Q&A Hero

Q: Galton used the concept of ____ to explain why eminent individuals only tended to have eminent offspring. A. anthropometry B. regression toward the mean C. eugenics D. the coefficient of correlation

Q: When changes in one variable are usually accompanied by changes in the same direction in another variable, the variables are said to be: A. correlated B. causally related C. regressing toward the mean D. genetically determined

Q: Which of the following is true of Galton's "anthropometric laboratory"? A. In order to collect sufficient data, he paid participants to participate. B. He used extensive written tests similar to what would become Binet's intelligence test. C. He studied male-female differences as well as the relationships among measures. D. He refused to provide individuals with their own test results for fear they would be discouraged or upset.

Q: What did Galton find about mental imagery? A. Only people with what we now call autism were able to use mental imagery. B. The ability to make and use mentally images is normally distributed. C. While children often use mental images extensively, adults rarely do. D. The ability to use mental images is strongly correlated with intelligence.

Q: Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his word association test? A. Responses can illuminate aspects of the mind that are not revealed by other methods. B. Responses tend to be closely related to the setting in which the test is given. C. Responses are so variable within a single individual as to make the test worthless. D. Responses are closely related to intelligence, so word association tests can be used to test intelligence.

Q: Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his survey of the knowledge and attitudes of 200 eminent scientists? A. The environment, including families and schools, plays an important role in intellectual achievement. B. Intellectual potential is only heritable for those with intellectual disabilities. C. Intelligence and scientific achievement have very little correlation. D. Schools that emphasize rote learning and strict discipline promote intellectual achievement.

Q: Which of the following did Galton believe about individual differences? A. They cannot be the result of evolution nor can they be inherited. B. They should be studied only if they involve positive attributes. C. If they are important, they should be measured. D. Their measurement is detrimental to society and should be avoided at all costs.

Q: What term did Galton use for the improvement of living organisms through selective breeding? A. phrenology B. eugenics C. anthropometry D. sociobiology

Q: Sociobiologists depend heavily on ____ in their explanation of human social behavior. A. Malthusian selection B. inclusive fitness C. eugenics D. innate aggression

Q: Which of the following is true of the relationship between Darwin's work and the work of his contemporaries? A. Wallace's work on evolution was largely plagiarized from Darwin's work. B. Malthus's ideas about competition for limited resources was elaborated on by Darwin. C. FitzRoy was an outspoken defender of Darwin's work. D. Lamarck adamantly believed that species did not and could not change over time.

Q: Which of the following did Darwin believe? A. Humans possess rational powers that make them qualitatively different from other animals. B. The difference between humans and other animals is only one of degree. C. Only humans have evolved long enough to have lost their aggressive instincts. D. Nothing significant can be learned about humans by studying nonhuman animals.

Q: Which of the following did Darwin believe about human emotions? A. Emotions are particularly important in modern society. B. At one time in the course of human evolution, emotions aided in survival. C. The expression of emotions is highly variable from culture to culture. D. The emotions of humans are qualitatively different from the emotions of nonhuman animals.

Q: One of the earliest conflicts Darwin had with organized religion was over: A. the age of the earth B. his study of animals C. his refusal to be a church member D. his comparison of humans and animals

Q: Which of the following best summarizes Darwin's view of the evolutionary process? A. To evolve is to progress. B. Evolution always occurs in the direction of increased perfection. C. Evolution just happens. D. Evolution always occurs in the direction of increased differentiation.

