Q&A Hero

Q: Fechner called sensations that occurred below the absolute threshold: A. negative sensations B. just noticeable differences C. petites perceptions D. impossible

Q: Fechner called the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected the: A. differential threshold B. absolute threshold C. just noticeable difference D. petites perceptions

Q: What is the study of the relationship between physical and psychological events? A. philosophy B. materialism C. epistemology D. psychophysics

Q: Fechner found that for the magnitude of a sensation to rise arithmetically, the magnitude of stimulation must rise: A. arithmetically B. geometrically C. algebraically D. exponentially

Q: Following in the path of Spinoza, Fechner believed that: A. only matter existed B. only consciousness existed C. consciousness is as prevalent in the universe as is matter D. bodily and mental events were parallel to each other and therefore did not interact

Q: During his work on kinesthesis, Weber made the startling observation that the just noticeable difference is a constant fraction of the standard weight. For lifted weights, that fraction is: A. 1/20 B. 1/30 C. 1/35 D. 1/40

Q: Weber found that subjects could detect much smaller weight differences when they lifted the weights than when the weights were simply placed in their hands. He attributed this increased sensitivity to: A. kinesthesis B. the two-point threshold C. the method of adjustment D. unconscious inference

Q: Weber called the smallest difference that could be detected between two stimuli the: A. two-point threshold B. just noticeable difference C. limen D. psychophysical threshold

Q: In his work on the two-point threshold, Weber found that the most sensitive area (smallest threshold) was the ____ and the least sensitive area (largest threshold) was the ____. A. nose; forearm B. tongue; finger tip C. finger tip; ear lobe D. tongue; middle of the back

Q: What did Weber called the smallest distance between two points at which a subject reported sensing two points instead of one? A. just noticeable difference B. two-point threshold C. psychophysical threshold D. localization of experience

Q: What was an important discovery of David Ferrier? A. He stimulated the cortex and found that muscular movements were elicited from the opposite side of the body. B. He used electrical stimulation to produce a more articulated map of the motor cortex. C. He mapped cortical regions to the senses. D. He performed autopsies on humans to determine the cause of behavioral deficits.

Q: What was one important discovery of Fritsch and Hitzig? A. They stimulated the cortex and found that muscular movements are elicited from the opposite side of the body. B. They used electrical stimulation to produce a more articulated map of the motor cortex. C. They mapped cortical regions to the senses. D. They performed autopsies on humans to determine the cause of behavioral deficits.

Q: How did the work of such researchers as Broca, Fritsch, Hitzig, and Ferrier relate to phrenology?A. The research showed that brain function is not localized to specific cortical regions.B. The research showed that protrusions of the skull can be used to map cortical motor function.C. The research demonstrated localized brain function, just as the phrenologists had predicted.D. The research demonstrated localized brain function, but not as the phrenologists had predicted.

Q: Broca's research in craniometry found erroneously that: A. the brain is smaller in mature adults B. the brain is larger in eminent men and supposed superior races C. the brain is larger in women D. there is no relationship between intelligence and the volume of the brain

Q: The part of the cortex known as Wernicke's area is associated with: A. speech comprehension B. visual analysis C. speech articulation D. motor movement differentiation

Q: The part of the cortex known as Broca's area is associated with: A. speech comprehension B. visual analysis C. speech articulation D. motor movement differentiation

Q: Broca is best known for: A. studying the brains of lower animals to learn about human brains B. equating cortical size with intelligence C. discovering a brain area responsible for a specific disorder D. suggesting the cortex functioned as a whole

Q: The case of Phineas Gage best supports the idea that: A. dualism has a place in science B. the cortex functions as a whole unit C. individual brain areas have specialized functions D. the brain has regenerative capabilities

Q: What did Flourens' brain research reveal that was incompatible with phrenology? A. There are many localized cortical functions. B. Protrusions of the skull do not correlate well with brain structure. C. The cortical area of the brain functions as a whole. D. There are vast individual differences among human brains.

Q: The belief that educational experiences can be arranged so that they strengthen certain faculties of the mind is called: A. phrenology B. formal discipline C. faculty psychology D. cortical expansion

Q: Gall believed which of the following? A. There is no relationship between the size of the cortex and intelligence. B. The faculties of the mind are aspects of the soul, not of the brain. C. The bumps and indentations on the skull indicate the magnitude of the underlying faculties. D. The mind functions as an indivisible whole.

