talker. C)produce meaningful words earlier. D)comprehend less language.

Q: Which of the following statements is supported by research on babbling and deaf infants? A)Deaf infants not exposed to sign language will stop babbling entirely. B)Deaf infants do not babble or coo unless they are exposed to sign language. C)Deaf infants start babbling much earlier than hearing infants. D)Deaf infants start babbling much later than hearing infants.

Q: Which of the following sounds is the best example of babbling? A) "aaaaa" B) "ooooo" C) "rrrrr" D) "nanana"

Q: Which of the following sounds is the best example of cooing? A)"oooo" B)"mae-do" (for "tomato") C)"rrrrrr" D)"dadada"

Q: Dr. Rasmussen believes that language acquisition occurs through exchanges between inner capacities and environmental influences. Dr. Rasmussen is a(n) A)acquisitionist. B)behaviorist. C)nativist. D)interactionist.

Q: Which of the following is a limitation of Chomsky's nativist perspective? A)Chomsky's theory is inconsistent with research on efforts to teach nonhuman primates language systems. B)Chomsky's theory cannot explain why children refine and generalize many grammatical forms gradually. C)Chomsky's theory overemphasizes the role of social experience in language development. D)Chomsky's theory fails to show that humans have evolved specialized regions in the brain that support language skills.

Q: Research on both first- and second-language learning reveals A)a biologically based timeframe for optimum language development. B)that second-language processing is more lateralized in younger than in older learners. C)that language development is optimal after brain lateralization has occurred. D)that the right hemisphere of the brain is biased for language processing.

Q: Second-language competence A)drops sharply after age 18. B)increases continuously with age. C)drops sharply after age 10. D)decreases continuously with age.

Q: Broca's area A)supports language production. B)plays a role in language comprehension. C)is located in the right temporal lobe. D)is located in the left temporal lobe.

Q: Evidence that there is a sensitive period for language development has been interpreted as supporting __________ of language acquisition. A)Skinner's account B)the sociocultural perspective C)Chomsky's account D)an interactionist's account

Q: The study of Simon, a deaf child born to deaf parents who were late learners of American Sign Language (ASL), illustrates children's A)inability to acquire language without direct exposure to it. B)remarkable capacity to invent language. C)innate ability to acquire spoken language. D)inability to acquire language beyond the sensitive period.

Q: Research reveals that deaf children A)reared in language-deficient environments do not develop any language skills. B) whose parents discourage signing are more likely than signing children to develop a rich language environment. C)can generate an intricate natural language, even when reared in language-deficient environments. D)of hearing parents are more cognitively advanced than deaf children of deaf parents.

Q: Chomsky proposed that all children A)have a language acquisition device (LAD) that contains a universal grammar. B)acquire language through imitation and reinforcement. C)rely on imitation to rapidly acquire complex utterances. D)cue their caregivers to provide appropriate language experiences.

Q: Linguist Noam Chomsky reasoned that A)children are born with a series of inborn modules that are specialized for different aspects of language acquisition. B)reinforcement and imitation fully explain language development in toddlers and preschool-age children. C)the rules of sentence organization are too complex to be directly taught to even a cognitively sophisticated young child. D)children's innate desire to verbally interact with others promotes language development in all cultures.

Q: Dr. Mastick believes that language is a uniquely human accomplishment etched into the structure of the brain. Dr. Mastick's views are consistent with which theory of language development? A)behaviorism B)nativism C)interactionism D)psychoanalytic

Q: Which of the following statements about language development is true? A)Babies typically say their first words around 6 months of age. B)Sometime between 12 and 15 months, most babies combine two words. C) By age 6, children understand the meaning of about 1,000 words. D)By age 6, children speak in elaborate sentences and are skilled conversationalists.

Q: Research shows that by age 3, children in Early Head Start A)demonstrate gains in cognitive and language development. B)demonstrate an increase in aggression. C)experience a "washout effect." D)score, on average, 15 points higher in IQ than nonenrolled children.

Q: The Carolina Abecedarian Project shows that __________ is an effective way to reduce the negative effects of poverty on children's mental development. A)furnishing free nutrition and health services for parents and children B)providing children a special resource teacher during the early elementary school years C)an early intervention approach that focuses on parental involvement D)enrollment in full-time, year-round child care through the preschool years

Q: Quality tends to be the lowest in A)nonprofit child-care centers. B)family child-care settings. C)for-profit child-care centers. D)single child-care settings.

Q: In the United States, child-care settings providing the very worst care tend to A)serve middle-SES families. B)serve low-SES families. C)be publicly subsidized, nonprofit centers. D)be in family homes.

Q: Which of the following statements about child care in the United States is true? A)Most child-care centers require that caregivers have special training in child development. B)Child-care centers are nationally regulated and funded to ensure their quality. C)In studies of quality, about 20 to 25 percent of child-care centers offer substandard care. D)Child-care standards are set by the individual states and vary widely.

Q: Research consistently shows that young children exposed to long hours of mediocre to poor-quality child care A)score lower on cognitive measures only if they also come from low-SES homes. B)score lower on language measures, but high on social skills, during the preschool years. C)still show gains in cognitive, emotional, and social competence in the elementary school years. D)score lower on measures of cognitive and language skills during the preschool and elementary school years.

Q: __________ predict(s) children's IQ beyond the contribution of parental IQ and education. A)Maternal age B)Family living conditions C)Provision of age-appropriate play materials D)Quality child care

Q: The extent to which parents ________ contributes strongly to early language process, which, in turn, predicts intelligence and academic achievement in elementary school. A)engage their children in physical activity B)watch educational television with their children C)converse with their infants and toddlers D)take part in make-believe play with their children

Q: The designers of the Bayley-III included items that tap A)parental warmth toward the child. B)habituation, object permanence, and categorization. C)provision of appropriate play materials. D)opportunities for variety in daily stimulation.