Q: According to Darwin, evolution resulted from the ____ of those accidental variations that proved to have survival value. A. natural selection B. sharing C. inhibition D. extinction

Q: Which of the following will be most helpful to an individual's survival in a given environment? A. The fittest B. Naturally selected genes C. Adaptive features D. Struggles to survive

Q: According to Darwin, because there are many more offspring than can survive in a given environment: A. there are individual differences B. there is a struggle for survival C. there must be ecological engineering D. humans must decide which animals survive and which ones do not

Q: Who formulated a theory of evolution similar to Darwin's at about the same time that Darwin formulated his own theory? A. Lamarck B. Spencer C. Malthus D. Wallace

Q: What provided Darwin with the principle he needed to tie his many observations together? A. Lyell's Principles of Geology B. Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population C. Spencer's Principles of Psychology D. Lamarck's notion of the inheritance of acquired characteristics

Q: Which of the following best describes the views of U.S. industrialists such as John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie regarding survival of the fittest? A. The development of large corporations and the elimination of smaller ones simply demonstrates survival of the fittest and is not evil, but rather the result of the application of the laws of nature. B. Employers have an obligation to provide employees with ample money to satisfy their needs. Healthy, happy employees are likely to produce healthy, happy offspring who will, in turn, become the skilled workforce of the future. C. Wealthy industrialists should be permitted to encourage the brightest, hardest workers to have more children by paying them more for each child they have, thus increasing the pool of bright, hardworking individuals. D. Belief in the theory of evolution rather than in creation by a divine being invites the wrath of the divine being and therefore bad for business.

Q: According to Spencer, the best government is one that: A. protects the weak B. protects people from their own animal instincts C. allows free competition among all its citizens D. is elected by a majority of reasonable people

Q: Spencer believed that if the principle of evolution was allowed to operate freely: A. the world would be a jungle B. humans would become more animalistic C. animals would have become more like humans D. all living organisms and societies would approximate perfection

Q: Spencer's application of the notion of the survival of the fittest to the study of human societal behavior is known as: A. premature B. social Darwinism C. Lamarckianism D. the Spencer-Bain principle

Q: Who coined the term "survival of the fittest"? A. Lamarck B. Erasmus Darwin C. Spencer D. Charles Darwin

Q: The probability of a behavior is increased if it is followed with a pleasurable outcome and decreased if it is followed by painful outcome. What is this called? A. the Spencer-Bain principle B. the law of contiguity C. social Darwinism D. survival of the fittest

Q: According to Spencer, a person will persist in behaviors that increase their likelihood of survival and abandon behaviors that do not. This phenomena is called: A. the inheritance of acquired characteristics B. evolutionary associationism C. social Darwinism D. survival of the fittest

Q: According to Lamarck, if an adult member of species develops a trait, such as powerful muscles, that make its survival more likely, the trait can be passed down to the adult's offspring. This phenomenon is called: A. survival of the fittest B. the inheritance of acquired characteristics C. natural selection D. the law of effect

Q: Ebbinghaus is often mistaken for a(n) ____, but he was in fact a(n) ____. A. empiricist; rationalist B. rationalist; empiricist C. structuralist; empiricist D. empiricist; structuralist

Q: Georg Elias Mller was the first to demonstrate: A. pure phenomenology B. stimulus error C. immediate experience D. retroactive inhibition

Q: By plotting savings as a function of time, Ebbinghaus created psychology's first: A. learning curve B. psychological law C. retention curve D. study of meaningfulness

Q: Ebbinghaus invented nonsense material to free his research material from the influence of: A. experimenter bias B. prior learning C. neurophysiological delay D. introspection

Q: Ebbinghaus was the first to study learning and memory: A. from a neuroanatomical perspective B. as associative processes C. as they occur D. from a theological point of view

Q: According to Vaihinger, the fiction of ____ is at the heart of such concepts as morality and jurisprudence. A. causality B. freedom C. God D. compassion

Q: Which of the following best describes Vaihinger's attitude toward "fictions"? A. They are acceptable in religion but not in science. B. They are the greatest cause of human distress. C. Without them, societal living would be impossible. D. They represent a distorted reality created by sensations.

