Q&A Hero

Q: Pavlov found that placing food powder in a dog's mouth increased the dog's saliva flow. In this situation, the increased saliva flow was a(n): A. unconditioned stimulus (US) B. unconditioned response (UR) C. conditioned stimulus (CS) D. conditioned response (CR)

Q: In Pavlov's experimental study, the meat powder was the A. unconditioned stimulus B. unconditioned response C. conditioned stimulus D. conditioned response

Q: Pavlov resisted the systematic study of conditioned reflexes because: A. he did not see how they could apply to the study of humans B. he was opposed to using animals in research C. they appeared to be the same as natural reflexes and therefore did not need to be studied separately D. of their apparent subjective nature and because such study would cause him to enter the realm of psychology

Q: Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work: A. on conditioned reflexes B. in physiology C. on salivation D. in the improvement of surgical techniques

Q: According to your text, the most important concept that Sechenov introduced into psychology was: A. the conditioned reflex B. inhibition C. association D. unconscious inference

Q: Sechenov: A. denied consciousness existed B. supported the use of introspection, believing it was the only way to understand mental processes C. stated that only overt behavior was reflexive D. postulated that both overt and covert behavior (mental processes) result from physiological processes in the brain

Q: Sechenov insisted that ____ causes all behavior. A. thought B. external stimulation C. emotion D. spontaneity

Q: James acknowledged that his concept of ____ was similar to the older concepts of "soul" or "spirit". A. self as knower B. spiritual self C. material self D. social self

Q: For James, the spiritual self: A. is that part of you known only to God B. consists of everything a persons owns C. cannot be know by the person except through God D. consists of the person's states of consciousness

Q: According to James, what keeps people working at boring jobs and also keeps the social strata from mixing? A. free will B. habit C. pragmatism D. the stream of consciousness

Q: According to James, the most important thing about consciousness was that it was: A. personal B. continuous C. selective D. functional

Q: According to James's ____, all consistently reported aspects of human experience were worthy of study. A. radical empiricism B. religion C. positivism D. materialism

Q: According to pragmatism: A. there are two types of statements: scientific and nonsensical B. if something cannot be measured, it does not exist C. an idea should be evaluated in terms of its usefulness D. it is free will that distinguishes humans from nonhuman animals

Q: When studying humans, James felt that: A. we must use scientific introspection B. the scientific method is the only method that could yield useful information C. both a scientific and philosophical approach must be used D. we must use the deductive rationalistic approach

Q: Structuralists are to the contents of the mind as functionalists are to the: A. psychology of the mind B. function of the mind C. neurology of the mind D. philosophy of the mind

Q: Who, among the following, is most associated with naive realism? A. Hume B. Reid C. FitzRoy D. Locke

Q: Sahakian marks the beginning of the school of functionalism with the publication of: A. Dewey's article "The Reflex Arc in Psychology" B. James's book The Principles of Psychology C. Stewart's book Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind D. The first issue of the American Journal of Psychology

Q: During which stage of early American psychology was the statement "Psychology exists for the sake of logic, and logic for the sake of God" true? A. Stage One: moral and mental philosophy B. Stage Two: intellectual philosophy C. Stage Three: the U. S. Renaissance D. Stage Four: U. S. functionalism

Q: Which of the following best describes the fate of functionalism? A. It faded away for essentially the same reasons as structuralism. B. It was absorbed into contemporary psychology and has therefore lost its identity. C. It surrendered its focus on the mind and became the school of behaviorism. D. It was promoted by a few forceful individuals (like James), and when they died, so did functionalism.

