Q&A Hero

Q: Medication is __________ for treating enuresis. A)the preferred method B)a last resort C)strongly discouraged D)a short-term solution

Q: Which of the following statements about nocturnal enuresis is true? A)The condition is usually sporadic and has no hereditary ties. B)More girls suffer from nocturnal enuresis than boys. C)Enuresis can be caused by a failure of muscular responses that inhibit urination. D)Punishing a school-age child for wetting the bed usually decreases the occurrence.

Q: Ten percent of U.S. school-age children suffer from nocturnal enuresis, which refers to A)nightmares. B)bedwetting during the night. C)a brief period when breathing stops temporarily. D)fear of the dark.

Q: As many as 20 percent of low-SES children develop __________ as a result of repeated middle ear infections. A)cancer B)otitis media C)some hearing loss D)minor brain damage

Q: During middle childhood, the Eustachian tube becomes longer, narrower, and more slanted, resulting in __________ of __________. A)more frequent bouts; otitis media B)higher rates; strep throat C)lower rates; sinus infections D)reduced incidence; otitis media

Q: Myopia is one of the few health conditions to A)decrease with age. B)be entirely preventable. C)increase with SES. D)be naturally reversible.

Q: Which of the following children is most likely to have myopia? A)Travis, who lives in a low-SES household B)Deanna, whose parents have good eyesight C)Allie, who weighed 8 pounds at birth D)Xiou Chen, who spends much time reading

Q: By the end of the school years, nearly 25 percent of all children have A)otitis media. B)myopia. C)nocturnal enuresis. D)asthma.

Q: __________ is the most common vision problem in middle childhood. A)Presbyopia B)Tunnel vision C)Astigmatism D)Myopia

Q: Schools can help reduce obesity by A)serving fewer meals. B)offering more sports. C)ensuring regular physical activity. D)increasing vending machine access.

Q: Rewarding children for __________ leads to greater liking for physical activity. A)time spent exercising B)reducing sedentary time C)eating smaller portions D)documenting caloric intake

Q: The most effective interventions for childhood obesity are A)family-based and focus on changing behaviors. B)crash diets that are high in fiber and low in carbohydrates. C)school-based programs that focus on physical activity. D)sports that emphasize individual competition.

Q: Which of the following statements about the consequences of obesity is true? A)The consequences of obesity rarely continue into adulthood. B)Obese children tend to show better school achievement than their healthy-weight agemates. C)Overweight adults are less likely than their normal-weight agemates to be rented apartments. D)Obese children seldom experience social isolation that persists into adolescence.

Q: Which of the following people most likely has a genetic susceptibility to overweight, which emerges only under Western dietary conditions? A)Ray, who is of Cherokee descent B)Wes, who is of Samoan descent C)Andrea, who is of Colombian descent D)Carrie, who is of African descent

Q: Studies reveal that children who __________ are more likely to be overweight later in life. A)eat more slowly B)get less nightly sleep C)have limited TV access D)are responsive to internal hunger cues

Q: Chronic stress triggers __________, which, in turn, frequently induces a raging appetite and subsequent weight gain. A)insulin resistance B)diabetes C)parental overfeeding D)a sedentary lifestyle

Q: Kwame's parents are immigrants. As children, they suffered from long periods of food deprivation. As a result, they pressure Kwame to eat. This practice could A) lead Kwame to establish a higher basal metabolism rate. B) disrupt Kwame's appetite control centers in his brain. C) undermine Kwame's ability to regulate his own food intake. D) ensure that Kwame eats a well-balanced diet.

Q: Jonathan, age 10, was born underweight because his mother smoked during pregnancy. Jonathan is at risk for A)obesity. B)anorexia. C)bulimia. D)a fast basal metabolism.

Q: Which of the following children is at risk for excessive weight gain? A)Lauralee, whose parents are normal weight B)Stewart, who was malnourished in the past C)Zachary, who was breastfed for two years D)Donna, whose parents are vegans

Q: Overweight children A)are at low risk for emotional problems. B)are likely to have overweight parents. C)decide when to eat on the basis of hunger. D)spend very few hours watching television.

