Q&A Hero

Q: Adolescent __________ make more successful suicide attempts because they __________. A)boys; more often choose techniques that lead to instant death B)boys; are more likely to have permissive parents C)girls; more often choose techniques that lead to instant death D)girls; are more likely to identify as gender-atypical

Q: Which of the following statements about adolescent suicide is true? A)The number of boys who kill themselves exceeds the number of girls by a ratio of over 4 to 1. B)Boys unsuccessfully attempt suicide more often than girls. C)Compared to boys, girls are more likely to choose techniques that lead to instant death. D)The adolescent suicide rate is about the same for boys and girls.

Q: Rates of adolescent suicide are highest in which of the following countries? A)Greece B)Italy C)the United States D)Ireland

Q: An investigation of more than 17,000 youths in China found that depression is A)more common in boys than in girls. B)more common in urban areas than in rural areas. C)unrelated to stressful life events. D)more common in adolescents with a "feminine" gender identity.

Q: Genetic and hormonal risk factors for depression A)act independently of pubertal changes for girls, but not for boys. B)promote enhanced self-regulation in the presence of negative life stressors. C)seem to sensitize the brain to react more strongly to stressful experiences. D)are linked to decreased expressions of fear in stressful situations.

Q: Which of the following statements about depression is true? A)Late-maturing girls and early-maturing boys are especially prone to depression. B)There are no gender differences in the frequency of depressive symptoms. C)Teenage girls are twice as likely as boys to report persistent depressed mood. D)Teenage boys are three times as likely as girls to report persistent depressed mood.

Q: In industrialized nations, depression A)occurs at the same rate in adolescence as in middle childhood. B)increases sharply from ages 12 to 16. C)occurs equally often in girls and boys. D)does not seem to affect identity development.

Q: About 5 percent of adolescents are chronically depressed, which means that they A)experience mild to moderate feelings of depression. B)are gloomy and self-critical for many months and sometimes years. C)bounce back after short periods of depression. D)are experiencing an incurable and lifelong condition.

Q: Kailani is highly peer-oriented and has a history of unstable friendships, aggression, and delinquency. Kailani's parents most likely A)exert appropriate oversight. B)are warm and supportive. C)exert either too much or too little control. D)have an authoritative child-rearing style.

Q: Which of the following statements about peer conformity is true? A)Conformity to peer pressure is greater in childhood and early adulthood than in adolescence. B)Adolescents feel greatest pressure to conform to the most obvious aspects of peer culture, such as dress and grooming. C)Peer pressure to engage in antisocial acts is greater than peer pressure to engage in proadult behavior. D)Authoritarian child rearing is related to adolescents resisting peer pressure.

Q: Thirteen-year-old Donna, whose parents are uninvolved and aggressive, has already started dating. There is an increased likelihood that Donna will A)practice sexual abstinence. B)become more popular among her peers. C)use contraceptives and condoms. D)experience dating violence.

Q: Early dating is related to A)mature behavior. B)high academic achievement. C)drug use and delinquency. D)intimacy.

Q: During adolescence, the achievement of intimacy between dating partners typically __________ that between friends. A)occurs before B)lags behind C)occurs at about the same time as D)substitutes for

Q: When asked about her reason for wanting to date, 14-year-old Randi is most likely to say she wants to A)gain status with her peers. B)share interesting activities with someone. C)make her parents proud. D)find a good permanent partner.

Q: One benefit of __________ is that they provide boys and girls with models of how to interact and a chance to do so without having to be intimate. A)same-sex cliques B)mixed-sex cliques C)crowds D)friendships

Q: Which of the following adolescents is most likely to engage in health-risk behaviors such as drug use, unprotected sex, and agreeing to "do anything on a dare"? A)Simon, who is a member of the "jock" crowd B)Dave, who is a member of the "brain" crowd C)Tim, who is a member of the "popular" crowd D)Cory, who is a member of the "nonconformist" crowd

Q: An investigation of high school crowds in Singapore found that "__________" were more prominent than in Western high schools. A)jocks B)brains C)nonconformists D)populars

Q: Membership in a crowd A)promotes intimate interaction with the other sex. B)grants adolescents an identity within the larger social structure of the school. C)encourages delinquency and antisocial behavior. D)has little impact, either positive or negative, on social development.