Q: Habituation and recovery seem to be an especially effective early index of intelligence because they A)indicate important sensorimotor milestones. B)measure higher-order cognitive skills. C)assess skills that underlie intelligent behavior at all ages. D)reveal infants' ability to process complex stimuli.

Q: As an alternative to infant tests, some researchers have turned to __________ measures to assess early mental development. A)adult IQ B)operant learning C)information-processing D)classical conditioning

Q: Today, infant tests are largely used for A)measuring higher-order cognitive skills. B)predicting future performance. C)predicting school placement. D)screening to identify babies in need of intervention.

Q: Many infant test scores are labeled __________ quotients. A)intelligence B)developmental C)emotional D)cognitive

Q: Most infant test scores A)are helpful in assessing the newborn's adjustment to life outside the womb. B)emphasize higher-order cognitive skills such as memory and problem solving. C)do not tap the same dimensions of intelligence measured at older ages. D)are good long-term predictors of childhood intellectual functioning.

Q: Infant intelligence test scores often do not reflect true abilities because A)the tests cannot be relied on for screening developmental problems. B)the tests emphasize verbal, conceptual, and problem-solving skills. C)infants and toddlers easily become distracted, fatigued, or bored during testing. D)the tests only identify infants and toddlers who are likely to be intellectually gifted as older children.

Q: Molly has an IQ of 130. Molly performed better than _____ percent of her agemates. A)16 B)50 C)85 D)98

Q: A child's IQ score offers a way of finding out A)individual strengths and weaknesses, as well as the mental and chronological age of the child. B)whether the child is ahead, behind, or average in mental development compared to agemates. C)the percentage of younger and older children who fall above or below the child's score. D)how the child compares in mental development to younger and older children.

Q: Dr. Ewing measures individual differences in large samples using intelligence tests. If performances at each age level form a normal distribution, the results are probably __________-shaped. A)U B)L C)bell D)star

Q: Keegan was given a test score that indicates the extent to which his raw score deviates from the typical performance of same-age individuals. Keegan's test score is known as a(n) A)normal distribution. B)intelligence quotient (IQ). C)screening quotient. D)standardization sample.

Q: The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development test A)is suitable for preschool and school-age children. B)accurately predicts future school achievement. C)is suitable for children between 1 month and 3½ years. D)is a poor predictor of infants' mental development.

Q: Compared with cognitive theories, mental tests A)focus on cognitive products rather than on the process of development. B)focus on how children's thinking changes rather than on cognitive products. C)are more accurate indicators of what infants and toddlers understand. D)focus on environmental influences on intelligence.

Q: Research demonstrates that make-believe play is A)less frequent and rich in collectivist cultures than in individualistic cultures. B)a major means through which children extend their cognitive and social skills. C)usually initiated by toddlers rather than by their parents or older siblings. D)discovered by toddlers independently, once they are capable of representational schemes.

Q: Which of the following statements is supported by research on make-believe play? A)Early make-believe is the combined result of children's readiness to engage in it and social experiences that promote it. B)In cultures where make-believe play is more frequent with older siblings than with mothers, the pretend play of toddlers is hindered. C)Most episodes of make-believe play during toddlerhood occur when children are playing with same-aged children. D)Children are more likely to combine play schemes into complex sequences when they are playing with agemates than when playing with caregivers.

Q: Barbara Rogoff's research using a jack-in-the-box found that as early as the first year, __________ affect(s) mental strategies. A)development of cognitive schemes B)cultural variations in social experiences C)repetition and training D)cultural variations in formal schooling

Q: Which of the following statements about the application of Vygotsy's ideas to infancy and toddlerhood is true? A)Vygotsky failed to recognize the significance of social experiences for children under the age of 5. B)Fine-tuned adult support during infancy and toddlerhood is related to advanced problem solving during the second year. C)Cultural variations in social experiences rarely affect mental strategies until children reach school age. D)While scaffolding promotes learning in the preschool years, it seems to inhibit learning in infancy and toddlerhood.

Q: Three-year-old Liam is putting together a puzzle. Liam's father begins by pointing to where each piece needs to go and then straightening out each piece as Liam places them on the puzzle board. As Liam€s competence with the task increases, his father gradually withdraws support. This is an example of A)scaffolding. B)cooperative learning. C)reciprocal teaching. D)transitive inference.

Q: Which of the following tasks would be within Lucy's zone of proximal development? A)a task that Lucy cannot accomplish alone or with the help of an adult B)a task that Lucy has recently mastered independently following the assistance of an adult C)a task that Lucy cannot yet handle on her own but can do with the help of an adult D)a task that Lucy accomplishes through her independent activity

Q: According to Vygotsky, children master activities through A)joint activities with more mature members of their society. B)interaction with the physical environment. C)operant conditioning and modeling. D)a complicated system of trial and error.

Q: Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes that children A)are born with prewired understandings that permit a ready grasp of new information. B)"think" with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment. C)live in rich social and cultural contexts that affect the way their cognitive world is structured. D)discover virtually all knowledge about the world through their own activity.

Q: The greatest drawback of the information-processing perspective is its difficulty with A)breaking down children's thoughts into precise procedures. B)putting the components of cognition into a broad, comprehensive theory. C)analyzing cognition into its components. D)reducing changes in thoughts into manageable proportions.

Q: Korean toddlers develop object-sorting skills later than their English-speaking counterparts because A)they are less likely to be given opportunities to physically manipulate objects. B)English-speaking children develop language skills sooner than Korean-speaking children. C)the English language is less complex than the Korean language. D)the Korean language often omits object names from sentences.