Q&A Hero

Q: Both the interpretation/reframe and reflection of meaning are central skills in helping clients take a new perspective on themselves and their world.

Q: When clients explore meaning issues, they struggle with defining the almost indefinable.

Q: Only reflection of meaning can help clients find their "center of being in the world."

Q: Questioning the client may lead to discernment. Which emotional style is best supported by this question? "Can you tell me a story that relates to your goals / vision / mission?" a. Sensorimotor b. Concrete c. Formal d. Dialectic / systemic

Q: Questioning the client may lead to discernment. Which emotional style is best supported by this question? "How have various significant others related to your experiences?" a. Sensorimotor b. Concrete c. Formal d. Dialectic / systemic

Q: Questioning the client may lead to discernment. Which emotional style is best supported by these questions? "Get in touch with your body." "What is your gut feeling?" "What are your instincts?" a. Sensorimotor b. Concrete c. Formal d. Dialectic / systemic

Q: Which question would most effectively probe for meaning? a. "Why do you do that?" b. "Does it really matter?" c. "How could it be that way?" d. "Why is that important for you?"

Q: The skill of reflection of meaning is generally for ____. a. less verbal clients b. verbal clients c. clients who have a history of needing deeper understanding and emotional expression of relevant feelings, thoughts, and attitudes which in turn may be manifested by unusual language patterns d. severely disturbed clients

Q: Which of the following is a key consideration of intentional interpretation/reframing? a. Client's situation c. Client focused purpose b. Supporting client d. All of the above

Q: Interpretation / reframing link ideas and enable the client to understand how unconscious past and long-term, deeply seated thoughts, feelings, and behaviors frame the here and now of daily client experiencing in which of the following theories? a. Decisional Theory b. Cognitive Behavioral Theory c. Psychodynamic Theory d. Person-Centered Theory

Q: Reflection of meaning helps clients find alternative ways of viewing the situation in which of the following theories? a. Decisional Theory b. Cognitive Behavioral Theory c. Psychodynamic Theory d. Person-Centered Theory

Q: Interpretation / reframing helps clients find new ways of thinking about their alternatives for action in which of the following theories? a. Decisional Theory b. Cognitive Behavioral Theory c. Psychodynamic Theory d. Person-Centered Theory

Q: Interpretation / reframing is useful in understanding what is going on in the client's mind and/or linking the client to how the environment affects thinking and behavior in which of the following theories? a. Decisional Theory b. Cognitive Behavioral Theory c. Psychodynamic Theory d. Person-Centered Theory

Q: Which of the following best represent the contrast between interpretation and paraphrase, reflection of feeling, focusing, and reflection of meaning? a. In interpretation the interviewer remains in the client's own frame of reference; in the others the interviewer uses an external theory as a reference. b. In interpretation the interviewer uses his/her own frame of reference; in the others the interviewer uses the client's frame of reference. c. In interpretation the interviewer uses the client's frame of reference; in the others the interviewer uses his/her own frame of reference. d. In interpretation the interviewer uses the client's own frame of reference; in the others the interviewer uses his own frame of reference.

Q: Reflection of meaning and exploration likely would lead to ____. a. an increased awareness of the importance of meditation b. the development of new neural connections in the brain c. increase in neurons and neural connections in the specific place in the brain where we find morality and spirituality d. none of the above

Q: Which one of the following client responses indicates that the client is considering life meaning? a. "How will I resolve this issue?" b. "I'm so confused; which plan should I follow?" c. "What should I really be doing?" d. "I am hurt and I am angry."

Q: Which question is most likely to bring out underlying client meaning issues? a. "Could you tell me more?" b. "Could you share some specifics of what occurred?" c. "Could you share what sense you make of it?" d. "Could you explore that in more detail?"

