Q&A Hero

Q: Xenophanes believed that: A. religious and moral "truths" are innate B. if animals could convey their impression of gods, those gods would have animal characteristics C. using the techniques of inductive definition, objective truth can be ascertained D. the only way to arrive at truth is to introspect on the contents of the soul

Q: Which statement best represents the beliefs of Gorgias? A. If animals could describe their gods, those gods would have animal characteristics. B. There is no objective way of determining truth. C. We share a reality and a similar perception of reality. D. Empirical evidence is the determinant of truth.

Q: Because Gorgias believed that there is no objective way of establishing truth, he was a: A. solipsist B. Socratic C. nihilist D. reductionist

Q: Protagorus, the best known Sophist, presented the Sophist's position. Which of the following statements best represents his position? A. Truth depends on the physical reality, not on the perceiver B. What is truth should not be affected by the culture one lives in C. Perceptions vary from person to person because previous experiences affect perceptions D. Perceptions are similar from person to person because we all share a similar reality

Q: According to the Sophists, what is it that determines if an idea is accepted as the truth? A. The truthfulness of the idea B. How effectively the idea is communicated C. The scientific evidence offered to support the idea D. The idea's usefulness

Q: The "cures" proposed by the Hippocratics included: A. fervent prayer and supplication to the Gods B. drinking fluids specially prepared by the physician C. rest, proper diet, exercise, fresh air, massage, and baths D. putting their essence in connection with the essence of the Gods

Q: According to the Hippocratics, physicians assign supernatural causes to a disease in order to: A. charge larger fees for their services B. make the disease more comprehensible to their patient C. mask their ignorance concerning the nature of the disease D. cure the disease more effectively

Q: The Hippocratics believed that physical illness was caused by: A. possession by evil spirits B. a life characterized by hedonism C. an imbalance of the four bodily humors D. the patient's inner desire to be ill

Q: The early physician, Alcmaeon, proposed: A. that health resulted from a balance of qualities in the body B. the physician's job was to help the patient focus energy on the mind C. that sensation, memory, thinking, and understanding occurred in the heart D. mental acuity was achieved when our physical state disconnects from our mental state

Q: For Democritus, perception occurred when atoms emanating from the surface of objects entered the ____ and were transmitted to the ____. A. pores of the body; heart B. sensory systems of the body; brain C. pores of the body; liver D. sensory systems of the body; heart

Q: Because Democritus attempted to explain events occurring in one domain (observable phenomena) in terms of events occurring in another domain (the arrangements of atoms), he is considered a(n): A. elementist B. reductionist C. physicist D. Orphist

Q: No matter how complex something is, Democritus believed that it can be explained in terms of atoms and their activity. This view is referred to as: A. solipsism B. animism C. elementism D. material cause

Q: Empedocles assumed that perception results when: A. vibrations from external objects stimulate sense receptors B. sensory information is analyzed by the brain C. eidola enters the pores of the body and mixes with elements found in the blood D. sensations interact with memories of prior experiences

Q: Which aspect of Empedocles' philosophy might be used to explain the types of intrapersonal and extrapersonal conflicts described later in history by Freud? A. The transmigration of the soul B. The forces of love and strife that wax and wane within us C. The elements of earth, fire, air, and water D. The clashes of atoms

Q: According to the Pythagoreans, perfection is found: A. only in the empirical world of mathematical relationships B. only in the abstract mathematical world and understood only by reason C. in both the empirical and abstract worlds of mathematics D. in neither the empirical nor the abstract worlds

Q: In order for an object to pass from point A to point B, it must first traverse half the distance between those two points, and then half of the remaining distance, and so forth. Therefore A can never logically reach point B. This scenario best illustrates: A. the relativity of truth B. philosophical inconsistency C. a Kuhnian paradigm clash D. Zeno's paradox

Q: Parmenides believed that knowledge is attained only through rational thought because sensory experience: A. is a supernatural force B. provides illusion C. is illogical D. is a distracter from the truth

Q: What important epistemological question was raised by Heraclitus' philosophy? A. What does it mean to be me? B. How can something be known if it is constantly changing? C. Why would a man want to step into the same river more than once? D. What constitutes the good life?

Q: According to Anaximander, the physis was something that: A. was too complex to explain life B. was incapable of deriving into anything C. had a finite number of possibilities D. had the capability of becoming anything

Q: The early Greeks referred to a substance from which everything else is derived as a(n): A. spirit B. atom C. universal D. physis

Q: Who was the first to emphasize natural explanations and to minimize supernatural explanations? A. Heraclitus B. Anaximander C. Thales D. Democritus

Q: Philosophy began: A. to explain how the supernatural controls natural events B. with the introduction of deductive reasoning C. when logos replaced mythos D. with the discovery of the brain as the center of intelligence

Q: Which example best illustrates the concept of theory of the mind? A. Brandon's brain controls his body, and his mind controls his thoughts and emotions. B. Javier reads a passage in a book, and draws from his past experiences to understand its meaning. C. Stephanie understands that she is looking at a flower because of the coordinated processes of sensation and perception. D. While walking down the street, Camilla turns the corner to avoid a man with an angry look on his face.

