Q&A Hero

Q: Bain felt that the law of ____ accounted for the creativity that characterizes poets, artists and inventors. A. similarity B. constructive association C. compound association D. mental chemistry

Q: Bain's law of ____ stated that although individual experiences may be too weak to revive a memory, several weak associations may combine and thereby be strong enough to recall it. A. contiguity B. frequency C. constructive association D. compound association

Q: Bain's goal was to: A. show that a science of ethology was possible B. describe the physiological correlates of mental and behavioral phenomena C. show the compatibility between J. S. Mill's concept of mental chemistry and Cartesian philosophy D. show that mental and behavioral phenomena could be explained without employing the law of contiguity

Q: J. S. Mill believed that discrimination against women is: A. justified because women are biologically inferior to men B. justified because it is in accordance with church dogma C. basically wrong D. supported by he science of ethology

Q: According to John Stuart Mill, meteorology, tidology, and psychology are inexact sciences because their ____ are not understood. A. primary laws B. secondary laws C. first principles D. essences

Q: John Stuart Mill's concept of ____ emancipated associationistic psychology from the strict mental mechanics proposed by James Mill and others. A. free will B. imagination C. mental chemistry D. utilitarianism

Q: James Mill maintained that any mental experience can be reduced to: A. primary qualities B. neural mechanisms C. vibratiuncles D. simple ideas

Q: According to ____, the best government is one that provides the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people. A. empiricism B. utilitarianism C. rationalism D. interactionism

Q: With which of the following statements would Bentham have agreed? A. Behavior is guided by innate moral principles. B. Happiness depends on experiencing pleasure and avoiding pain. C. Hedonism should be admonished. D. Government and religions should be closely linked.

Q: According to Hartley, as ideas or stimuli came to elicit behaviors not originally associated with them, ____ behavior was converted into ____ behavior. A. voluntary; involuntary B. involuntary; voluntary C. basic; refined D. refined; basic

Q: Hartley's account of association was different from those that preceded his because it: A. emphasized the law of contiguity B. attempted to correlate mental activity with neurophysiological activity C. accepted the existence of innate ideas D. utilized a Newtonian approach towards moral philosophy

Q: For Hartley, the only process that converts simple ideas into complex ideas is: A. abstract thought B. reflection C. association D. imagination

Q: Hartley believed that vibrations in the brain continued after the external stimulation that caused them had ceased. He called these lingering vibrations: A. pulsatories B. associations C. vibratiuncles D. potentials

Q: Hume referred to knowledge that existed by definition, such as mathematical knowledge, as: A. demonstrative knowledge B. empirical knowledge C. innate knowledge D. associative knowledge

Q: What, according to Hume, is the ultimate cause of behavior? A. ideas B. impressions C. passions D. instincts

Q: According to Hume, the mind is: A. a set of perceptions that a person is having at any given moment B. a nonmaterial entity that exists independently of the body C. that part of a person that organizes his or her experiences D. responsible for human rationality

Q: Which law and scenario pairing best illustrates one of Hume's laws of associations? A. Law of resemblance: Trevor thinks of his favorite gift, a pocket knife, stimulating thoughts of his friend Jim, who gave him the gift B. Law of contiguity: Nancy thinks of her friend Grace and instantly recalls her friend Neal C. Law of cause and effect: Gertrude sees lighting and consequently expects thunder D. Law of constructive association: At the grocery store, Jada comes across eggs, flour, and sugar, causing her to remember that she is supposed to bake a cake

Q: Hume distinguished between ____, which were strong, vivid perceptions, and ____, which were relatively weak perceptions. A. schemes; inspirations B. inspirations; schemes C. ideas; impressions D. impressions; ideas

Q: Hume's goal was to combine ____ with principles of ____ to create a science of human nature. A. rational philosophy; association B. empirical philosophy; association C. empirical philosophy; Newtonian science D. innate ideas; Newtonian science

Q: According to Berkeley, external reality exists because: A. it makes common sense to assume that it does B. God perceives it C. without it, there would be no primary qualities D. humans invent it

Q: According to Berkeley, in order for something to exist, it must: A. be perceived B. consist of primary qualities C. consist of matter D. exist spiritually

Q: Berkeley believed that ____ was responsible for the widespread religious skepticism and atheism of his day. A. romanticism B. materialism C. idealism D. rationalism

Q: Locke advised that children experience a process called hardening in order to: A. sharpen their minds B. prepare them for the inevitable hardships of life C. punish them for evil deeds that had gone undetected D. assure that their bodies were as fit as their minds

Q: In Locke's philosophy, the concept of association explains: A. faulty beliefs B. moral principles C. mental phenomena D. primary and secondary qualities

Q: According to John Locke primary qualities ____ and secondary qualities ____. A. are attributes of a physical reality; are attributes of a subjective reality B. produce ideas; merely influence ideas C. create ideas of physical attributes; create ideas with no physical counterpart D. are created by divine intervention; are created by mankind

Q: Locke believed that all human emotions were derived from: A. sensory experience B. feelings of pleasure and pain C. innate moral principles D. despair and hope

Q: What is true of Locke's beliefs concerning the mind? A. The mind neither creates nor destroys ideas. B. The mind arranges ideas into a finite predetermined number of configurations. C. The mind clarifies innate ideas. D. The mind creates simple ideas that exist independently of complex ideas.