Q: Thorndike's identical elements theory of transfer states that: A. the extent to which information learned in one situation will transfer to another situation is determined by the similarity between the two situations B. for the transfer of training to occur, mental elements must first be discovered C. learning difficult topics in school will make it much easier for students to adjust to society when they leave school D. transfer from a learning situation to a new situation will only occur if the two situations are identical

Q: Thorndike's contention that learning occurred without ideation brought him very close to being a: A. behaviorist B. structionalist C. operationalist D. materialist

Q: Thorndike's ____ stated that reinforcement strengthened behavior, whereas punishment weakened it. A. original law of exercise B. revised law of exercise C. original law of effect D. revised law of effect

Q: Thorndike's law of exercise stated that: A. no pain, no gain B. the strength of an association is based on how often the association is practiced C. the mind could not be healthy if the body was not healthy D. all mammals learned according to the same principles

Q: Who performed the first systematic studies of animal behavior for its own sake, without attempting to infer the cognitive processes from the observed behavior? A. Thorndike B. Washburn C. Morgan D. Titchener

Q: In her studies of animal behavior (consciousness), Washburn's use of controlled behavior to index mental events was similar to the approach of: A. Thorndike B. the comparative psychologists Romanes and Morgan C. the Gestalt psychologists D. contemporary cognitive psychologists

Q: Washburn systematically studied several categories of animal behavior in order to: A. explain behavior as opposed to consciousness B. understand animal consciousness C. confirm many of the observations made by Romanes D. demonstrate that nonhuman animals are as intelligent as humans

Q: The primary purpose of Morgan's canon was to guard against: A. animal research B. introspection C. anthropomorphizing D. anthropocentrism

Q: A major problem with the animal research performed by Romanes was that it: A. could not be replicated B. was not related to any theory C. had no use "in real life" and was of no interest outside the laboratory D. depended on anecdotal evidence and was characterized by anthropomorphizing

Q: Woodworth was primarily a functionalist, but he had also described himself as having a middle-of-the-road attitude. What term best describes his approach? A. behaviorist B. psychoanalyst C. structuralist D. eclectic

Q: According to Woodworth, an organism will act differently in the same physical environment depending on what: A. stimuli it attends to B. other organisms are present C. need or drive is present D. innate ideas are activated

Q: Woodworth was primarily interested in ____, or in what he called dynamic psychology. A. the unconscious mind B. motivation C. learning how simple mental elements combined into complex thoughts D. reflexive behavior

Q: Above all, Cattell believed that psychology should: A. concentrate on pure research B. merge with biology C. furnish practical knowledge D. follow the model of structuralism and ignore evolutionary theory

Q: According to Carr, which of the following is a necessary part of an adaptive act? A. a motive or need B. a cognitive process C. an opposing force D. a link to reproduction

Q: Which of the following statements is most closely associated with Angell? A. Coeducation violates a custom so universal that it expresses a fundamental human instinct. B. Pragmatism is willing to take anything, to follow either logic or the senses and to count the humblest and most personal experiences. C. If we wish to conquer undesirable emotional tendencies in ourselves we must mercilessly go through the outward movements of those contrary dispositions which we prefer to cultivate. D. Mind and body cannot be separated; they act as a unit in an organism's struggle for survival.

Q: Dewey believed that the goal of education should be to facilitate creative intelligence and: A. prepare children to live effectively in a complex society B. transmit traditional knowledge C. obtain increasingly higher levels of education D. strengthen the reasoning faculty of the mind

Q: Dewey believed that the best way to learn is by: A. rote memorization B. engaging in the activities to be learned C. listening to knowledgeable lecturers D. observing a knowledgeable person who acts as a model

Q: Dewey argued that analyzing the elements of a reflex caused the investigator to miss its most important feature, its ____. A. purposiveness B. biochemical correlates C. relationship to the mind D. relationship to other reflexes

Q: Who is commonly credited with the founding of the school of functionalism? A. James B. Dewey C. Hall D. Mnsterberg

Q: Which psychologist's research was instrumental in the 1954 court decision on school desegregation? A. G. Stanley Hall B. Francis Sumner C. John Dewey D. Kenneth Clark

Q: Who was the first African-American in the U.S. to earn a Ph.D. in psychology? A. Dewey B. Sumner C. Calkins D. Mnsterberg

Q: Hall believed that masturbation ____. A. causes psychosis or even death B. is a harmless and normal behavior C. can harm the quality of eventual offspring D. is far more damaging to females than males

Q: Which of the following best describes Hall's views on co-education? A. He believed that coeducation would increase the achievement of both females and males. B. He believed that coeducation was a sign of social progress. C. He believed that coeducation could interfere with later sexual functioning. D. He believed that females would benefit from it but males would not.