Q: Ella has five good friends with whom she spends most of her time. This group of girls, who resemble each other in family background, attitudes, and values, is called a A)crowd. B)clique. C)club. D)peer group.

Q: Regardless of whether teen chatrooms are adult monitored, A)conversations about eating disorders remain prevalent. B)there is a rising rate of sexually obscene remarks. C)racial and ethnic slurs remain prevalent. D)requests for romantic partners occur very frequently.

Q: Internet relationships are appealing to young people because A)the dangers of unmonitored chatrooms pose an opportunity to engage in rule breaking with little risk of getting caught. B)they can explore central adolescent concerns in contexts that may feel less threatening than similar conversations in the real world. C)teenagers tend to be more secretive, and Internet relationships are less visible to their parents and friends. D)because the Internet is a safer place than school or the community to develop relationships, especially romantic relationships.

Q: Girls who few or no same-sex friends and a greater number of other-sex friends report A)more positive psychological well-being. B)less bullying by peers. C)more antisocial behavior. D)greater motivation in school.

Q: Which of the following adolescents is most likely to have a large network of other-sex friends? A)Cassidy, an average student who is not well-known B)Marie, who reached puberty earlier than her classmates C)Chase, who frequently plays sports with his many male friends D)Gwyneth, who is neither popular nor unpopular

Q: Which of the following characteristics of close friendships can trigger anxiety and depression? A)loyalty B)trustworthiness C)corumination D)faithfulness

Q: Compared to girls, boys A)tend to coruminate more among their friends. B)typically focus on achievement and status in their friendships. C)form friendships that are more intimate. D)have same-sex friendships that are of shorter duration.

Q: When asked about the meaning of friendship, teenagers stress which of the following characteristics? A)attractiveness, compatibility, and loyalty B)common interests and trust C)attractiveness, similarity, and common interests D)intimacy, mutual understanding, and loyalty

Q: Teenagers in the United States have more free time than teenagers in Europe or East Asia. The difference is due to A)lower rates of maternal employment in the United States. B)less demanding academic standards in the United States. C)fewer public gathering places for adolescents in the United States. D)greater flexibility in school hours in Europe and East Asia.

Q: __________ report greater intimacy with their siblings, and __________ pairings tend to be the closest. A)Brothers; brother-brother B)Sisters; sister-sister C)Brothers; brother-sister D)Sisters; sister-brother

Q: Compared to childhood, adolescent sibling relationships A)often become more intense. B)often become less intense. C)are characterized by greater competition. D)often become hostile and quarrelsome.

Q: Javier is doing quite well despite significant family stress. Javier's resilience has probably been fostered by A)parenting that combines high expectations with strict control. B)an anxious, reactive disposition. C)parenting that combines warmth with permissiveness. D)an appealing, easygoing disposition.

Q: The Marinuzzis are a well-functioning family who are experiencing mild conflicts with their teenage son. They should know that these conflicts A)will facilitate their son's identity and autonomy by helping family members learn to express and tolerate disagreement. B)will continue to escalate throughout the high school years and then will gradually decrease. C)are common among young people who are abusing alcohol or drugs. D)are unusual for most adolescents and may indicate that their son is depressed.

Q: Immigrant parents from cultures that emphasize obedience to authority A)usually grant their adolescents more freedom. B)experience little conflict with their adolescent children. C)often react strongly to adolescent disagreement. D)often push adolescents toward independent decision making.

Q: Parents who __________ interfere with the development of autonomy. A)are psychologically controlling. B)monitor activities. C)use an authoritative child-rearing style. D)are uninvolved.