Q: For Locke, all ideas come from: A. sensation and attention B. reflection and association C. sensation and reflection D. attention and association

Q: Locke's major argument against the existence of innate ideas was that: A. they cannot be empirically tested B. there is no God C. humans do not share the same ideas D. they place reason above faith

Q: Hobbes' explanation of "trains of thought" relied on: A. innate ideas B. the law of contiguity C. spirituality D. rationalism

Q: For Hobbes, choice was: A. unique to humans B. nothing more than a verbal label C. controlled by God D. impossible without innate ideas of morality

Q: Hobbes' theory of human motivation was: A. teleological B. based on the assumption that innate ideas exist C. called physical monism D. hedonistic

Q: With regard to the mind-body relationship, Hobbes denied the existence of a nonmaterial mind; therefore, he was a(n): A. interactionist B. epiphenomenalist C. psychophysical parallelist D. physical monist

Q: Hobbes believed in which of the following? A. That humans were innately benevolent B. That democracy was dangerous C. That government should be subservient to the church D. That human rationality allows humans to inhibit their animalistic impulses

Q: Hobbes' approach to studying humans was: A. inductive B. Baconian C. deductive D. metaphysical

Q: After visiting with Galileo, Hobbes became convinced that: A. humans could not simply be described as machines B. humans could be completely understood employing only the concepts of matter and motion C. expressing one's true beliefs could be very dangerous D. Descartes was correct about the innateness of ideas in the universe

Q: What was true of the British empiricists? A. They attempted to explain the functioning of the mind according to Newton's principles. B. They rectified the existence of divine intervention with sensory experience. C. They believed that sensory experience distorted the truth. D. They denied the existence of mental events.

Q: Descartes believed that: A. the mind is nonmaterial B. the mind is equated with the brain C. the mind's existence can be logically demonstrated D. even animals possess a rudimentary mind

Q: Which part of the human body did Descartes identify as the house for the mind? A. heart B. pineal gland C. ventricles D. cerebral cortex

Q: Concerning the mind-body relationship, Descartes proposed: A. psychophysical parallelism B. epiphenomenalism C. idealistic monism D. interactionism

Q: Descartes explained all animal behavior and much human behavior in terms of ____ principles. A. innate B. mechanical C. religious D. rational

Q: According to Descartes, when a sense receptor is stimulated, "delicate threads" are pulled and cavities in the brain are opened, thereby releasing ____ into the nerves. A. electrical activity B. animal spirits C. chemicals D. eidola

Q: Descartes believed that innate ideas: A. are figments of the imagination B. have a strong biological component C. come from experience D. are revealed by God

Q: Descartes concluded that we can trust sensory information because: A. God will not deceive us B. it is always clear and distinct C. it is compatible with innate ideas D. it makes common sense to do so

Q: After a painful search, Descartes concluded that the only thing of which he could be certain was: A. that God is a myth B. the mind and the body are a unit C. the fact that he doubted D. the existence of God

Q: History has shown that Bacon's inductive approach to science was largely ignored. However, ____ and his followers adopted Bacon's philosophy of science. A. Freud B. Watson C. Skinner D. Mach

Q: What Bacon ultimately proposed was a position intermediate between: A. empiricism and rationalism B. faith and reason C. deduction and induction D. humanism and Skepticism

Q: According to Bacon, the biases that result from being overly influenced by the traditional meanings of words constitutes the: A. idols of the cave B. idols of the tribe C. idols of the marketplace D. idols of the theater

Q: According to Bacon, blind allegiance to dogma, authority, or tradition constitutes the: A. idols of the cave B. idols of the tribe C. idols of the marketplace D. idols of the theater

Q: According to Bacon, the human tendency to see events as they would like them to be constitutes the: A. idols of the cave B. idols of the tribe C. idols of the marketplace D. idols of the theater

Q: According to Bacon, the personal biases that result from one's own experiences and education constitutes the: A. idols of the cave B. idols of the tribe C. idols of the marketplace D. idols of the theatre

Q: Later in history, Bacon's approach to science was called: A. romanticism B. positivism C. dialectics D. metaphysical

Q: According to Bacon, accepting a scientific theory: A. acts as an effective guide for scientific research B. is likely to bias one's observations C. is constructive only if it is nonmathematical D. is constructive only if it yields deductions

Q: According to Bacon, science should utilize: A. bold theories B. hypotheses C. mathematical analyses D. only the direct observation of nature

Q: Newton believed that his work: A. revealed nature's secrets B. proved that there was no God C. showed that the universe was anything but a machine D. showed that a mathematical analysis of the material world was impossible