Q: Childhood obesity in China A)is influenced by cultural beliefs that excess body fat represents prosperity and health. B)is especially high in rural regions and nearly nonexistent in urban areas. C)is far more prevalent among young girls than among boys. D)peaked in the 1980s and has decreased in the last 25 years.

Q: In developing countries, rates of obesity have risen as a result of A)misinformation about good nutrition. B)diets low in meats and energy-dense refined foods. C)an urbanized shift toward sedentary lifestyles. D)the positive side effects of increased contact with industrialized nations.

Q: Eight-year-old Elijah is one of 32 percent of U.S. children who are A)overweight. B)obese. C)malnourished. D)morbidly obese.

Q: A body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile for a child's age and sex is considered A)underweight. B)normal. C)overweight. D)obese.

Q: Pax suffers from malnutrition. Which of the following statements is probably correct? A)Pax will produce less cortisol and be nonresponsive to stressful situations. B)Pax will suffer from impaired motor coordination and inattention. C)Pax will exhibit normal motor skills, but altered psychological functioning. D)Pax will display normal psychological functioning, but delayed motor functioning.

Q: June's mom is concerned that she is not eating a well-balanced diet. One solution is to A)make sure she eats three healthy meals a day, but allow at least one junk food snack between meals. B)keep cheese, fruit, raw vegetables, and peanut butter readily available for snacks. C)make sure to have new, novel healthy food items available for snacks. D)allow her to make her own food choices because children naturally select balanced diets.

Q: According to longitudinal research, a parent-reported diet high in sugar, fat, and processed food in early childhood predicted __________ IQ at age 8. A)much higher B)average C)slightly lower D)significantly lower

Q: Seven-year-old Sanjay would likely say he __________ after eating junk foods. A)feels better B)focuses better C)is happier D)feels sluggish

Q: Eating an evening meal with parents leads to a diet lower in A)carbohydrates. B)milk products. C)fast foods. D)prepackaged foods.

Q: Researchers believe that brain functioning may improve in middle childhood partly because of A)rapid brain growth. B)an overabundance of gray matter. C)the influence of hormones. D)the decrease in white matter.

Q: Milo's neurotransmitters are not present in appropriate balances. He has begun to experience seizures and loss of motor control. Milo may suffer from A)epilepsy. B)cerebral palsy. C)muscular dystrophy. D)autism.

Q: Secretions of particular __________ are related to social and emotional adjustment. A)gray matter B)neurotransmitters C)synapses D)growth hormones

Q: Pruning and reorganization of brain circuits lead to A)decreased capacity for inhibition. B)increased incidences of seizures. C)poorer sustained attention. D)gains in working-memory capacity.

Q: Gray matter A)replaces white matter in middle childhood. B)consists largely of myelinated nerve fibers. C)increases steadily throughout childhood and adolescence. D)declines as synaptic pruning and death of surrounding neurons proceed.

Q: White matter A)decreases steadily throughout childhood. B)consists largely of myelinated nerve fibers. C)does not exist in the prefrontal cortex. D)contains mostly of neurons and supportive material.

Q: _________ increases by only 10 percent during middle childhood and adolescence. A)White matter B)The weight of the brain C)Gray matter D)The number of synapses

Q: A common way to treat malocclusion is by A)requiring regular teeth cleaning. B)filling all cavities promptly. C)putting braces on the teeth. D)flossing at least three times per week.

Q: Which of the following is a cause of malocclusion? A)sleeping with a bottle B)eating too many sweets C)wearing braces D)crowding of permanent teeth

Q: Jane, age 7, is a thumb sucker. As a result, Jane is at risk for A)tooth decay. B)malocclusion. C)gum disease. D)premature tooth loss.

Q: Which of the following children is the most likely to suffer from untreated tooth decay? A)Devon, who lives in a single-parent household B)Vincent, who is low-SES C)Penny, who is an only child D)Jiyeon, who is Korean American

Q: More than 50 percent of U.S. children A) have untreated tooth decay. B)suffer from malocclusion. C)have at least some tooth decay. D)need braces by age 10.