Q: If you help your clients find a "why" through exploration of meaning, ____. a. the "how" will often be discovered by the following session b. finding the "how" is automatic c. they will often find their own "how" or way to achieve their objectives d. they will be open to the "how" directed by the interviewer

Q: Taking action on life's meaning, according to logotherapists, is ____. a. central to the theory b. not important as what we think of things is most important rather than the way things really are c. a way to avoid facing the real meaning of what we do d. something that requires constant careful thought and monitoring by the therapist

Q: To "hyper-reflect," one ____. a. reflects too many feelings and/or meanings to the client's detriment b. thinks carefully about many alternatives thus demonstrating intentionality c. transcends suffering through thinking of positive aspects of life d. thinks of negative meanings of events in one's life and may overeat, drink to excess, or wallow in depression

Q: Which of the following behaviors best describes the client who "hyper-reflects?" a. Thinks about things too much b. Focuses on the negative meaning of life experiences c. Overeats, drinks to excess, or wallows in depression d. All of the above

Q: Which of the following best applies to Frankl's Logotherapy? a. Focus on the cultural / environmental / contextual issues. b. Seek to discover how to deal with major life challenges. c. Search for meaning wherever we can find something important. d. Search for meanings under thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Q: Reflection of meaning is most often associated with which theory? a. Behavioral b. Person-centered c. Logotherapy d. Psychodynamic

Q: The founder of Logotherapy is: a. Sigmund Freud. b. Carl Rogers. c. Albert Ellis. d. Viktor Frankl.

Q: Which of the following is a key word used by interviewers to elicit meaning? a. Intent b. Reasons c. Cause d. All of the above

Q: Individuals do not make meaning by themselves; they make meaning: a. with the aid of a skilled counselor or interviewer. b. in spite of their multitude of problems and issues. c. with the aid of their significant other. d. in a broader multicultural context.

Q: The process of discernment is ____. a. completely unrelated to the microskills b. a more systematic approach to finding meaning and purpose c. another term to describe reflection of meaning d. another term to describe interpretation / reframe

Q: The vision quest is to Native Americans as ____ is to any client seeking meaning of their current life. a. hoping b. discernment c. career planning d. resolving problems

Q: Discernment is a strategy that may enable clients to ____. a. develop a more positive attitude toward their past problems b. discover deeper meanings and purpose in their lives and find a clearer direction for the future c. empower them to make decisions d. discover the underlying meaning of their problems

Q: Discernment ____. a. is a value clarification process in which the client seeks to find meaning in life b. is "sifting through" our interior and exterior experiences to determine their origin c. describes what helping professionals do when they work with clients at deeper levels of meaning d. all of the above

Q: Which of the following questions would NOT be used as part of the discernment process? a. "What sense do you make of your illness and the future?" b. "What's been missing for you in your present life?" c. "What is the purpose of you working so hard?" d. "How does this rejection make you feel?"

Q: A reflection of meaning looks very much like a(n) ________ and ________ beyond what the client has to say. a. question; discerns b. summary; looks c. encourager; moves d. paraphrase; focuses

Q: "What significant life events have shaped your beliefs about life?" In which of the following constructs does this interviewer response BEST fit? a. Paraphrase b. Reflection of feeling c. Reflection of meaning d. Eliciting meaning

Q: Which skill is most useful in working with an implicit level of speech and action? a. Reflection of feeling b. Reflection of meaning c. Summarization d. Confrontation

Q: Which of the following is not a question primarily oriented to meaning? a. "Could you give me a specific example?" b. "What sense do you make of it?" c. "What values underlie your actions?" d. "Why is that important to you?"

Q: Which of the following is most closely associated with emotions? a. Paraphrase b. Reflection of feeling c. Reflection of meaning d. Summarization

Q: Which of the following is most closely associated with thoughts? a. Paraphrase b. Summarization c. Reflection of feeling d. Reflection of meaning

Q: Which of the following is most closely associated with values and beliefs? a. Paraphrase b. Reflection of feeling c. Reflection of meaning d. Summarization

Q: Spiritual issues in interviewing, counseling, and therapy are often rooted in ____. a. thoughts b. feelings c. behaviors d. meanings

Q: "I've been able to survive AIDS now for three years and my friends have been the thing that have kept me going. Being with them and their support and smiles has been the most important thing in the world for me." Which of the following focuses most on meaning? a. "It's been hard, but you have been able to make it." b. "Sounds like you have many friends who have been truly helpful." c. "Friends make all the difference." d. "Being with friends and having their support has been the most important thing for you over these past three years."

Q: The counselor used ____ during the interview with Travis. a. reflection of meaning b. key word encouragers c. open questions d. all of the above

Q: Which of the following is TRUE about Travis's divorce? a. He was clear about the meaning of his divorce. b. He would never make any mistakes in future relationships. c. He could benefit from further counseling. d. All of the above.