Q: An area in cognitive development that concerns how we come to know the beliefs, feelings, plans, and behavioral intentions of other people is referred to as: A. theory of forms B. theory of the mind C. laws of subjective norms D. laws of association

Q: Why were the Greek nobility more likely to follow the Olympian religion rather than the Dionysiac-Orphic religion? A. Belief in the transmigration of the soul B. The personification of orderliness, rationality, and intelligence in the Olympian gods C. Desire to hold onto past lives even after death D. Fear of condemnation for living an extravagant lifestyle

Q: Projecting human attributes onto nature is called: A. anthropomorphism B. animism C. primitivism D. vitalism

Q: Viewing all of nature as though it were alive is called: A. anthropomorphism B. animism C. primitivism D. mysticism

Q: The contention that what we experience mentally accurately reflects the physical world is called: a. epiphenomenalism b. naive realism c. irrationalism d. preestablished harmony

Q: The study of knowledge is called: a. epistemology b. psychophysics c. metaphysics d. rationalism

Q: Nativist is to ____ as empiricist to ____.a. inheritance; experience b. experience; inheritance c. God; freewilld. freewill; God

Q: ____ stresses the emotional or unconscious determinants of human behavior. a. Naive realism b. Irrationalism c. Mechanism d. Vitalism

Q: ____ promotes that life can never be completely explained in terms of material things and mechanical laws. a. Vitalism b. Determinism c. Monism d. Materialism

Q: The position on the mind-body question claiming that mental and bodily events are coordinated through God's intervention is called: a. interactionism b. interventionism c. epiphenomenalism d. occasionalism

Q: The position that states that mental and physiological reactions are two aspects of the same experience and cannot be separated is called: a. preestablished harmony b. double aspectism c. epiphenomenalism d. psychophysical parallelism

Q: The claim that God arranges for mental and bodily events to be perfectly coordinated is called: a. psychophysical parallelism b. double aspectism c. preestablished harmony d. idealism

Q: The position on the mind-body question claiming that both mental events and bodily responses occur simultaneously even though the two events are independent of each other is called: a. interactionism b. epiphenomenalism c. psychophysical parallelism d. double aspectism

Q: A contemporary and popular way of explaining mind-body relationships that claims mental states emerge from brain activity is called: a. reification b. emergentism c. naive realism d. namification

Q: The view that cognitive events that emerge from brain activity can cause behavior is representative of: a. materialism b. interactionism c. epiphenomenalism d. free will

Q: You are a monist with regard to the mind-body question. Which of the following does your position most likely represent? a. materialism b. occasionalism c. psychophysical parallelism d. interactionism

Q: Some believe that although cognitive events are a result of brain activity, such events cannot cause behavior. Such a belief represents: a. materialism b. interactionism c. epiphenomenalism d. occasionalism

Q: Which of the following represents a dualistic position on the mind-body question? a. idealism b. materialism c. monism d. epiphenomenalism

Q: Of the following, who would be most likely to take the position that humans are responsible for their actions? a. nondeterminist and hard determinist b. hard determinist and mechanist c. soft determinist and mechanist d. nondeterminist and soft determinist

Q: The belief that humans have free will would be proposed by a(n): a. indeterminist b. nondeterminist c. psychical determinist d. physical determinist

Q: A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately known would be a(n): a. indeterminist b. psychical determinist c. nondeterminist d. physical determinist

Q: The belief that human behavior is determined but the causes of behavior cannot be accurately measured is called: a. nondeterminism b. uncertainty principle c. soft determinism d. hard determinism

Q: The ____ stresses a person's beliefs, emotions, perceptions, values, and goals as determinants of behavior. a. indeterminist b. nondeterminist c. physical determinist d. psychical determinist

Q: Who is most likely to support the statement, "Our genetic predisposition determines our behavior?" a. psychical determinist b. sociocultural determinist c. environmental determinist d. biological determinist

Q: According to the author of your text, contemporary psychology is: a. a preparadigmatic discipline b. a multiparadigmatic science c. in the revolutionary stage of development d. a single paradigmatic science

Q: According to Khun, what happens during the revolutionary stage of science? a. Random facts are gathered. b. Puzzle-solving activity occurs. c. Existing paradigms are displaced. d. Existing paradigms are solidified.

Q: According to Khun, what happens during the paradigmatic stage of science? a. Random facts are gathered. b. Puzzle-solving activity occurs. c. Existing paradigms are displaced. d. Existing paradigms are solidified.