Q: The fact that a person can drive a car for a long distance and not be aware of the fact that he or she is driving exemplifies: A. mental chronometry and an unconscious inference B. mental chronometry and a determining tendency C. a mental set and an unconscious inference D. a mental set and a determining tendency

Q: Klpe's technique of ____ involves giving subjects problems to solve and then asking them to report the mental operations they engage in to solve them. A. subtractive reaction time B. intentionality C. systematic experimental introspection D. pure phenomenology

Q: According to Husserl, experimental psychology: A. is impossible B. the only valid type of psychology C. must precede a search for the essence of consciousness D. must be preceded by phenomenological analysis

Q: The supposed intelligent behavior of a nonhuman animal has often been found to be nothing more than the animal's responses to subtle cues (consciously or unconsciously) provided by its trainer. This observation is called the: A. self-fulfilling prophecy B. Clever Hans phenomenon C. Stumpf phenomenon D. Wrzburg phenomenon

Q: For Stumpf, the proper objects of study for psychology are: A. the elements of thought B. elemental feelings C. mental phenomena D. physiological mechanisms

Q: To study mental acts and intentionality, Brentano used: A. the principle of contrasts B. pure phenomenology C. phenomenological methods D. the Clever Hans phenomena

Q: What term did Brentano use to describe the fact that every mental act refers to something outside itself? A. act psychology B. intentionality C. phenomenology D. functionalism

Q: According to the text, the most important reason for the demise of structuralism was its failure to: A. study mental disorders B. seek pure rather than practical knowledge C. generalize findings D. assimilate the doctrine of evolution

Q: Regarding the mind-body issue, Titchener referred to himself as a(n): A. interactionist B. epiphenomemolist C. occasionalist D. psychophysical parallelist

Q: In explaining how the elements of thought combine, Titchener emphasized: A. apperception B. creative synthesis C. traditional associationism D. an active mind

Q: For Titchener, attention is: A. a clearness of sensation B. the result of apperception C. explained by the faculties, functions, and powers of the mind D. dependent on apperception

Q: According to Titchener, all feelings can be explained by employing the dimension of: A. tension-relaxation B. excitement-calm C. pleasantness-unpleasantness D. joy-sadness

Q: Titchener concluded that there are about ____ identifiable sensations, most of which are related to the sense of ____. A. 1,200; audition B. 40,000; audition C. 400; vision D. 40,000; vision

Q: For Titchener, a stimulus error consisted of: A. allowing the meaning of an object to influence one's introspective analysis of that object B. seeing something that is not physically present C. failing to see something that is physically present D. not allowing an object's meaning to influence one's introspective analysis of that object

Q: For Titchener, the ____ of psychology involved a search for the neurological correlates of mental events. A. what B. how C. why D. when

Q: Titchener defined ____ as the accumulated experiences of a lifetime. A. the mind B. the consciousness C. general impression D. the apperceptive mass

Q: Titchener defined ____ as the sum total of mental experience at any given moment. A. the mind B. the consciousness C. the apperceptive mass D. general impression

Q: Titchener formed "The Experimentalists" because: A. he believed the APA was too friendly towards applied topics B. the APA disagreed with him on what should be included in experimental psychology C. the APA wanted to grant membership to women D. he could not gather enough votes to become the APA president

Q: As evidence for his views on verbal communication, Wundt pointed out that we remember ____ and not ____. A. specific words; meanings B. meanings; specific words C. verbal labels; images D. images; verbal labels

Q: Concerning verbal communication, Wundt referred to the unified idea that one wishes to convey as a(n): A. general impression B. unconscious inference C. Vlkerpsychologie D. creative synthesis

Q: Wundt was a(n): A. vitalist B. determinist C. empiricist D. dualist

Q: Wundt's principle of ____ states that prolonged experiences of one type cause one to seek the opposite type of experience. A. contrasts B. the development of opposites C. creative resultants D. the heterogony of ends

Q: According to Wundt's principle of ____, something almost always occurs during goal-directed behavior that changes the entire motivational pattern. A. the heterogony of ends B. creative resultants C. contrasts D. development of opposites

Q: Wundt believed that physical and psychological causality are: A. essentially the same B. experienced only in the mind C. polar opposites D. intrinsically related