Q: Most children need help with __________ until about 9 years of age. A)tooth brushing B)flossing C)properly using mouthwash D)rinsing after tooth brushing

Q: Grace, a third grader, is beginning to get many of her permanent teeth. Her mom is concerned because Grace's permanent teeth seem much too large. What can you tell Grace's mom? A)Grace's permanent teeth will appear shorter as they "settle" in to her jaw. B)As Grace loses all 24 of her primary teeth, the permanent teeth will appear smaller. C)As Grace's neck and torso grow, her teeth will appear smaller. D)Grace's jaw and chin bones will grow to accommodate the newly erupting teeth.

Q: Between ages of 6 and 12, A)liagments become firmly attached to bones. B)the bones of the body shorten and narrow. C)all 20 primary teeth are lost and replaced by permanent ones. D)primary teeth are gradually lost, starting with the molars.

Q: Emma, age 8, can turn cartwheels, do the splits, and do handsprings. This is probably due to which two factors of growth in middle childhood? A)ligaments not firmly attached to bones and increasing muscle strength B)hardening and lengthening of the bones and tightening of ligaments C)muscles that are loosely attached to bones and undeveloped muscle tone D)underdeveloped hip joints and muscles that do not fully develop until adolescence

Q: During middle childhood, the bones of the body A)stop growing. B)shorten and narrow. C)lengthen and broaden. D)firmly attach to ligaments.

Q: In most industrialized nations, the secular gain in A)boys' height and weight outpaces girls'. B)height is continuing. C)weight has slowed. D)weight is continuing.

Q: In regions with widespread poverty, famine, and disease, A)either no secular change or a secular decrease in body size has occurred. B)a secular increase in body size exists, but it is delayed. C)increases in overweight and obesity are widespread. D)the secular gain in height has slowed in recent decades.

Q: Sisters Hillary and Jennica are taller and heavier than their mother was at their age. This is an example of A)a generative effect. B)malocclusion. C)a secular trend. D)evolutionary adaptation.

Q: Secular trends in physical growth involve changes in body size A)from one region to another. B)as a result of evolutionary adaptation. C)from one generation to the next. D)as a result of periodic growth spurts.

Q: Which of the following changes could you anticipate for the child of Ethiopian immigrants who relocated to the United States? A)She will be taller and longer-legged than her agemates in Ethiopia. B)She will be heavier and have thicker bones than her agemates in Ethiopia. C)She will be taller than her parents, but will have shorter legs. D)She will be shorter and start menstruation later than her agemates in Ethiopia.

Q: Akna is short and stocky. She probably lives in a A)cold, Arctic area. B)disease-ridden region. C)wealthy nation. D)tropical locale.

Q: Which of the following factors affects cultural differences in physical size? A)climate B)gender C)cultural beliefs D)crime rates

Q: Growth norms A)should be applied universally. B)are not applicable to ethnic minorities. C)must be applied cautiously. D)consider height but not weight.

Q: In terms of growth norms, which of the following children is most likely to be the shortest? A)Shane, who is from Australia B)Rosa, who is from Colombia C)Daryl, who is from Canada D)Alice, who is from the United Kingdom

Q: Worldwide, A)the shortest children can be found in hot, tropical regions. B)body size always reflects evolutionary adaptations, regardless of environment. C)growth norms can be applied universally to children age 8 and older. D)a 9-inch gap exists between the smallest and the largest 8-year-olds.

Q: After age 8, girls begin __________ at a faster rate than boys. A)accumulating fat B)adding muscle C)pruning synapses D)upper body growth

Q: By age 9, the sex difference in the growth trend A)stabilizes. B)accelerates. C)reverses. D)slows.

Q: On average, the dramatic adolescent growth spurt occurs __________ earlier in girls than in boys A)6 months B)1 year C)18 months D)2 years

Q: If they are typical of most children, then 7-year-old Julia is __________ 7-year-old David. A)slightly shorter than B)significantly taller than C)slightly heavier than D)the same height as

Q: At age 6, the average North American child A)weighs about 60 pounds. B)begins to add about 7 pounds in weight each year. C)is 3½ feet tall. D)begins to grow at a rate of 4 to 5 inches each year.