Q: Interpretation / reframing and reflection of meaning ____. a. are both a skill and a strategy b. seek implicit issues and meanings below the surface of conversation c. are designed to help clients examine themselves from a new perspective d. all of the above

Q: What, if any, is the difference between interpretation and reframe? a. There is no discernable difference. b. Both focus on providing a new way of thinking for the client. c. Interpretation reveals new ways of thinking beneath client conversation; reframe defines a new frame of reference for considering issues. d. Interpretation is new ways of thinking provided by the client; reframe is a new frame of reference provided by the interviewer.

Q: Linking: a. provides clients with new insights. b. helps clients experience their feelings. c. presents clients with a specific plan for action. d. connects clients with social networks.

Q: Reflecting meaning involves ________, while the interpretation/reframe implies ________. a. interviewer direction; client direction b. client direction; interviewer direction c. client topics; interviewer topics d. interviewer topics; client topics

Q: Which of the following is TRUE about thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and meanings? a. These dimensions operate independently, and the counselor must clarify each one. b. Thoughts and meanings are the most important dimensions. c. Behaviors and feelings are the most important dimensions. d. Any change in one dimension affects other dimensions.

Q: Which is believed by the authors to be most central? a. Thoughts b. Feelings c. Behaviors d. Meanings

Q: Which key words are MOST closely associated with probing for meaning? a. Values, purpose, vision b. Emotion, affect, feelings c. Do, doing, acting d. All of the above

Q: Which one of the following is NOT a predictable result when using reflection of meaning? a. The client will experience their feelings and emotions more deeply. b. The client discusses stories, issues, and concerns in more depth. c. There is special emphasis on deeper meanings, values, and understanding. d. Clients may be able to discern life goals and visions for the future.

Q: Which one of the following is an expected result when using reflection of meaning? a. The client will experience their feelings and emotions more deeply. b. The client will discuss stories, issues, and concerns in more depth. c. The client will role-play personal stories and conflictive issues. d. The client will analyze deep-seated memories.

Q: Meaning ____. a. often is found at the more implicit level in client conversation b. often is found at the more explicit level in client conversation c. is the most important counseling skill d. is favored by cognitive-behavioral therapists as it gets at deeper issues

Q: Choose the BEST method for formulating and responding to the client with an interpretation / reframe. a. Match the client's behavior with the most appropriate microskill. b. Draw conclusions from the client's nonverbal expression of feeling. c. Provide a fresh look at the issue and link ideas or information. d. Consider the ethnic and cultural background of the client.

Q: A client who is dying comments, "It won't happennot to me." This is an example of: a. denial. b. partial acceptance of reality. c. acceptance and recognition. d. generation of a new solution.

Q: Achieving a major more lasting transformation in client thinking and behavior may require: a. several interviews. b. time to internalize new solutions. c. moving from denial or partial acceptance. d. all of the above.

Q: The client may distort his or her story and blame others unfairly in which level of the Client Change Scale (CCS)? a. Level 1: Denial b. Level 2: Partial examination c. Level 3: Acceptance and recognition, but no change d. Level 5: Development of new constructs, patterns, or behaviors

Q: The reality of the story is acknowledged during __________________ of the Client Change Scale (CCS). a. Level 1: Denial b. Level 2: Partial examination c. Level 3: Acceptance and recognition, but no change d. Level 4: Generation of a new solution

Q: Confrontation during a single session and over a series of interviews may be measured on a 5-point scale called the Client Change Scale. Which of the following represents this scale? a. Denial, Identification, Recognition, Generating Solutions, and Development b. Denial, Partial Examination, Acceptance But No Change, Generation of New Solution, and Transcendence c. Identification, Examination, Acceptance, Forgiveness, and Evaluation d. Identification, Partial Examination, Acceptance, Forgiveness, and Transcendence

Q: Which of the following statements about the Client Change Scale (CCS) is NOT true? a. CCS measures the effectiveness of confronting clients about mixed messages. b. CCS assesses the client's position relative to how he/she copes with life changes. c. CCS measures the intensity of counselor statements during direct confrontation. d. The way a client deals with a variety of life change issues can all be considered using the CCS.

Q: Regarding discrepancies between you and your client, which of the following is NOT true? a. Never hide differences you may have with your client. b. If you sense differences, support the client by listening. c. Note your own or the client's discomfort with possible differences. d. If you listen carefully, most discrepancies with your client will disappear.