Q: Examining the protrusions and depressions on person's skull to determine the strength of his or her faculties is called: A. monadology B. faculty psychology C. craniology D. phrenology

Q: Determining a person's character by analyzing his or her facial features, bodily structure, posture, and movement, is called: A. physiognomy B. the theory of signs C. unconscious inference D. vitalism

Q: According to Ladd-Franklin, which of the following sequences accurately describes the evolution of vision? A. red-green sensitivity blue-yellow sensitivity achromatic vision B. achromatic vision red-green sensitivity blue-yellow sensitivity C. blue-yellow sensitivity achromatic vision red-green sensitivity D. achromatic vision blue-yellow sensitivity red-green sensitivity

Q: Ladd-Franklin's theory of color vision was based on: A. mathematics B. intuition C. evolutionary theory D. electrophysiology

Q: Although Ladd-Franklin completed all of the requirements for her Ph.D. in 1882, she was not granted the degree until 1926. The delay was because: A. she was accused of falsifying data B. she was a woman C. of her dissertation topic D. the quality of her research was considered inferior

Q: According to Hering's theory of color vision, if a person stares at a blue object for a considerable time and then looks at a white sheet of paper, he or she will experience a ____ afterimage. A. yellow B. red C. green D. blue

Q: For Hering, space perception results from: A. an innate category of the mind as Kant described B. information from the retina about height, left-right position, and depth C. innate ideas D. sensory experience plus the laws of association

Q: Helmholtz's theory of auditory perception is called the: A. doctrine of specific nerve energies B. resonance place theory C. auditory harp theory D. trichromatic theory

Q: Helmholtz expressed amazement over the fact that: A. sensations so accurately reflect physical reality B. physiological mechanisms provide feedback with minimal stimulation C. sensory systems distort our knowledge of the physical world to such a great extent D. the faculties of the mind can correct our distorted sensory information about the physical world

Q: To account for color vision, Helmholtz postulated the existence of: A. three types of color receptors corresponding to three primary colors B. separate receptors for each wavelength in the visual spectrum C. one type of receptor that responded to all of the wavelengths in the visual spectrum D. receptors that process pairs of opposing colors

Q: Helmholtz changed slightly the color vision theory of ____ and supported it with experimental evidence. A. Kant B. Hering C. Young D. Weber

Q: Concerning Kant's proposed categories of thought, Helmholtz demonstrated that: A. they are innate as Kant suggested B. some are innate, but most are learned from experience C. they are all derived from experience D. the only one that is innate concerns the axioms of geometry

Q: Kant and Helmholtz agreed that: A. the faculties of the mind are innate B. the perceiver transforms what the senses provide C. perception is explained by unconscious inference D. nativism provides a better explanation of perception than does empiricism

Q: Helmholtz found that when individuals with normal sight wear distorted lenses, they: A. continue to perceive normally B. make perceptual mistakes at first but then adapt and perceive normally C. make perceptual mistakes until the lenses came off D. cannot make any correct judgments of object distances

Q: Helmholtz found that when individuals who have been blind since birth acquire sight, they: A. need to learn to perceive B. immediately perceive normally C. can perceive normally only while wearing distorted lenses D. can never perceive normally

Q: Concerning the rate of nerve conduction, Helmholtz found that: A. it is measurable in frogs but not in humans B. it is almost instantaneous and therefore not measurable C. it is measurable, and that it is fairly slow D. it is essentially what Mller thought it to be

Q: According to the ____, energy is never created or lost in a system, but is only transformed from one form to another. A. Bell-Magendie law B. vitalist's position C. antivitalist's position D. principle of conservation of energy

Q: The ____ maintained that life could not be explained by the interactions of physical and chemical properties alone. A. materialists B. vitalists C. physiologists D. antivitalists

Q: Kant's nativism stressed mental categories, whereas Mller stressed: A. consciousness B. physiological mechanisms C. psychophysics D. adequate stimulation

Q: Mller believed that, with his doctrine of specific nerve energies, he had discovered the: A. solution to the mind-body problem B. seat of consciousness C. physiological equivalent of Kant's categories of thought D. vibrations that Hartley and Newton had postulated in their analysis of nerve conduction

Q: According to Mller, we are directly aware of: A. objects in the physical world B. sensory impulses C. primary qualities D. categories of thought

Q: For Mller, adequate stimulation is defined as: A. stimulation that is above the threshold of awareness B. the amount of stimulation that is enough to cause an organism to react C. the type of stimulation to which a sensory system is most sensitive D. stimulation that causes any sense receptor to fire with equal ease

Q: What is Mller's proposition that there are five types of sensory nerves, each containing a characteristic energy? A. The Bell-Magendie law B. The doctrine of specific nerve energies C. The principle of the conservation of energy D. The law of forward conduction

Q: Why is the Bell-Magendie law significant? A. It solved the mind-body problem. B. It confirmed Hartley's view of nerve conduction. C. It demonstrated that specific mental functions are mediated by different anatomical structures. D. It allowed individual differences in reaction times among individuals to be equalized.

Q: What provided the link between mental philosophy and the science of psychology in the 17th and 18th century? A. astronomy B. physiology C. physics D. mathematics

Q: Bessel used personal equations to: A. select the most skillful astronomers B. correct differences in the reaction times among various observers C. ensure that his assistants had exactly the same reaction times D. demonstrate the value of experimental psychology

Q: What did romanticism and existentialism have in common? A. The importance of subjective experience B. A belief in fate C. The respect for rationalism D. A quest for scientific truth

Q: Kierkegaard and Nietzsche had what in common? A. An acceptance of Hegel's philosophy B. An unfavorable opinion of psychology C. A criticism of the organized church and science D. A belief in God

Q: Nietzsche believed that many human problems would be solved if: A. every individual strives to be all that he or she could be B. philosophers became kings C. fewer individuals strive to become supermen D. materialistic philosophy is accepted

