Q&A Hero

Q: According to Rousseau, which of the following provides the optimal condition for learning? A. Professionals as teachers B. A child's natural interests C. A setting free of distractions D. A curriculum designed to teach basic knowledge

Q: The book, Emile, was written about education in the form of a novel. Who was the author? A. Schopenhauer B. Kierkegaard C. Nietzsche D. Rousseau

Q: Rousseau believed that education should: A. stimulate the development of a child's natural impulses B. strengthen the mental faculties C. provide the child with time-tested, culturally relevant information D. emphasize the basic skills such as reading, writing, and arithmetic

Q: According to Rousseau, an effective government must be based on: A. an absolute monarchy B. the private will C. the general will D. unanimous agreement among members of the community

Q: Rousseau's concept of the general will refers to: A. living out one's social contract B. a summation of a person's private will C. the type of government that is best for all D. the innate tendency to live harmoniously with one's fellow humans

Q: Which of the following most characterized Rousseau's utopian society? A. The ownership of private property B. Democratic elections C. The encouragement of individuals to act in accordance with their private will D. The surrender of the individual will to the general will

Q: Rousseau referred to a hypothetical human who is uncontaminated by society as a(n): A. Emile B. noble savage C. existentialist D. romantic

Q: Hobbes, along with many theologians and philosophers, believed human nature to be ____, whereas Rousseau believed it to be basically ____. A. rational; impulsive B. good; animalistic C. animalistic; good D. good; selfish

Q: Rousseau supported Protestantism because: A. God's existence could be defended on the basis of individual feelings B. in contrast to Catholicism, Protestantism accepted free will C. Protestantism reconciled God and individual feelings D. unlike local officials, the church governed with compassion

Q: What did Rousseau trust most as a guide for human conduct? A. reason B. personal feelings C. science D. religion

Q: For Rousseau, the only justifiable government was one that: A. controls behavior with incentives B. allows humans to reach their full potential and express free will C. allows people to express hedonistic pursuits D. rules by categorical imperative

Q: According to Rousseau, all the governments of his time were based on the faulty assumption that: A. humans are rational B. a limited government benefits everyone C. humans need to be governed D. government and free will can coexist

Q: The statement, "Man is born free and yet we see him everywhere in chains" is associated with: A. Hume B. Locke C. Goethe D. Rousseau

Q: Who is generally thought to be the father of romanticism? A. Hegel B. Goethe C. Rousseau D. Kierkegaard

Q: The romantics defined the good life as one lived in accordance with: A. natural law B. God's will C. one's own inner nature D. rationally derived moral principles

Q: The romantic philosophers considered which human characteristic as most important? A. irrational feelings B. rational thought C. refinement D. benevolence

Q: The Enlightenment is also referred to as the : A. Age of Reason B. Age of the Romantic C. Age of Freedom D. Age of the Human

Q: Panpsychism is the belief that: A. God is everywhere and in everything B. everything in nature has consciousness (mental processes) C. humans created God in their own image D. only humans possess a mind

Q: Which analogy best illustrates the concept of double aspectism? A. The body is the vessel that holds the soul (mind). B. The mind is the Garden of Eden and the body is the serpent. C. The mind and the body are like two sides of a coin. D. The mind and the body are like apples and oranges.

Q: Pantheism is the belief that: A. God is everywhere and in everything B. God created the universe but is no longer concerned with it C. humans attribute human characteristics to God D. a concept of God is unnecessary

Q: Which statement best reflects the use of induction or deduction by empiricists and rationalists? A. Empiricists used induction via a"bottom-up" approach; rationalists used deduction via a "top-down" approach B. Empiricists used induction via a "top-down" approach; rationalists used deduction via a "bottom-up" approach C. Empiricists used deduction via a "bottom-up" approach; rationalists used induction via a "top-down" approach D. Empiricists used deduction via a "top-down" approach; rationalists used induction via a "bottom-up" approach

Q: What philosophical position postulates an active mind that transforms sensory information and is capable of understanding abstract principles or concepts not attainable from sensory information alone? A. sensationalism B. positivism C. rationalism D. empiricism

Q: Which of the following is consistent with Herbart's advice to teachers? A. The student will benefit most if they review material themselves. B. The student should postulate the content of upcoming material. C. Relate new material to what has already been learned. D. Show applications of new material before the concepts have been described.

