Q&A Hero

Q: Bar graphs sacrifice the presentation of the ____________ and ___________ in behavior. A. Level, number B. Variability, trends C. Data, time D. Peak, valley

Q: The __________ graph is the most common graphic format for displaying data in applied behavior analysis. A. Bar B. Cumulative record C. Line D. Scatterplot

Q: Graphs are considered a _______________ _______________; devices that help the practitioner or experimenter interpret the results of a study or treatment. A. Proper decision B. Statistical tool C. Treatment aid D. Judgmental aid

Q: The three fundamental properties of behavior illustrated on a graph include: A. Level, trend, variability B. Movement, on-going, continual C. Line, bar, cumulative D. Series, numerical, data

Q: _____________ are relatively simple formats for visually displaying relationships among and between a series of measurements and relevant variables. A. Lists B. Tables C. Number groupings D. Graphs

Q: Behavior change is considered a ________ and _______ process, therefore it is important to maintain direct and continuous contact with the behavior under investigation. B. Simple, easy C. Time-consuming, affordable D. Dynamic, on-going E. Cumulative, static

Q: Measurement is accurate when observed values, the data produced by measuring an event, match the true state, or true values, of the event.

Q: Which method of calculating IOA should be used and what is an acceptable level of IOA?

Q: For what variables should IOA be obtained and reported?

Q: How often should IOA be obtained?

Q: List and describe four benefits and uses of IOA.

Q: Describe the importance of calibrating measurement instruments as it relates to accurate measurement. Discuss how you would calibrate a timing instrument such as a watch.

Q: Describe four purposes for conducting accuracy assessments.

Q: Discuss the difference between observer drift and observer reactivity.

Q: List skills observers must learn prior to collecting data for an experiment.

Q: Describe ways to reduce the negative effects of a complex measurement system.

Q: Identify three factors that contribute to human measurement error.

Q: State and describe three common causes of measurement artifacts.

Q: Describe three threats to the validity of measurement in Applied Behavior Analysis.

Q: List and describe the three elements of valid measurement in Applied Behavior Analysis.

Q: Match each term with its definition5. Accuracy (of measurement) A. Any procedure used to evaluate the accuracy of a measurement system and, when sources of error are found, to use that information to correct or improve the measurement system6. Calibration B. Measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected7. Continuous measurement C. Occurs when the behavior that is actually measured is the same as the behavior that is the focus of the investigation8. Direct measurement D. Occurs when the behavior that is actually measured is in some way different from the behavior of interest9. Indirect measurement E. Measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation period10. Discontinuous measurement F. The extent to which observed values, the data produced by measuring an event, match the true state, or true values, of the event as it exists in nature

Q: Match the method of IOA calculation for event recordings with its formula.1.Exact Count-per-Interval IOAAInt 1 IOA + Int 2 IOA + Int N IOA X 100 N Intervals2.Total Count IOABNumber of Intervals of 100% IOA X 100 N Intervals 3.Trial-by-Trial IOACSmaller Count X 100Larger Count4.Mean Count-per-Interval IOADNumber of trials (items) agreement X 100 Total number of trials (items)

Q: A mean of 80% agreement means the data are accurate.

Q: True values for some behaviors (e.g., compliance) are difficult because the process for determining true value must be different from the measurement procedures used to obtain the data one wishes to compare to the true value.

Q: Observers should receive feedback about the extent to which their data confirm or run counter to hypothesized results or treatment goals.

Q: Observers should not receive systematic training prior to data collection because training will cause observer bias.

Q: Scored interval IOA is recommended for behaviors that occur at relative _________frequencies; unscored interval IOA is recommended for behaviors that occur at relative _____________frequencies. a. High, low b. Moderate, high c. Low, moderate d. Low, high 12 Measurement is accurate when observed values, the data produced by measuring an event, match the true state, or true values, of the event.

Q: __________________ ______ ___________________ between observers is the most common convention for reporting IOA in ABA. a. Percentage of Agreement b. Point-by-point c. Interval by interval d. Overall agreement

Q: Measurement bias caused by observer expectations can be avoided by using _______ observers. a. Informed b. Inadequately trained c. Many d. Nave

Q: Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to measurement error? a. Poorly designed measurement systems b. Observer Drift c. Expectations about what the data should look like d. Well-trained observers

Q: Measurement that is _____________ , ________________, and reliable yields the most trustworthy and useful data for science and science-based practices. a. Direct, indirect b. Valid, accurate c. True, actual d. Calibrated, direct

Q: Which is a false statement about the requirements of IOA? a. IOA observers must use the same observation code b. IOA observers must measure the same participants and events c. IOA observers must always score videotapes together d. IOA observers must observe and record the behavior independent of influence by other observers

Q: _______________ ____________________ is the degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events.a. Interobserver Agreement (IOA)b. Interobserver Accuracy (IOA)c. Observer Drift (OD)d. Observation Indicators (OI)

Q: Observer _____________ is an unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation. a. Reactions b. Tide c. Drift d. Direction

Q: __________________ _____________ is the biggest threat to the accuracy and reliability of data. a. Indirect measurement b. Human error c. Calibration mistakes d. Direct measurement

Q: Measurement __________________ are data that give an unwarranted or misleading picture of the behavior because of the way measurement was conducted. a. Checks b. IOA c. Standards d. Artifacts

Q: Measurement is ___________ when it yields the same values across repeated measurement of the same event.a. Indirectb. Directc. Reliabled. Valid

Q: Identify two ways that measurement by permanent product differs from the other procedures for measuring behavior?

Q: What is artifactual variability?