Q: For Nietzsche, people approaching their full potential are: A. pseudogods B. supermen C. fully functional D. self-actualized

Q: For Nietzsche, the most basic motive for human behavior was: A. the will to survive B. the will to power C. hedonism D. to act in accordance with God's will

Q: Nietzsche's ____ was clearly contrary to Enlightenment philosophy. A. perspectivism B. emphasis on human rationality C. belief in God D. determinism

Q: Schopenhauer believed that irrational instincts should be ____, whereas Nietzsche believed they should be ____. A. nurtured; eliminated B. repressed; expressed C. expressed; repressed D. eliminated; repressed

Q: According to Nietzsche, the difference between freedom and slavery is: A. freedom B. an illusion C. a matter of choice D. a miracle

Q: Nietzsche believed that: A. all human behavior is determined B. life without the restraints of religion is certain to be chaotic C. people are their own creation D. the only free people are artists

Q: At the heart of Nietzsche's psychology is the tension between: A. Apollonian and Dionysian tendencies B. the church and the state C. science and religion D. good and evil

Q: Nietzsche primarily considered himself a: A. psychologist B. philosopher C. theologian D. priest

Q: Nietzsche believed that the best life reflects: A. rationality B. irrationality C. controlled passion D. the love of God

Q: Nietzsche believed that the ____ aspect of human nature manifests itself in the desire for predictability and orderliness. A. Apollonian B. Dionysian C. existential D. romantic

Q: According to Kierkegaard, the religious stage consists of which of the following? A. People are open to experiences and seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do not recognize their ability to choose. B. People accept the responsibility of making choices, but use as their guides ethical principles established by others. C. People recognize and accept their freedom and enter into a personal relationship with God. D. People assume that God is dead.

Q: According to Kierkegaard, the ethical stage consists of which of the following? A. People are open to experiences and seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do not recognize their ability to choose. B. People accept the responsibility of making choices, but use as their guides ethical principles established by others. C. People recognize and accept their freedom and enter into a personal relationship with God. D. People assume that God is dead.

Q: According to Kierkegaard, the aesthetic stage consists of which of the following? A. People are open to experiences and seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do not recognize their ability to choose. B. People accept the responsibility of making choices, but use as their guides ethical principles established by others. C. People recognize and accept their freedom and enter into a personal relationship with God. D. People assume that God is dead.

Q: Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the stages Kierkegaard suggested for the development of human freedom? A. aesthetic ethical religious B. religious aesthetic ethical C. ethical aesthetic religious D. religious ethical aesthetic

Q: According to Kierkegaard, God gives humans a way of dealing with the "absolute paradox" with: A. faith B. consciousness C. reasoning ability D. guilt

Q: Kierkegaard believed that the existence of God: A. can be proven by studying nature B. can be proven by logic C. has to be taken on faith D. is of no consequence to his philosophy

Q: According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being is achieved when an individual decides to: A. return to nature B. embrace God and take God's existence on faith C. live a life based on rational principles D. seek pleasure and avoid pain

Q: Schopenhauer stated that we may repress undesirable thoughts into the: A. subconscious B. unconscious C. apperceptive mass D. soul

Q: Schopenhauer anticipated Freud's concept of ____ when he said that we could at least partially escape the irrational forces within us by immersing ourselves in such things as music, poetry, or art. A. repression B. resistance C. compensation D. sublimation

Q: Schopenhauer believed that most people cling to life because: A. not to do so is a sin B. it is so enjoyable C. they fear death D. that is what they have been taught to do

Q: Schopenhauer believed that life is best viewed as: A. an opportunity to become self-actualized B. the postponement of death C. an opportunity to do God's work D. something that only truly begins after death

Q: According to Schopenhauer, ____ suffer the most. A. intelligent humans B. unintelligent humans C. nonhuman animals D. plants

Q: According to Schopenhauer, when all of our needs are temporarily satisfied, we feel: A. bored B. self-actualized C. at one with God D. extreme pleasure

Q: According to Schopenhauer, the will to survive causes: A. humans to seek a union with God B. human rationality C. an unending cycle of needs and need satisfaction D. a feeling of kinship between humans and nonhuman animals

Q: According to Schopenhauer, when the blind, aimless universal manifests itself in a particular organism, it becomes: A. a communion with God B. the will to survive C. a revealed truth D. what the empiricists called an idea

Q: Schopenhauer's philosophy was based on the distinction between the noumenal and phenomenal worlds proposed by: A. Kant B. Rousseau C. Goethe D. Freud

Q: Goethe's idea to embrace the opposing forces present in life had a direct influence on: A. Freud B. Jung C. Schopenhauer D. Nietzsche

Q: Goethe viewed science as: A. the new religion B. useless C. useful but limited D. the only valid way of attaining accurate knowledge

Q: Goethe viewed ____ as the ultimate source of happiness. A. vast material wealth B. hedonism C. a union with God D. liberty

Q: Who viewed life as consisting of opposing forces such as love and hate, or good and evil? A. Rousseau B. Nietzsche C. Goethe D. Schopenhauer