Q: Herbart's concepts of the unconscious, repression, and conflict most likely affected the theory of ____. A. Fechner B. Freud C. Watson D. Titchener

Q: According to Herbart, if material presented to a student is not compatible with his or her apperceptive mass, the material will: A. cause anxiety B. be rejected or at least will not be understood C. create an approach-avoidance conflict D. cause a creative change in the apperceptive mass

Q: Herbart was one of the first to: A. apply a mathematical model to psychology B. use the concept of threshold C. claim that some ideas were innate D. propose an experimental science of psychology

Q: What term did Herbart use to describe the force that holds ideas incompatible with the apperceptive mass in the unconscious? A. limen B. apperceptive mass C. repression D. psychic mechanics

Q: According to Herbart, an idea is allowed to enter consciousness if it is: A. compatible with a person's moral code B. adaptive C. compatible with the apperceptive mass D. clear and intense

Q: According to Herbart, the ____ contains all of the ideas to which we are attending. A. mind B. empirical ego C. apperceptive mass D. transcendental ego

Q: In the system of psychic mechanics, Herbart stated that: A. ideas have the power to either attract or repel other ideas B. the mind cannot be fractionalized C. ideas can never be completely destroyed D. unconscious ideas constitute conscious ideas

Q: By alienation, Hegel meant the realization that: A. one's mind exists apart from the Absolute B. people are separated from the fruits of their labor C. people are separated from their natural tendency toward self-actualization D. people have become separated from their basic roots in nature

Q: According to Hegel, when one cycle of the dialectic process is complete, the last stage of that cycle becomes the ____ of the next cycle. A. thesis B. antithesis C. synthesis D. Absolute

Q: For Hegel, the only true understanding is an understanding of: A. natural law B. the dialectic process C. the Absolute D. the forms

Q: In a discipline that Kant called ____, he discussed such topics as gender differences, marriage, insanity, and the production and control of human behavior. A. philosophy B. anthropology C. monadology D. direct realism

Q: Kant believed: A. that in order for psychology to be a science, it must focus on empirical research B. that in order for psychology to be a science, it must focus on the categories of thought C. psychology could not become an experimental science D. that the mind must be studied scientifically through introspection

Q: Kant called the rational principle that either does or should govern moral behavior: A. hedonism B. the categorical imperative C. utilitarianism D. formal discipline

Q: According to Kant, the experiences of space and time: A. provide the context for all dialectic processes B. are produced by psychic mechanisms C. result from sensations acted on by the laws of association D. provide the context for all mental phenomena and are produced by innate categories of thought

Q: According to Kant: A. we are forever ignorant of the true physical reality B. Hume's contention that we can never know the physical world is incorrect C. physical reality is just as we perceive it to be D. God shapes our physical reality and thus our perceptions

Q: Kant believed that the categories of thought are: A. relatively unimportant B. derived from experience C. innate D. present everywhere in nature

Q: According to Kant, our phenomenological experience results from: A. sensory experience alone B. innate ideas C. categories of thought alone D. the interaction between sensations and the categories of thought

Q: Kant agreed with Hume that: A. we can never experience the physical world directly B. humans have no notion of causation C. all knowledge is derived from sensory experience alone D. some truths are based on subjective experience

Q: Kant stated that a mind without concepts would: A. have no capacity to think B. be lost without sensory data C. be lost without empirical data D. not be able to use the word all

Q: Reid viewed faculties of the mind as: A. nonsense B. separate entities C. aspects of a unified mind D. sensory experiences

Q: Which of the following is a common misconception regarding the views of faculty psychologists? A. Faculty psychologists are those who refer to various mental abilities in their descriptions of the mind. B. Faculty psychologists refer to faculty as a classification category. C. Faculty psychologists believe that a faculty of the mind is housed in a specific location in the brain. D. Faculty psychologists believe that mental faculties are active powers of the mind.

Q: What is the belief that the world is as we immediately experience it? A. direct realism B. epiphenomenalism C. petites perceptions D. faculty psychology

Q: According to Reid, we could trust our notions about the physical world because: A. of the acuteness of the senses B. it made common sense to do so C. Hume's logic was faulty D. such notions are innate

Q: Reid suggested that those who claim that reasoning does not exist: A. go against the core beliefs of empiricism B. know only the physical world C. are in fact using reasoning to doubt its existence D. denigrate this great gift given to man by God

Q: According to Reid, the mind reasons and the stomach digests food because: A. both are related to survival B. they are innately designed to do so C. of the forces of natural selection D. both the stomach and the mind are machines

Q: Leibniz referred to the point at which an experience becomes strong enough to cause awareness as the: A. limen B. preconscious C. petites perceptions D. modular level

Q: Leibniz's term for awareness was: A. petites perceptions B. limen C. apperception D. epiphenomenon

Q: According to Leibniz's law of continuity: A. events experienced together are remembered together B. our thoughts run from one event to similar events C. there are no leaps or gaps in nature D. the mind and the body are one

Q: According to Leibniz, a conscious experience always: A. combines primary and secondary qualities B. reflects the culmination of a number of unconscious experiences C. involves a human experience D. elicits either a feeling of pleasure or pain

Q: On the mind-body issue, Leibniz believed that they never influence each other; it only seems as if they do, This is called: A. psychophysical parallelism B. epiphenomenalism C. interactionism D. occasionalism

Q: According to the text, what was a criticism of monadology? A. It did not attempt to reconcile science and God B. It asserted that because God created the world, it cannot be improved on C. It ignored God's influence on the mind D. It denied the importance of science

Q: Which of the following is true concerning monads? A. Next to God, humans possess the monads capable of the clearest thinking. B. Inanimate objects do not possess monads. C. Only God possesses enough monads for clear thinking. D. Monads are influenced by sensory experience.