Q: Effective parenting of adolescents strikes a balance between __________ and __________. A)authority; persuasion B)perseverance; acceptance C)affection; authority D)connection; separation

Q: An improved ability to reason about social relationships leads teenagers to A)deidealize their parents. B)solve problems less efficiently. C)experience gender intensification. D)rely more on parental support.

Q: In her efforts to develop a separate sense of self, Juanita tries to rely more on herself and less on her parents for support and guidance. She is striving for A)moral self-relevance. B)an ideal self. C)a secure identity. D)autonomy.

Q: Which of the following tends to be associated with better psychological health in adolescence, especially for girls? A)gender intensification B)a "feminine" gender identity C)an androgynous gender identity D)gender-typed pressures from others

Q: Gender intensificiation typically A)declines by early adolescence. B)declines by late adolescence. C)stems from environmental factors. D)is unrelated to adolescent dating.

Q: When gender intensification is evident, it seems to be A)stronger for adolescent boys. B)stronger for adolescent girls. C)strongest for first-born sons. D)the same for both adolescent girls and boys.

Q: According to the pragmatic view, A)judgments made to protect self-interest rarely result in negative feelings. B)moral action is unrelated to moral understanding. C)everyday moral judgments are practical tools that people use to achieve their goals. D)people often use moral judgments for immoral purposes.

Q: For adolescents, religious involvement is associated with __________ levels of __________. A)higher; drug and alcohol use B)higher; early sexual activity C)lower; antisocial behavior D)lower; community service

Q: Which of the following statements about formal religious involvement during adolescence is true? A)Formal religious involvement declines during adolescence. B)Formal religious involvement increases during adolescence. C)Nearly 70 percent of U.S. adolescents attend church on a weekly basis. D)Most teenagers do not identify with a religious denomination.

Q: In which of the following countries does the greatest percentage of the population rate religion as very important in their lives? A)Sweden B)Great Britain C)Canada D)the United States

Q: Miguel is spending a year volunteering in a homeless shelter. At the end of the year, Miguel is likely to A)attribute homelessness to personal or individual factors. B)become overwhelmed by social injustices and withdraw from those affected. C)become desensitized to social injustices and stop all volunteering activities. D)redefine his own identity to include a responsibility to combat others' misfortunes.

Q: Which of the following schools is most likely to promote a sense of civic engagement in its students? A)Lincoln High School, which fosters a democratic climate B)McAdams Preparatory High School, a for-profit private school C)University High School, which offers a liberal arts curriculum D)Mechanicville High School, which offers a diverse range of vocational opportunities

Q: Adolescents whose parents stress compassion for the less fortunate and engage in community service are most likely to identify __________ as a cause for unemployment and poverty. A)low intelligence B)lack of job skills C)the state of the economy D)personal problems

Q: Compared with his teenage peers, John shows higher-stage thinking on Kohlberg's dilemmas. John is likely to A)state that people should help others, but he is unlikely to do so in real life. B)act prosocially by helping, sharing, and defending victims of injustice. C)cheat in school just as much as other teens. D)emphasize an "ethic of care" rather than justice.

Q: Village societies and industrialized nations that highly value interdependence place moral responsibility on the entire society. This raises the question of whether Kohlberg's highest level A)represents a culturally specific way of thinking. B)represents hypothetical constructs or real-life dilemmas. C)is limited to non-Western societies that emphasize collectivism. D)can be attained by young people in industrialized nations.

Q: In research conducted in India, even highly educated individuals viewed the solutions to moral dilemmas as the responsibility of A)each person according to their inner, private conscience. B)the upper class, who have the resources to help. C)men, who are more concerned with matters of justice. D)the entire society, not of a single person.

Q: Which of the following statements about the impact of peer interaction on moral understanding is true? A)Peer interaction in adolescence often interferes with advanced moral understanding. B)Teenagers who report more close friendships lag behind in moral understanding. C)Interaction among peers who present differing viewpoints promotes moral understanding. D)Intergroup contact affects minority adolescents morally more so than majority adolescents.