Q: Describe authoritative child rearing, and explain what makes it effective.

Q: Describe gender schema theory, and explain how it affects individual differences in children's gender-typed views.

Q: What is inductive discipline, and how does it motivate children's active commitment to moral standards?

Q: Describe the developmental sequence of cognitive play categories. Provide examples of each.

Q: Describe Mildred Parten's sequence of peer sociability, including follow-up research on the different types of play.

Q: Three-year-old Jenna becomes very clingy when her father drops her off at preschool. When he turns to leave, she becomes emotionally reactive and begins crying and tries to follow him to the door. What advice might you give Jenna's father to deal with her fear?

Q: Define self-concept and self-esteem. In what ways might parents foster these aspects of self-understanding in young children?

Q: Which of the following statements about the judicial system and child maltreatment is true? A)Fewer cases of child maltreatment reach the courts than in decades past. B)Child maltreatment is a crime that is relatively easy to prove. C)In the United States, government intervention into family life is viewed as a last resort. D)When the evidence is strong, most judges will not hesitate to permanently remove the child from the family.

Q: One strategy that has been quite effective in preventing child abuse is to A)teach child development in the regular high school curriculum. B)provide home visitation with a cognitive problem-solving component. C)arrest child abusers and make sure they serve long sentences. D)remove children from abusive homes.

Q: Which of the following statements about the consequences of child maltreatment is true? A)While maltreated children show serious learning problems, they typically have few peer difficulties. B)Repeated abuse is associated with central nervous system damage, including abnormal EEG brain-wave activity. C)Maltreated children typically exhibit low anxiety and abnormally high self-esteem. D)Most parents who were maltreated as children grow up to be child abusers.

Q: Which of the following statements about cultural values, laws, and customs and their effect on child maltreatment is true? A)Many countries, including Austria, Germany, and Spain, allow corporal punishment in schools. B)No industrialized nations have yet outlawed physical punishment in the home. C)The U.S. Supreme Court rejects the right of school officials to use corporal punishment. D)Societies that view violence as an appropriate way to solve problems set the stage for child abuse.

Q: Which of the following statements is supported by research on child abuse? A)A single abusive personality type is a common thread among abusers. B)Most parents who were abused as children become child abusers. C)Fathers engage in neglect more often than mothers. D)The majority of abusive parents are isolated from both formal and informal social supports.

Q: Research on child maltreatment shows that A)premature babies and children are rarely targets of abuse. B)abuse depends more strongly on child factors than on parents' characteristics. C)maltreating parents suffer from biased thinking about their child. D)abusive parents respond to stressful situations with low emotional arousal.

Q: __________ commit the vast majority of child abuse incidents. A)Nonparental family members B)Child-care workers C)Parents D)Stepparents and foster parents

Q: __________ accounts for 18 percent of reported cases of child maltreatment. A)Neglect B)Physical abuse C)Sexual abuse D)Emotional abuse

Q: Which of the following statements about the uninvolved child-rearing style is true? A)Uninvolved parents are warm and accepting but uninvolved in their children's lives. B)At its extreme, uninvolved parenting is a form of child maltreatment called neglect. C)Uninvolved parents frequently use psychological control over their children. D)Children of uninvolved parents typically achieve average academic performance.

Q: In the __________ child-rearing style, parents do not gradually grant autonomy, but rather allow children to make many of their own decisions at an age when they are not yet capable of doing so. A)authoritarian B)permissive C)authoritative D)uninvolved

Q: DeShawn's authoritarian parents interrupt him and put down his ideas. When DeShawn makes choices they disagree with, his parents withdraw their affection. DeShawn's parents are using __________ control to manipulate him. A)direct B)authoritative C)psychological D)permissive

Q: The most successful approach to child rearing is a(n) __________ style. A)permissive B)authoritarian C)uninvolved D)authoritative