Q: According to Leibniz, everything in the world consists of living, conscious atoms, which he called: A. God particles B. idunits C. monads D. primary qualities

Q: For Leibniz, sensory experience is important because it: A. produces the ideas that occur in the mind B. provides the pleasurable and painful experiences that guide our behavior C. allows the potential ideas within us to become actualized D. provides another way of knowing God

Q: According to Leibniz, there is nothing in the mind that is not first in the senses except for: A. mathematical knowledge B. the mind itself C. what God has revealed D. the knowledge of moral principles

Q: Malebranche suggested that ideas are not innate and that they come only from: A. experience B. empirical investigation C. God D. psychophysical parallelism

Q: According to ____, when a person has a desire to move his arm, God is aware of this desire and moves the person's arm. A. Leibniz B. Malebranche C. Spinoza D. Reid

Q: ____ can be viewed as parallelism with divine intervention. A. Occasionalism B. Idealistic monism C. Epiphenomenalism D. Materialistic monism

Q: According to Bernard, Spinoza's belief in ____ did much to influence the development of scientific psychology. A. panpsychism B. pantheism C. psychic determinism D. self-preservation

Q: Spinoza's concept of ____ might be called unconscious determinants of behavior in Freud's psychoanalysis. A. emotion B. reason C. panpsychism D. passion

Q: According to Spinoza, behavior and thoughts guided by ____ are conducive to survival, but behavior and thoughts guided by ____ are not. A. clear thinking; emotion B. reason; clear thinking C. faith; reason D. reason; passion

Q: According to Spinoza, all human emotions are derived from: A. notions of good and evil B. experiences of pleasure and pain C. passions D. love and hate

Q: According to Spinoza, we feel pleasure when we: A. perform altruistic acts B. find clear ideas C. act in accordance with God D. give way to our carnal desires

Q: For Spinoza, free will: A. is a fiction B. is absolute C. comes to those who are enlightened D. questions the existence of God

Q: Comte and Mach had in common the belief that: A. only overt behavior can be studied objectively B. only the immediate conscious experience of a scientist can be studied C. metaphysical speculation must be avoided D. the only valid tool available for studying humans is introspection

Q: If what is meant by psychology is the introspective analysis of the mind, then according to Comte, psychology constitutes: A. metaphysical nonsense B. a possibility C. a valid scientific analysis of the mind D. the groundwork from which a positivistic science could develop

Q: What was true of Comte's proposed utopian society? A. God became a figure of forgiveness, not condemnation. B. Science and Catholicism coexisted peacefully. C. The natural selflessness and the moral resolution of women was emphasized. D. The main political philosophy was utilitarianism.

Q: According to Comte's law of three stages, a culture at the most primitive stage of explaining things used ____ explanations. A. theological B. metaphysical C. scientific D. sociological

Q: Because Comte believed that science should be practical and nonspeculative, his view of science was very similar to that of: A. the Scholastics B. Popper C. Bacon D. Descartes

Q: For Comte, we can be certain only of things that are: A. publicly observable B. divinely revealed C. logically deduced D. experienced through introspection

Q: What is the belief that the only valid knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that science can solve all human problems? A. Scientism B. Utilitarianism C. Radical environmentalism D. Empiricism

Q: According to Helvtius, control ____ and you control the contents of the mind. A. experience B. animal desires C. unconscious impulses D. faculties of the mind

Q: Condillac felt that Locke: A. was too materialistic B. gave too much credit to innate morality C. gave the mind unnecessary innate powers D. over-emphasized the role of the senses

Q: La Mettrie believed that: A. humans are morally superior to nonhuman animals B. religion has done much to improve the human condition C. atheism has done much to worsen the human condition D. accepting atheism and materialism will lead to a more humane world

Q: La Mettrie believed that if Descartes had consistently and thoroughly followed his own method, he would have concluded that: A. nonhuman animals have minds just as humans do B. nonhuman animals have innate ideas just as humans do C. both human and nonhuman animals are machines D. intelligence and brain size are highly correlated

Q: Which statement best illustrates Gassendi's beliefs? A. The mind has knowledge of extended objects. B. The immaterial mind explains human activity. C. Spiritual forces directly influence physical matter. D. Humans consists of nothing but matter.

Q: Bain's explanation of voluntary behavior combined: A. empiricism and rationalism B. free will and determinism C. constructive and compound associations D. spontaneous activity and hedonism