Q: Which of the following adolescents is likely to experience greater gains in moral reasoning? A)Bradley, who is very competitive B)Carolyn, who is open-minded C)Jude, who is confident D)Analiese, who is introverted

Q: As their grasp of fairness deepens, young people realize that A) social conventions are not vital for maintaining a just and peaceful society. B) there is no overlap between moral imperatives and social conventions. C) many social conventions have moral implications. D) matters of personal choice do not have an effect on others.

Q: As adolescents integrate personal rights with __________, they demand that the protections they want for themselves extend to others. A)moral imperatives B)self-interest C)moral consequences D)ideal reciprocity

Q: In diverse Western and non-Western cultures, concern with __________ strengthens during the teenage years. A)matters of personal choice B)conformity to law-abiding norms C)social conventions D)moral imperatives

Q: Research shows that on both hypothetical dilemmas and everyday moral problems, A)themes of justice occur more often than caring. B)males reason at a much lower level than females. C)females actually emphasize themes of justice over caring. D)themes of justice and caring appear in the responses of both sexes.

Q: Most studies __________ Gilligan's claim that Kohlberg's approach underestimates the moral maturity of females. A)support B)do not support C)are inconclusive about D)have failed to test

Q: According to Gilligan, a concern for others is A)a different but no less valid basis of moral judgment than a focus on impersonal rights. B)a less valid basis for moral judgment than a focus on justice. C)is not measurable in Kohlberg's moral dilemmas. D)a more valid basis for moral judgment than a focus on impersonal rights.

Q: According to Gilligan, feminine morality emphasizes A)rights and justice. B)an "ethic of care." C)irrational reasoning. D)the same principles as masculine morality.

Q: The fact that postconventional morality is so rare poses a key challenge to Kohlberg's theory because A)these stages do not adequately represent the morality of boys and men. B)if people must reach Stages 5 and 6 to be considered truly morally mature, few individuals anywhere would measure up. C)research on moral development has been limited by insufficient attention to rights and justice. D)advancing to postconventional morality is unrelated to participation in higher education.

Q: Which of the following statements about morality is true? A)Adolescents and adults mention relying on intuition as their most frequent strategy for resolving moral dilemmas. B)Adolescents rarely report feeling confused or torn by temptation when confronting real-life dilemmas. C)Situational factors seem to play a very small part in people's responses to moral dilemmas. D)Real-life conflicts often elicit moral reasoning below a person's actual capacity.

Q: Research on Kohlberg's stage sequence indicates that few people ever move beyond Stage 4, the __________ orientation. A)universal ethical principle B)instrumental purpose C)social-order-maintaining D)social contract

Q: Longitudinal research on Kohlberg's stage sequence A)provides convincing evidence that individuals move through the first four stages in the predicted order. B)indicates that moral development and movement through the stages is quite rapid. C)finds that little progress in made toward moral development until adolescence and early adulthood. D)shows that postconventional morality is common in adulthood.

Q: In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Seth explains, "It doesn't make sense for Heinz to put respect for property above respect for life itself. People have a mutual duty to save one another from dying." Seth is in which of Kohlberg's stages? A)instrumental purpose orientation B)social-order-maintaining orientation C)social contract orientation D)universal ethical principle orientation

Q: In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Jolene explains, "If Heinz cares at all about what his family thinks of him, he won't let his wife die. He'd be a disgrace to his family's name." Jolene is in which of Kohlberg's stages? A)punishment and obedience orientation B)instrumental purpose orientation C)"good boy-good girl" orientation D)social-order-maintaining orientation

Q: When faced with a moral dilemma, Lydia reasons, "If you do this for me, then I'll do that for you." Kohlberg would place Lydia in the __________ orientation of moral development. A)punishment and obedience B)instrumental purpose C)"good boy-good girl" D)social-order-maintaining

Q: At Kohlberg's preconventional level, children accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions A)by their consequences. B)by people's intentions. C)according to self-interest. D)by their impact on social harmony.