Q: "On the one hand..., and on the other hand..." In which step of empathic confrontation would an interviewer most likely make this statement? a. Step 1: Identify conflict b. Step 2: Summarize c. Step 3: Evaluate d. This is not included in supportive confrontation.

Q: Which of the following is TRUE? a. Confrontations exist in the form of both listening and influencing skills. b. Confrontation only exists as listening skills. c. Confrontation only exists as influencing skills. d. None of the above.

Q: Discrepancies between the client and the external world include: a. conflict between the client and another person. b. conflict between the client and a challenging situation. c. conflict between the client and a nurse at a hospital. d. all of the above.

Q: "You really want to meet him, but you're a little bit anxious." In which step of supportive confrontation would an interviewer most likely make this statement? a. Step 1: Identify conflict b. Step 2: Point out issues of incongruity c. Step 3: Evaluating change d. This is not included in supportive confrontation.

Q: Incongruities and discrepancies of the interviewee to be identified include all EXCEPT which of the following? a. Between two statements b. Between statements and nonverbal behavior c. Between the influencing skill used by the interviewer and the interviewee response d. Between what one says and what one does

Q: Discrepancies internal to the client include: a. mixed messages observed in nonverbal client behavior. b. incongruities between two verbal statements. c. differences between what the client says and what the client does. d. all of the above.

Q: Which word is NOT interchangeable with all the others? a. Discrepancy b. Incongruity c. Conflict d. Observation

Q: The first step in confrontation is: a. establishing rapport. b. asking the client why he or she did it. c. identifying a contradiction or discrepancy. d. confronting the client.

Q: What are the three major steps of confrontation? a. Step 1: Identifying conflict; Step 2: Pointing out conflicts and issues; and Step 3: Evaluating effectiveness b. Step 1: Building rapport; Step 2: Identifying discrepancies; and Step 3: Confronting client's thinking c. Step 1: Identifying conflict; Step 2: Countering client talk; and Step 3: Closing with a directive d. Step 1: Building rapport; Step 2: Pointing out conflicts and issues; and Step 3: Evaluating client response

Q: "On the one hand..., and on the other hand..." This is typically used in _________. a. reframing b. empathic confrontation c. psychoeducation d. interpretation

Q: A nonjudgmental attitude is expressed through which of the following? a. Body language b. Vocal qualities c. Statements that indicate neither approval nor disapproval d. All of the above

Q: A nonjudgmental attitude requires that you assume: a. an evaluative listening to detect client deception. b. a value neutrality in relation to your client. c. an active and assertive communication with your client. d. all of the above.

Q: A nonjudgmental attitude requires that you: a. assert your opinions with a positive attitude. b. stop your listening skills and let client speak. c. suspend your own opinions and attitudes. d. all of the above.

Q: _______________ is essential if you are to challenge the client with a confrontation. a. An empathic relationship b. An assertive personality c. A strong affirmation d. All of the above

Q: According to the authors, direct confrontation may be inappropriate for: a. European-American clients. b. African-American clients. c. European-Canadian clients. d. Native American clients.

Q: Which one of the following is NOT a technique to supportively challenge or confront a client? a. Observe and note discrepancies and conflict. b. Feed back internal and external discrepancies to the client. c. Match tonal quality with the client during the feedback of discrepancies. d. Evaluate the client response and whether there is client change.

Q: As a result of effective and empathic confrontation, a counselor or interviewer can anticipate that the client will ________. a. resolve his or her issues b. move to a more productive topic c. come up with new ideas, thoughts, and feelings d. become angry

Q: Empathic confrontation is best described as _____________. a. direct eye contact and a clear voice b. identifying mixed messages c. a gentle, but firm, challenge d. all of the above

Q: Empathic confrontation is: a. a direct, harsh challenge guiding clients to face hard issues. b. a gentle skill that includes listening. c. seeking clarification by "going against" client ideas. d. the primary skill used by interviewers.

Q: Careful listening is one of the most powerful influencing skills. Which one of the following statements about influencing is NOT true? a. Paraphrasing is particularly useful when decisions need to be made. b. Reflection of feeling is useful to feedback of mixed emotions. c. Direct and firm confrontation helps clients identify their errors. d. A good summary brings together many thoughts, feelings and behaviors.