Q: During the preparadigmatic stage of the development of a science: a. true science is not performed b. rival camps compete with each other for dominion of the discipline c. rival camps work together to come to a consensus d. one camp dominates the discipline

Q: Persistent observations that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain are called: a. anomalies b. paradigms c. anachronisms d. revolutions

Q: According to Kuhn, the set of beliefs, values, assumptions, and a particular way of doing research which are accepted by a group of scientists is called: a. a metaphysical orientation b. the religious component of science c. a paradigm d. a correlational law

Q: Which statement would Thomas Kuhn most likely support? a. "Science is a highly subjective enterprise." b. "The scientific method guarantees objectivity." c. "Each scientific enterprise is so unique that scientists cannot share a common set of assumptions." d. "Once a paradigm has been established further experimentation becomes unnecessary."

Q: Before Thomas Kuhn, scientific activity was guided by the: a. paradigm shift theory b. correspondence theory of truth c. skepticism of knowledge theory d. subjectivity theory of science

Q: For Popper, a nonscientific theory: a. is insignificant b. is unimportant c. can still be useful d. is especially useful

Q: Explaining phenomena after they have already occurred is called: a. prediction b. hindsight bias c. postdiction d. falsifiability

Q: According to Popper, the theories of Freud and Adler cannot be considered scientific because they: a. make too many risky predictions b. make postdictions rather than predictions c. make predictions rather than postdictions d. are too easily falsified

Q: According to Popper, the highest status that a scientific theory can attain is: a. confirmed b. not yet confirmed c. scientific law d. falsifiability

Q: If any conceivable observation supports a theory, Popper would conclude that the theory is: a. weak b. useless c. the type that all sciences hope to develop d. falsifiable

Q: According to Popper, what distinguishes a scientific theory from a nonscientific theory? a. clarity b. the use of mathematical symbols c. the principle of falsifiability d. the assumption of determinism

Q: According to Popper, scientific activity begins: a. with a problem b. with empirical observation c. with a well-formulated paradigm d. with consensus

Q: Popper saw the scientific method as involving three stages: a. problem, theories, and criticism b. objective analysis, theories, and criticism c. observation, problem, and criticism d. problem, theories, and postdiction

Q: Popper disagreed with the traditional view that scientific activity starts with: a. a problem b. empirical observation c. logical deduction d. a theory

Q: The ____ assumes that everything that occurs is a function of a finite number of causes. a. determinist b. rationalist c. empiricist d. realist

Q: The prediction and control of events can best be accomplished using: a. scientific law b. a group of interrelated scientific laws c. correlational propositions d. causal laws

Q: What best describes how classes of events vary together in some systematic way? a. Scientific theories b. Scientific laws c. Causal laws d. Correlational laws

Q: A consistently observed relationship between two or more classes of empirical events defines a: a. scientific theory b. scientific law c. scientific problem d. rational deduction

Q: Which two methods of attaining knowledge are combined in science? a. intuition and rationalism b. rationalism and empiricism c. introspection and controlled observation d. empiricism and faith

Q: Science has two major components: a. empirical observation and law b. empirical observation and theory c. rationalism and empiricism d. correlational laws and causal laws

Q: According to the text, why is it important to study the history of psychology? a. For a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas, to recognize fads, and to avoid the repetition of mistakes b. For a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas, to recognize fads, and to come to a consensus on a prevailing theoretical approach c. To avoid repetition of mistakes, for a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas, and to come to a consensus on a prevailing theoretical approach d. To come to a consensus on a prevailing theoretical approach, to recognize fads, and to avoid the repetition of mistakes

Q: The approach to writing a history of psychology that takes the best from a variety of viewpoints is referred to as: a. presentism b. the eclectic approach c. historicism d. the Zeitgeist approach

Q: What is the approach to studying the history of psychology that involves showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea throughout the years? a. great-person approach b. Zeitgeist c. historical development approach d. historicism

Q: Zeitgeist means: a. the spirit of the times b. about the same thing as presentism c. that the history of anything must be selective d. about the same thing as historicism

Q: Historicism refers to the belief that: a. the present state of a discipline should act as a guide in writing that discipline's history b. the present state of a discipline represents its highest and best state of development c. only the past is important d. the past should be studied for its own sake without attempting to show the relationship between past and present

Q: Presentism maintains that: a. the present state of a discipline is the most important b. to truly understand something you must be present to observe it c. it is important to understand the past in terms of contemporary knowledge and standards d. history should be studied for its own sake without regard for how historical events relate to present events

Q: Historiography is: a. another term for psychology b. the study of the proper way to write history c. the use of photographs in presenting history d. another term for historicism

Q: How do you define your theoretical orientation or building theoretical orientation to the interviewing, counseling, and psychotherapy field?

Q: Microskills of multiple theoretical orientations have been presented in the final two chapters of this book. What theoretical orientations would you next like to explore and why do you make that decision? Include as a possibility expansion of your knowledge of one or more of the theories presented in this text.

Q: Define your style with special attention to your own ability to engage in the several levels of competence. How has your natural style become modified over time in this course? What specific changes do you think you might need to be able to reach more clients with your natural style?