Q: Kohlberg believed that moral understanding is promoted by the same factors Piaget thought A)are passively acquired through accepting the rules presented by moral authority figures. B)can be attained by adhering closely to parental and cultural directives. C)were important for cognitive development, such as gains in perspective taking. D)could lead to closed-mindedness and intolerance if not grounded in a religious faith.

Q: According to Kohlberg, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the maturity of responses to moral dilemmas? A)the way the individual reasons about the dilemma B)the content of the individual's response C)how the individual uses emotion in determining the answer D)whether the individual gives the same answer as other individuals of the same age

Q: The "Heinz dilemma" is a(n) A)classic example of an adolescent in moratorium, deliberating between two career choices. B)narrative used to assess adolescents' understanding of social conventions. C)example of an everyday moral conflict that young people encounter. D)conflict between two moral values which pits the value of obeying the law against the value of human life.

Q: Maria is a Mexican-American teenager who feels a strong sense of ethnic group membership and has adopted values from both her subculture and her dominant culture. Maria is displaying A)a bicultural identity. B)an ethnic identity. C)acculturative stress. D)identity confusion.

Q: Society can help ethnic minority adolescents resolve identity conflicts constructively by A)ensuring that schools require students to learn English and conform to established learning styles. B)discouraging minority youth from forming bicultural identities. C)promoting effective parenting, in which they are encouraged to explore the meaning of ethnicity in their own lives. D)fostering contact with cultural-majority youth and respect for majority culture.

Q: Adolescents who immigrate with their family to the United States from cultures that value interdependent qualities demonstrate __________ the longer their family has been in the United States. A)increased discrimination toward other ethnic minorities B)increased commitment to fulfilling family obligations and learning about their heritage C)decreased ability to fit in with mainstream U.S. culture D)decreased commitment to obeying their parents and fulfilling family obligations

Q: The lowest levels of warm, open communication at home are reported by adolescents who are A)identity-foreclosed. B)identity-diffused. C)in a state of moratorium. D)identity-achieved.

Q: Tate's father wants to support his identity development. He should A)encourage Tate to wait until college to consider his future possibilities. B)discourage Tate from talking to others about identity concerns, as this will be confusing in his own identity search. C)prevent Tate from joining vocational training programs, because this may cause him to feel "locked in" to a certain career choice. D)provide a secure base for Tate and allow him to voice his own opinions.

Q: Josie is self-indulgent and doubts she will ever feel certain about anything. Josie is most likely in a state of identity A)diffusion. B)moratorium. C)achievement. D)foreclosure.

Q: Which of the following teenagers is at highest risk for drug use and abuse and antisocial behavior? A)Danica, who avoids dealing with personal decisions and, instead, allows current situational pressures to dictate her reactions B)Hayden, who has adopted his parents' values and beliefs without questioning or exploring alternatives C)Deon, who is actively exploring various belief systems but has not yet settled on one that "fits" D)Mackenzie, who has committed to a particular religious faith after considering several alternatives

Q: Which identity status is associated with a dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style? A)diffusion B)foreclosure C)achievement D)moratorium

Q: Both identity __________ and __________ are psychologically healthy routes to mature self-definition. A)diffusion; foreclosure B)achievement; diffusion C)moratorium; foreclosure D)achievement; moratorium

Q: Research on gender differences in identity development reveals that A)boys tend to focus on intimacy development before they become concerned with establishing an identity. B)girls show less sophisticated reasoning than boys in identity domains related to intimacy. C)young people of both sexes typically make progress on identity concerns before experiencing genuine intimacy in romantic relationships. D)young people of both sexes who are identity-diffused are more likely to experience intimacy in romantic relationships.

Q: After high school, Tom entered college, whereas Jay went to work. Which of the following statements is true? A)Jay will probably settle on a self-definition before Tom. B)Tom is unlikely to reach identity achievement. C)Tom is at greater risk for identity diffusion than Jay. D)Tom and Jay are unlikely to differ in their paths to identity.