Q: Hall believed that each individual in his or her lifetime reenacted all of the evolutionary stages of the human species. What is this idea called? A. recapitulation theory B. parapsychology C. reciprocal antagonism D. sociobiological determinism

Q: Which of the following is correctly associated with Calkins? A. She developed the paired-associate technique. B. She rejected the idea that women should place their careers before marriage and family. C. She received little recognition during her lifetime. D. She earned doctorate degrees from Harvard, Radcliffe, and Wellesley.

Q: Which of the following was of particular interest to Calkins? A. self-psychology B. psychophysics C. metaphysics D. color vision

Q: Mnsterberg died in relative obscurity because: A. other researchers were unable to replicate the results of his research B. his attempt to import German psychology into the United States had failed C. he tried to improve German-American relationships at a time when Americans had strong, negative feelings toward Germany D. of his emphasis on pure instead of applied psychology

Q: Due to Mnsterberg's interests and work he is known as one of the first: A. social psychologists B. forensic psychologists C. statistical psychologists D. educational psychologists

Q: Mnsterberg's efforts did much to create: A. parapsychology B. cross-cultural psychology C. applied psychology D. dynamic psychology

Q: In his study and treatment of mentally ill individuals, Mnsterberg attempted to strengthen the thoughts opposite to those causing his clients to have difficulties. He referred to this technique as: A. behavior therapy B. systematic desensitization C. reciprocal antagonism D. conscious psychoanalysis

Q: For ____, ideas causes behavior, but for ____, behavior causes ideas. A. Mnsterberg; Wundt B. James; Mnsterberg C. Mnsterberg; James D. Renouvier; Wundt

Q: James referred to individuals who are intellectual, idealistic, religious, and who believe in free will, as: A. tender-minded B. tough-minded C. fools D. pragmatic

Q: Pragmatism maintains that beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors must be judged according to their: A. logical consistency B. consequences C. moral implications D. compatibility with societal and cultural norms

Q: For James, by controlling one's thoughts, one: A. controls one's behavior B. controls one's emotions C. places oneself in certain situations D. loses control of behavior

Q: What was James's advice with regard to emotional experience? A. Pursue minimum goals in order to avoid frustration. B. Act the way you want to feel. C. Use free will to inhibit such experience. D. Give emotional experience full and uninhibited expression.

Q: Regarding experiencing emotion, which sequence, according to James, is correct? A. we see a bear, become frightened, and run B. we lose a fortune, feel sorry, and cry C. we strike a person and then become angry D. more than one of these choices

Q: According to James, a person could increase his or her self-esteem by: A. finding a spiritual advisor B. completing formal education C. seeking positive and affirming companions D. both succeeding more and attempting less

Q: James defined ____ as a ratio of things attempted to things achieved. A. the empirical self B. the self as knower C. the stream of consciousness D. self-esteem

Q: Which of the following did Wechsler contribute to intelligence testing? A. He developed the Army Alpha and Beta tests. B. He created separate tests for men and women. C. He created separate tests for heritable and non-heritable intelligence. D. He resolved some of the psychometric issues in earlier intelligence measures.

Q: Which of the following is most consistent with the ideas of Herrnstein and Murray's book The Bell Curve? A. It is crucial to provide early intervention services to at-risk infants and toddlers. B. There is very little evidence that intelligence is inherited. C. Because of the Internet, IQ tests have become obsolete. D. The best jobs with the highest pay go to the intellectual elite.

Q: Yerkes believed that immigration ____. A. was important to the vitality of the United States. B. introduced new genes and couple build intelligence and creativity. C. was morally imperative that all persons who wanted entry to the United States be allowed entry. D. should be restricted so those with low intelligence could be refused.

Q: Which of the following is correctly associated with Hollingworth? A. She found that women are seriously psychologically impaired during menstruation B. She believed that children with intellectual disabilities should be excluded from school. C. She made significant contributions toward the understanding and education of intellectually gifted children D. She believed that women were less intelligent than men.