Q: What is the main advantage of using the momentary time sampling procedure over other recording procedures?

Q: What observation problem do time sampling procedures address?

Q: For what type of behavior is duration recording an appropriate method?

Q: Define the two definitional measures of behavior.

Q: Describe one example of when a trials-to-criterion method could be used to evaluate outcome.

Q: Describe the difference between whole-interval and partial-interval recording.

Q: Define event recording and give three examples of devices or procedures used to collect event data.

Q: What are two benefits of measurement for practitioners?

Q: Provide a brief explanation of why applied behavior analysts measure behavior.

Q: ______ Measurement of the elapsed time between the onset of a stimulus and the initiation of a subsequent response. a. Duration b. Magnitude c. Response latency d. Event recording e. Count f. Permanent product g. Trials-to-criterion h. Interresponse time i. Celeration j. Planned activity check

Q: ______ The number of response opportunities needed to achieve a predetermined level of performance. a. Duration b. Magnitude c. Response latency d. Event recording e. Count f. Permanent product g. Trials-to-criterion h. Interresponse time i. Celeration j. Planned activity check

Q: ______ The change in rate of responding per unit of time. a. Duration b. Magnitude c. Response latency d. Event recording e. Count f. Permanent product g. Trials-to-criterion h. Interresponse time i. Celeration j. Planned activity check

Q: ______ Procedure for measuring the effect of behavior on the environment after it has occurred. a. Duration b. Magnitude c. Response latency d. Event recording e. Count f. Permanent product g. Trials-to-criterion h. Interresponse time i. Celeration j. Planned activity check

Q: ______ Procedure in which the observer records whether each individual in a group is engaged in the target behavior. a. Duration b. Magnitude c. Response latency d. Event recording e. Count f. Permanent product g. Trials-to-criterion h. Interresponse time i. Celeration j. Planned activity check

Q: ______ A variety of procedures for detecting and recording the number of times a behavior is observed. a. Duration b. Magnitude c. Response latency d. Event recording e. Count f. Permanent product g. Trials-to-criterion h. Interresponse time i. Celeration j. Planned activity check

Q: ______ The intensity of behavior responding. a. Duration b. Magnitude c. Response latency d. Event recording e. Count f. Permanent product g. Trials-to-criterion h. Interresponse time i. Celeration j. Planned activity check

Q: ______ The amount of time that elapses between two consecutive instances of a response class. a. Duration b. Magnitude c. Response latency d. Event recording e. Count f. Permanent product g. Trials-to-criterion h. Interresponse time i. Celeration j. Planned activity check

Q: ______ The amount of time in which behavior occurs. a. Duration b. Magnitude c. Response latency d. Event recording e. Count f. Permanent product g. Trials-to-criterion h. Interresponse time i. Celeration j. Planned activity check

Q: ______ Number of responses emitted during an observation period a. Duration b. Magnitude c. Response latency d. Event recording e. Count f. Permanent product g. Trials-to-criterion h. Interresponse time i. Celeration j. Planned activity check

Q: One benefit of measurement is that it helps practitioners verify the legitimacy of different treatments.

Q: The amount of time that elapses between two consecutive instances of a response class is called response latency.

Q: A feature of data that appears to exist because of the way the data is measured or examined is called an artifact.

Q: The number of response opportunities needed to achieve a predetermined level of performance is called trials-to-criterion.

Q: Measurement is the process of applying qualitative labels to events.

Q: _________________ measurement facilitates data collection for interobserver agreement and treatment integrity. a. Measurement artifact b. Permanent product c. Direct observation d. Time sampling

Q: A teacher is interested in measuring the engagement of groups of students at certain times of the day. An appropriate measurement procedure for this would be a. Momentary time sampling b. Permanent product c. Planned activity check d. Event

Q: A procedure that allows for the simultaneously recording of multiple behaviors across multiple dimensions is called ______________. a. Whole interval b. Event c. Momentary time sampling d. Computer-assisted

Q: Permanent product measurement may be more accurate, complete, and continuous for all of the following reasons except: a. The observer can take their time b. The behavior definitions are more precise c. The observer can review the product more than once d. Measurement can be conducted when there are no distractions

Q: All of the following behaviors could be assessed using natural permanent product measurement except: a. Test scores b. Washing dishes c. Raising hand in class d. Picking up garbage

Q: A procedure that can be used to measure a continuous behavior such as academic engagement is _____________________. a. Event b. Whole interval c. Permanent product d. Response latency

Q: The procedure of observing and recording behavior during intervals or at specific moments in time is called ___________. a. Time sampling b. Temporal extent c. Celeration d. Measurement artifact

Q: The force or intensity of a behavioral response is called a. Topography b. Magnitude c. Strength d. Power

Q: If you are interested in amount of time it takes a student to begin a task after the teacher has given an instruction you would measure _________________. a. Response latency b. Interresponse time c. Trials-to-criterion d. Duration

Q: All of the following are measurable dimensional quantities except: a. Repeatability b. Temporal extent c. Temporal locus d. Topography

Q: A feature of an event that can be measured is called a(n) a. Unit b. Dimension c. Quality d. Characteristic

Q: Explain the benefits of including client, family, and/or staff in the goal determination process.

Q: Explain the differences between a behavior cusp and a pivotal behavior.

Q: Explain the problems with setting a general goal such as to be more successful as opposed to a more specific goal.

Q: Discuss the importance of replacement behavior when reducing or eliminating target behavior.

Q: Explain the benefits to practitioners of using observable and measurable terms to describe behaviors and intervention outcomes.

Q: What ethical considerations should a behavior analyst consider before engaging in behavior change procedures?