Q: Newton believed that the universe: A. is a machine created by natural forces independent of God B. operates according to principles that humans could discover C. is too complex to be understood by anyone but God D. operates according to principles that cannot be expressed in mathematical terms

Q: According to the Deist: A. God created the universe but thereafter had no involvement with it B. religious revelation is an important source of information concerning the workings of the universe C. the laws governing the universe can never be known because they are based on God's perceptions D. God does not exist

Q: The church responded to Galileo's scientific achievements by: A. having him rectify reason and the existence of God B. forcing him to convert to Catholicism C. making him recant his scientific conclusions D. burning him at the stake

Q: Galileo was among the first to suggest that: A. the world of appearance was inferior to a perfect abstract world B. a science of psychology (conscious experience) was impossible C. secondary qualities were superior to primary qualities D. human pleasures, passions, and ambitions can be, and should be, studied objectively

Q: According to Galileo, secondary qualities: A. are superior to primary qualities B. cannot be measured objectively C. can be defined with certainty D. are psychological constructs

Q: According to the work of Galileo, which set best illustrates the concepts of primary quality and secondary quality? A. primary quality: subjective; secondary quality: objective B. primary quality: sensation; secondary quality: perception C. primary quality: size; secondary quality: color D. primary quality: taste; secondary quality: shape

Q: Which label best describes Galileo? A. realist B. nominalist C. agnostic D. cynic

Q: Galileo used experiments to do which of the following? A. Demonstrate the existence of God. B. Convince Skeptics that scientific laws are useless. C. Show the uselessness of metaphysics in science. D. Show that essences are important for explanations.

Q: In his explanation of physical events, Galileo emphasized: A. forces external to physical events B. natural places C. essences D. purposes

Q: What did Galileo believe? A. The universe can be understood only through a spiritual lens. B. True reality is represented by the world of appearances. C. Copernicus' heliocentric theory D. The geocentric theory

Q: What factor most influenced Kepler's acceptance of Copernicus's heliocentric theory? A. Kepler was a Platonist seeking mathematical simplicity and harmony. B. Kepler was a Lutheran minister. C. Kepler believed that the heliocentric theory explained humans as the center of the universe. D. Kepler was a Hermetic.

Q: Who were among the first to accept Copernicus's heliocentric theory? A. The Scholastics B. The mathematicians who embraced Pythagorean-Platonic philosophy C. The Renaissance humanists D. Those embracing nonmathematical Aristotelian philosophy

Q: What would Copernicus say is the only justification for accepting his heliocentric theory? A. It makes accurate astronomical predictions. B. It is compatible with church dogma. C. It explains known astrological facts in a simpler, more harmonious, mathematical order. D. It was consistent with the evidence of the senses.

Q: Giordano Bruno would most likely agree with which statement? A. "The earth is the center of the universe." B. "The sun is divine." C. "Science upholds the heliocentric theory." D. "Man is the sole life force in the universe."

Q: Copernicus argued that: A. there are many life-supporting solar systems in the universe B. the sun revolves around the earth C. the earth revolves around the sun (heliocentric theory) D. neither the geocentric theory nor the heliocentric theory were true

Q: Who was the astronomer who suggested that the earth revolves around the sun 1700 years before Copernicus? A. Ptolemy B. Aristarchus of Samos C. Aristotle D. Bruno

Q: Which of the following was true of the Ptolemaic system? A. It was unable to make accurate astronomical predictions. B. It was unable to make predictions in accordance with the testimony of the senses. C. It was congenial to Christian theology because it gave humans a central place in the universe. D. It accepted the heliocentric theory.

Q: According to Clements (1967), which Renaissance humanist is correctly paired with their area of great influence?A. da Vinci and pedagogy B. Machiavelli and medicine C. Vives and psychologyD. Shakespeare and science

Q: Both Bacon and Descartes sought to develop a system of thought that: A. was compatible with Scripture B. was compatible with classical Greek philosophy C. questioned the authority of the church D. was impervious to the doubts of the Skeptics

Q: Among the Renaissance humanists, Skepticism was most clearly demonstrated by: A. Montaigne B. Pico C. Petrarch D. Luther

Q: A fundamental difference between the views of Erasmus and the views of Luther concerned the: A. practices of the Catholic church B. role of free will in religion C. existence of God D. need for celibacy

Q: According to the text, what was a positive influence of early Protestantism? A. It put reason before faith. B. It was a liberating influence. C. It promoted forgiveness. D. It standardized the interpretation of the Bible.

Q: Luther's new religious movement that denied the authority of the pope was called: A. Protestantism B. Reformation C. Puritanism D. Catholicism

Q: For Luther, what is the major reason for the downfall of Catholicism?A. Catholicism did not follow the teachings of St. Aquinas closely enough.B. Catholicism did not have enough formal rituals.C. Catholicism assimilated Aristotelian philosophy.D. Catholicism placed too much emphasis on the New Testament.

Q: According to Erasmus, who is least likely to speak the truth? A. fools B. children C. drunkards D. philosophers