Q: The major conclusion from Terman's study of genius was that: A. gifted children became gifted adults B. gifted children became more average as they grew older C. although gifted children remained gifted as adults, they tended to have more emotional problems than did average individuals D. "early ripe, early rot"

Q: Terman believed that those with low intelligence: A. could not be moral people B. should have help from the government C. should receive special help in school D. did not need any special help because intelligence is not that important

Q: In what way did Terman revise the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence? A. He translated it into English. B. He added and deleted items until the average score for each age group was 100. C. He made it applicable to adults as well as to children. D. He freed it from cultural biases.

Q: Goddard, along with several leading scientists of the day, believed that individuals with intellectual disabilities should: A. be given the same rights as any other citizen B. not be allowed to hold even menial jobs C. not be allowed to reproduce D. be identified and placed in special education programs

Q: Goddard's study of the Kallikak family confirmed his belief that: A. the government must provide for the less fortunate B. intelligence level is determined mainly by experience C. intelligence is largely inherited D. intellectual disability can be overcome by special education

Q: According to the author of your text, the "Burt scandal" taught us more about ____ than about ____. A. the nature of intelligence; the politics of science B. the politics of science; the nature of intelligence C. rationalism; empiricism D. "s"; "g"

Q: Which of the following did Burt believe? A. Special education could substantially improve the performance of children with intellectual disabilities. B. The "g" or general factor of intelligence was largely inherited. C. Students with high intelligence should be paired with students with low intelligence so the former could help the latter. D. Data from the study of identical twins largely refuted the idea that intelligence is inherited.

Q: Which of the following was true of Spearman? A. He believed intelligence is largely inherited. B. He emphasized the importance of subjective measures of intelligence. C. He believed there was little reason to measure intelligence. D. He opposed the use of statistical methods in psychology.

Q: Binet believed disadvantaged students could be taught the skills they needed to succeed in school through the use of: A. severe discipline B. mental orthopedics C. simplified assignments D. parental involvement

Q: Binet disagreed with Stern's use of the intelligence quotient because: A. he believed intelligence was too complex to be represented by a number B. he thought the equation was too complex C. there was not enough data to support the quotient D. the quotient could not distinguish between normal and intellectually disabled children

Q: The concepts of mental age and the intelligence quotient were introduced by: A. Binet B. Simon C. Terman D. Stern

Q: The goal of the 1908 version of the Binet-Simon scale was to: A. distinguish between normal and children with intellectual disabilities B. distinguish among levels of intelligence for normal children C. distinguish among levels of intelligence for children with intellectual disabilities D. help children make reasonable career choices

Q: The goal of the 1905 version of the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence was to: A. distinguish between normal and children with intellectual disabilities B. distinguish among levels of intelligence for normal children C. distinguish among levels of intelligence for children with intellectual disabilities D. help children make reasonable career choices

Q: Binet conducted his first studies of intelligence on: A. identical twins B. normal children C. children with intellectual disabilities D. his daughters

Q: In his research on hypnotism, effects that Binet believed were due to the power of a magnet were found to be due to: A. perceptual abnormalities B. suggestion C. low intelligence D. craniometry

Q: When Wissler evaluated Cattell's measures of intelligence he found that they: A. were very highly correlated with each other B. were far more useful with men than women C. predicted success in college with considerable accuracy D. were neither highly correlated with each other nor useful in predicting college success

Q: Which of the following best characterizes Cattell's approach to intelligence? A. He was adamantly opposed to Galton's ideas that intelligence could be inherited. B. He believed it was unrelated to measures of sensory acuity or reaction time. C. He believed that systematic measurement was essential to the study of intelligence. D. He believed that intelligence was far too complex to be measured.

Q: Galton's work has been described as idiographic. What does that mean? A. He was interested in the study of individual differences. B. His focus was on the commonalities in people. C. He rejected the study of those he regarded as abnormal. D. He believed science should serve the needs of society.

Q: Who was responsible for devising the coefficient of correlation (r)? A. Galton B. Darwin C. Pearson D. Cattell