Q: Wundt's concept of mental chronometry is: A. the amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus B. the addition of sensations into one perception C. the time it takes to apperceive an object D. an accurate cataloging of the time it took to perform various mental acts

Q: According to Donders, the time it takes to perform the mental act of discrimination is determined by: A. subtracting simple reaction time from the reaction time that involves discrimination B. computing the choice reaction time C. computing the mental chronometry D. presenting several different stimuli to subjects, but allowing them to only respond to one, and timing their response

Q: Wundt believed that schizophrenia might be explained as a breakdown of the: A. emotional makeup of the individual B. sensory apparatus C. attentional processes D. perceptual processes

Q: Because Wundt believed that individuals could direct their attention anywhere they wished, he referred to his brand of psychology as: A. functionalism B. voluntarism C. structuralism D. bold and creative

Q: By shifting one's attention, elements of thought can be arranged and rearranged at will, a process Wundt referred to as: A. perception B. the law of forward conduction C. creative synthesis D. unconscious inference

Q: The part of the perceptual field that the individual attends to is: A. perceived B. apperceived C. instinctive D. modal

Q: Unlike ____, which is passive and automatic, ____ is active and voluntary. A. apperception; perception B. perception; apperception C. attention; creative synthesis D. creative synthesis; attention

Q: Wundt believed that feelings are: A. related to survival B. remnants of an earlier evolutionary period and were nonfunctional in modern society C. various combinations of three attributes D. unitary experiences that could not be reduced to anything more basic

Q: Describing a stimulus as visual or auditory defines the ____ of the stimulus, while describing the stimulus in terms of how loud or bright it is describes its ____. A. intensity; modality B. modality; intensity C. saturation; vividness D. energy; clearness

Q: According to Wundt, a(n) ____ occurs whenever a sense organ is stimulated and the resulting impulse reaches the brain. A. perception B. unconscious inference C. sensation D. complex idea

Q: Wundt's use of introspection most closely resembled that of: A. St. Augustine B. the British empiricists C. Descartes D. Helmholtzian physiologists

Q: According to Wundt, sciences like physics were based on ____ experience, whereas psychology should be based on ____ experience. A. immediate; mediate B. mediate; immediate C. sensory; emotional D. sensory; physiological

Q: To study the higher mental processes, Wundt believed that we must use ____. A. rationalistic introspection B. immediate analysis C. naturalistic observation of various forms D. controlled experimentation

Q: Wundt began the first journal devoted to experimental psychology originally called: A. Psychological Studies B. Philosophical Studies C. Philological Studies D. Journal of Experimental Psychology

Q: Which of the following did Wundt believe about experimental psychology: A. it was useless in understanding higher mental processes B. it represented the only worthwhile type of psychology C. it was impossible D. it could be used only to investigate the higher mental processes

Q: The central concept on Wundt's voluntarism was: A. association B. involuntary behavior C. will D. apperceptive mass

Q: According to Wundt, empiricism lacked an appreciation of: A. innate ideas B. the laws of association C. volitional processes D. secondary qualities

Q: Which of the following philosophies most influenced Wundt? A. materialism B. rationalism C. empiricism D. sensationalism

Q: From the experiment with the pendulum clock (thought meter), Wundt concluded that: A. experimental psychology was not feasible B. attention is involuntary C. time is a dimension to be studied D. experimental psychology must stress selective attention

Q: Fechner attempted to quantify the variables that determine the extent to which a work of art is appealing. In so doing, he created the field of: A. psychophysics B. experimental aesthetics C. phrenological art D. art psychology

Q: Using the method of ____, the subject is instructed to change a variable stimulus so that its magnitude appears to equal that of a standard stimulus. After this, the average difference between the variable stimuli and the standard is determined. A. adjustment B. limits C. constant fixation D. stimulus fixation

Q: Using the method of ____, pairs of stimuli are presented to the subject. One stimulus remains the same, the standard, and the other varies from one presentation to the next. A. limits B. constant stimuli C. adjustments D. stimulus fixation